Lecture 1Lecture 1- Practical information- Practical information- Internet foundations- Internet foundations- Internet evolution (part 1)- Internet evolution (part 1)
D.Sc. Arto Karila
Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT)
T-110.6120 – Special Course in Future Internet Technologies
M.Sc. Mark Ain
Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT)
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Practical arrangements Presentation Exam
1. Internet foundations2. Internet evolution (part 1)
Contents
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Welcome to the course!
Staff Professor: Arto Karila, D.Sc.
[email protected] Assistant: Mark Ain, M.Sc.
We may have guest lecturers for some sessions.
Agenda1. Internet evolution i.e. problems, architectural and application-
based solutions etc. (10%)2. Why the Internet only just works (10%)3. Van Jacobson’s NNC: a prominent evolutionary FIA (10%)4. Evolutionary and revolutionary future Internet architectures
(50%)5. LIPSIN demo (10%)6. Panel discussion (10%)
Language English
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Credits 4 ECTS (i.e. ~110 hours)
* NOTE: This is an intensive course. You should expect to commit at least 6 hours per week outside of the lectures, and some additional time to complete your presentation.
Lecture schedule: Mon 16:15 – 18:00 T5 Tue 16:15 – 18:00 T5
Attendance is mandatory (sign attendance sheet before every lecture)
Prerequisites Solid understanding of internetworking concepts and
technologies Targeted to graduate and postgraduate students (Bachelor’s
minimum)
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Format + credit breakdown Lectures (1 ECTS), readings (2 ECTS), presentation (0.5 ECTS),
exam (0.5 ECTS)
You may NOT achieve partial credit!
Assessment PASS/FAIL (you must meet these requirements to pass the course)
Lecture attendance (mandatory); sign the attendance sheet up front before every lecture!
Complete the weekly readings GRADED COMPONENTS (your final mark will depend EQUALLY on
these) (33%) Participation in discussions and quality of
contributions (33%) Presentation (quality of the slides, completeness,
quality of ensuing discussions, your ability to answer questions and lead discussion etc.)
(33%) Final exam (multiple choice, short answer, essay)
Your final mark will be on the standard numerical 0 – 5 scale.
Practical arrangementsPractical arrangements
5 Excellent 90 – 100%4 Very good 80 – 89%3 Good 70 – 79%2 Fair 60 – 69%1 Poor 50 – 59%0 FAIL < 50% 10.09.2012 5
Reading materials The weekly readings for the whole
course will be posted on Noppa. You are highly encouraged to complete them on or ahead of schedule.
You should read each paper BEFORE the lecture for which it is assigned. EXCEPTION: weeks 39 – 41 (presentations)
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Academic honesty https://into.aalto.fi/display/enregulations/
Aalto+University+Code+of+Academic+Integrity+and+Handling+Violations+Thereof
Dishonest behaviour is defined as practice where the student's purpose is to give false representation of his/her own or other student's knowledge and in an attempt to influence the grading of the course. Examples of dishonest behaviour include cheating on an exam, copying someone else's work (without providing an adequate citation), taking an exam for someone else etc.
All cases of academic dishonesty will be dealt with harshly.
The bottom line: it’s not worth it.
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Practical arrangements Presentation Exam
1. Internet foundations2. Internet evolution (part 1)
ContentsContents
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You will be required to make a lecture presentation of a future Internet architecture (FIA) publication of your choice (7 possibilities, all available on Noppa). Presentation = ~60 mins Discussion = ~ 30 mins
Depending on how many students are enrolled, you may work in groups.
Requirements… Max ~30 slides covering the entire paper but focusing on the
architecture itself, technologies, testing/results, conclusions etc.
Include approx. 3 discussion topics (e.g. strengths and weaknesses of the approach, innovative implementations, socioeconomic considerations, related issues, extrapolations etc.)
You will give the lecture to your classmates, answer questions, and lead a discussion during the remaining lecture time.
PresentationPresentation
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You will be presenting during weeks 39 – 41 (lectures 5 – 10).
We will provide a sample presentation in lecture 4 (Van Jacobson’s NNC), one week before the 5th lecture.
You have other reading assignments for weeks 39 – 41; you are NOT required to read the FIA papers, although they WILL be covered on the final exam; you are encouraged to skim the papers and take notes during the presentations.
PresentationPresentation
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We know that this is a demanding task and that two weeks is not much time to prepare.
Those who volunteer for an earlier presentation date and/or a difficult paper will be graded more leniently.Your grade will depend mainly on the factors listed in slide 5; you will NOT be penalized for superficial reasons.
PresentationPresentation
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Papers will be uploaded to Noppa immediately following the lecture.
E-mail (the names of those who are in your group, along with) your top 3 choices for a presentation date and paper to present, to [email protected] before tomorrow’s lecture.
You will be assigned a date and paper on a FCFS basis.
Check the lecture schedule on Noppa to see your assigned lecture and paper.
Send your slides to [email protected] before your assigned lecture so they can be posted to Noppa.
PresentationPresentation
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Practical arrangements Presentation Exam
1. Internet foundations2. Internet evolution (part 1)
ContentsContents
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Date and time TBD, approx. 2 hours long Format:
Most likely a combination of multiple choice, true/false, and short answer (e.g. 2-3 sentences) questions.
“open-book” ; you MAY bring any notes you have taken during the course
You may NOT bring: readings, books, calculators, or any other aids that have not specifically been allowed
You must pass the final exam with a 1 or higher in order to pass the course!
IMPORTANT: You must register for the final exam on Oodi.
ExamExam
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Attend all lectures and participate! Read all assigned papers; FIA papers
optional (but covered on final exam) Presentation Take notes (papers, lectures,
presentations) for the final Final exam
In summary…In summary…
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Practical arrangements Presentation Exam
1. Internet foundations2. Internet evolution (part 1)
ContentsContents
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The Internet circa 2006The Internet circa 2006
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1957: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was founded after the launch of
the Soviet satellite Sputnik
1968: ARPA started the development of the ARPANET
1969: The first four nodes of the ARPANET were connected (the first message:
”lo”)
1974: Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf defined the basic Internet architecture (TCP/IP)
1975: DARPA started the development of Internet technology
1983: On 1/1/1983 the whole ARPANET was converted to TCP/IP
History of the Internet…History of the Internet…
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1988: FUNET joined the Internet
1989: DataNet (by Telecom Finland) was published and BGP-1 defined
1990: NSFNET was founded
1991: The first World Wide Web (WWW) client Mosaic was published at CERN
1993: CIDR and BGP-4 were adopted
1990’s: The Internet secured its position as the leading network architecture
2000: The number of Internet hosts exceeded 100,000,000
History of the Internet History of the Internet (cont’d)(cont’d)
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Growth of the InternetGrowth of the Internet
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Practical arrangements Presentation Exam
1. Internet foundations2. Internet evolution (part 1)
ContentsContents
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When it comes to the Internet’s problems and solutions, how do we define what is “evolutionary” and “revolutionary”?
DiscussionDiscussion
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ARPANET Reliable message delivery via 1822 protocol Combined addressing and transport via Network
Control Program (NCP) By 1982, over 200 nodes 1822/NCP is
insufficient… Reliability provided by underlying ARPANet Open-architecture and federated networking
largely unknown
One node breaks all application-level communications break!
TCP/IP: the first (and only) TCP/IP: the first (and only) revolutionrevolution
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ARPANET was switched entirely from NCP to TCP/IP on January 1st, 1983.
Approx. 400 nodes switched overnight!
Following flag day, ARPANet split: Military Network (MILNET) Remaining ARPANet for civilian research
purposes
TCP/IP: the first (and TCP/IP: the first (and only) revolutiononly) revolution
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Architectural
1.DNS (~1982)2.EGP (precursor to BGP, ~1982)3.TCP congestion control (mid-late 1980’s)4.CIDR (~1993)5.NAT (early 1990’s)6.IPv6 (~1995, first RFC 1998)7.IPSEC (~1995)8.Mobile IP (~1996)9.MPLS (~1996)10.DiffServ / IntServ (~1998)11.HIP (~1999, first RFC 2006)12.BGPSec (mid 2000s)13.DNSSec (~2004, first deployed at root level ~2010)
Evolutionary approachesEvolutionary approaches
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Application-level (next lecture)
1.Scalable content delivery1. DHTs (~2001)2. P2P networks3. CDNs (e.g. Akamai)
2.Security (confidentiality, anonymity, authentication etc.)1. Asymmetric crypto (e.g. RSA ~1977 or ~1973, Diffie-Hellman
~1976)2. PGP (~1991)3. SSL/TLS (mid-1990’s, late-1990’s)4. PKI (1990’s)5. VPNs e.g. PPTP (~1999)6. Wireless security e.g. WPA/WPA2/EAP (late 1990’s and beyond)7. Tor (mid 2000’s)
3.Cloud computing
Evolutionary approachesEvolutionary approaches
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Problems: too many hosts, need human-friendly naming, hosts.txt file lacks scalability etc.
Hierarchical and distributed identifier-locator translation service
Conceived in ~1982 and deployed in mid-1980s
DNSDNS
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DNSDNS
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What is good about DNS?
What is bad about DNS?
Why is DNS insufficient to support host mobility and true content-centrism?
DNS: quick discussionDNS: quick discussion
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Problems: need for policy routing, autonomous system segregation, federated networking etc.
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) is the predecessor of BGP Not to be confused with an exterior
gateway protocol (general term), of which both EGP and BGP are examples
EGP (and later, BGP)EGP (and later, BGP)
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“Distance-vector” reachability protocol
States1. Neighbor acquisition2. Neighbor reachability3. Network reachability update
It was a challenge to prevent loops in EGP; BGP fixed this
EGPEGP
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1987: over 10,000 ARPANet hosts congestion reaching critical proportions, congestion collapse occurs frequently
Congestion collapse: network routing and switching at full capacity but not completing any useful work
Problem: congestion Solution (Van Jacobson): reduce transmission rates
in response to perceived loss Preserve end-to-end principles, relegate
functional changes to endpoints Excellent engineering, still in-use today!
However, underlying architectural issue remains almost wholly unaddressed.
Congestion control (TCP)Congestion control (TCP)
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Problems: inflexible addressing model, address space exhaustion
Before CIDR…
What problems can you observe here?
Classless Interdomain Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)Routing (CIDR)
ClassLeadingbits
Size of networkfield
Size of host field
Numberof networks
Addressesper network
Start address
End address
Class A 0 8 24 128 (27) 16,777,216 (224)
0.0.0.0127.255.255.255
Class B 10 16 16 16,384 (214)
65,536 (216)
128.0.0.0
191.255.255.255
Class C 110 24 8 2,097,152 (221)
256 (28)192.0.0.0
223.255.255.255
Class D (multicast)
1110 not defined
not defined
not defined not defined
224.0.0.0
239.255.255.255
Class E (reserved)
1111 not defined
not defined
not defined not defined
240.0.0.0
255.255.255.255
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Classfull address allocation and routing was inefficient!
After CIDR… “Free” subnet mask size “Supernetting” Reduced size of r0uting tables
CIDR was a quick fix; it was not meant to last as long as it has
CIDR was the last major change to the Internet’s core architecture
Classless Interdomain Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)Routing (CIDR)
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READ: D. Clark. 1988. The design philosophy of
the DARPA internet protocols. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 18, 4 (August 1988), 106-114. DOI=10.1145/52325.52336 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/52325.52336
SUBMIT: Presentation group + top 3 choices for
date and paper to [email protected] (FCFS)
For tomorrow…For tomorrow…
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Funded Master’s thesis positionsFunded Master’s thesis positionsArea: Future Internet Research
Employer: Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (www.hiit.fi)
FP7 PURSUIT ProjectFP7 PURSUIT Project
Publish-Subscribe Internetworking TechnologiesPublish-Subscribe Internetworking Technologies
www.fp7-pursuit.euwww.fp7-pursuit.eu
The FP7 PURSUIT project is an EU-funded initiative working to develop a clean-slate redesign of the Internet based on an information-centric publish-subscribe communications paradigm.
Open Innovation House (next to TUAS-Talo) - Otaniementie 19-21 - Otaniemi, Espoo
Two positions available in the following areas:
Topics
1)Porting an existing application to the publish-subscribe networking prototype2)Information-centric document editing3)Design patterns for dynamic and secure service composition in the information space
We are also ready to discuss other topics within Information Centric Networking (ICN).
•All topics require good programming skills, basic understanding of networking, and motivation to learn new things and work on a clean-slate technology.
•We are offering students the opportunity to focus on their thesis full-time in a stimulating and international clean-slate project with good tools and adequate tutoring.
•The salary will be according to Aalto University policies (currently above 2100 EUR/month).
•The positions are open immediately and the funding is available until February 2013. The tutoring will continue past February if necessary.
If you are interested, please contact:
D.Sc. Arto KarilaPrincipal Scientist, HIIT
D.Sc. Dmitrij LagutinProject Manager, [email protected]
Thank you for your attention!Questions? Comments?
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