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PT31803
PSIKOLOGI PEMBELAJARAN
DAN KOGNISI
LECTURE 1
Introduction
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LEARNING
Defined as a relatively permanent change in
behavior, thoughts, or feelings as a result ofpractice or experience.
Learning also defined as a long-term change
in mental representations or associations asa result of experience.1. Learning is a long term change
2. Learning involves mental representations or associations
3. Learning is a change as a result of experience, rather
than result of physiological maturation.
The psychology of learning is a theoretical science
which seeks understanding oflearning.
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Some psychologists prefer that we define learning
as a change in behavior rather than a mental
change.
In fact, we can be confident that learning has
occurred only when we do see a behavior change.
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TYPESOF LEARNING
Associative Learning & Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Association between two stimuli
Operant Conditioning
Association between behavior and consequence
Observational Learning
Observing and imitating anothers behavior
Cognition Piaget
Vygotsky
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THE IMPORTANCEOF LEARNING
Little of our behavior is instinctive and so much of
it is learned, we are able to benefit from our
experiences.
We discover which actions are likely to lead to
successful outcomes and which are not, and we
modify our behavior accordingly.
Learning allows human beings a greater degree of
flexibility and adaptability.
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ASPECTSOFLEARNING
Some sort of change occurs.
Whatever is acquired lasts longer than a few
seconds.
Some sort of experience brings it about.
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WHENLEARNINGHASOCCURRED?
Performing a completely new behavior Changing the frequency of an existing
behavior
Changing the speed of an existingbehavior
Changing the intensity of an existingbehavior
Changing the complexity of an existingbehavior
Responding differently to a particularstimulus
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PRINCIPLESOFLEARNING
Identify certain factors that influence learning
and describe the specific effects that these factors
have.
Principles tell us whatfactors affect learning. Principles tend to be fairly stable over time.
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THEORIESOFLEARNING
Provide explanations about the underlyingmechanisms involved in learning.
Theories tell us why these factors have the
effects they do.
Theories continue to evolve as new researchfindings are reported.
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ADVANTAGESOFTHEORIES
1. Allow us to summarize the results ofmany research studies and integratenumerous principles of learning.
2. Provide starting points for conductingnew research.
3. Help us make sense of and explainresearch findings.
4. Help us design learning environmentsand instructional strategies thatfacilitate human learning to the greatestpossible degree.
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POTENTIALDRAWBACKSOFTHEORIES
1. No single theory explains everything that
researchers have discovered about learning.
2. Theories affect what new information ispublished, thereby biasing the knowledge we
have about learning.
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Learning is the process that allows us to adapt tothe changing conditions of the world around us.
We can alter our behavior that leads us to survival
and rewards.
Without learning, there would be no buildings, noagriculture and no human civilization.
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Summary