Introduction to Microeconomics
Professor Norman Aitken
Second Hour Exam: Total Points• The following are total points from the
exam (maximum = 240)
• High score = 228; Low score = 76.
• Mean Score = 144
• Number of students that scored:> 200 12
160-200 87
120-159 129
< 120 70
Points Still Available
Review Sessions
Wednesdays: May 5th and May 12th
Room: Hasbrouck 228
Time: 3:30 – 5:00 pm
Mutual Fund Fraud
• “Stale Prices”
• “Late Trading”
• Bogus Loans & Payoffs for Fund Managers
New details of widespread trading abuses:
Eliot Spitzer and regulators
Mutual Funds Control $7 Trillion in Investments for 95 Million Investors
Stephen Cutler, the head of S.E.C.’s enforcement division:
“ The ‘unholy trinity’ of illegal late trading, abusive market timing and related self-dealing practices that have recently come to light are matters that affect us all…I have gathered evidence of one betrayal after another, the feeling I’m left with is one of outrage.”
Your Stock Report
• Due :Tuesday, April 20th
• Turn in printed paper copy in class.• Report should explain how and why stock
price has changed from Jan. 16 – Apr. 2• Include in report:
– Brief description of Co., comparison of price change to changes in stock market as a whole
– http://www.excite.com (GM, FBF)
Your Stock Report• You must cite references or your grade will
be zero:– If you are taking words directly from another
source, use beginning and end quotes and cite the source.
– If you paraphrase, i.e. put in your own words, information from a published source, you need to cite the source but quotation marks are not required.
Savings: $ Not Spent by Recipient of Money in a Given Time Period
• Income earned by individuals
• Profits earned by business
• Taxes collected by governments– If money is not spent then recipient can earn
more by lending it out in financial markets
Types of Investments
• Money market funds– http://www.bankrate.com
• Savings accounts• Bonds (Government and Corporate)• Stocks
– Investing in stocks means you are not loaning money but purchasing a portion of a company. Investors can earn a return either through receipt of dividends or appreciation in the value of the company.
Mobilizing Savings
Income
Spending
Productmarkets
Factormarkets
Spending Saving
Financial markets and intermediaries(such as banks and stock and bond markets.)
NATIONAL SAVINGS
Consumer saving — Business savingState and local budget surpluses
The Loanable Funds Market
Quantity of Loanable Funds (dollars per year)
Inte
rest
Rat
e (p
erce
nt p
er y
ear)
Supply ofloanable funds
Demand forloanable funds
0 qe
re
Interest Rates (Current)
• If interest rates are high, the future payoff to present savings is greater.
• Higher interest rates increase the quantity of available savings (loanable funds).
Financial Intermediaries
• By reducing search and information costs, financial intermediaries ease the task of raising start-up funds.
• A financial intermediary is an institution, (a bank or the stock market) that makes savings available to dissavers (investors).
Investing Savings Effected By:
• Time Preferences
• Interest Rates
• Risk
• Risk Management
• Risk Premiums
When You Apply for a LoanLenders check:
- current and historical employment record
- earnings
- assets
- credit history
You should:
- compare alternative lending sources
- types of loans
Time Preferences
• How much to save depends partly on time preference.
• In deciding to save rather than spend, people effectively reallocate their spending over time.
Risk
• The interest rate paid on savings is linked to the risk of future nonpayment.
• High risk attaches to high interest rates.
Risk Management
• The essence of risk management is to diversify an investment portfolio.
• By diversifying their portfolios, investors can select any degree of average risk.
Risk Premiums
• Lenders will want to be compensated for any above-average risks they take.
• The risk premium is the difference in rates of return on risky (uncertain) and safe (certain) investments.
Risk Premiums
• Risk premiums help explain why blue-chip corporations pay a low “prime” rate while ordinary consumers have to pay much higher interest rates.
The Stock Market
The three legal forms of business entities are:
1. Corporations
2. Partnerships
3. Proprietorships
Corporation• A business organization having a
continuous existence independent of its members (owners) and power and liabilities distinct from those of its members.
Corporate Stock• When people buy a share of stock, they’re
buying partial ownership of a corporation.
Dividends
• Dividend is the amount of corporate profits paid out for each share of stock.
• Annual corporate profits are divided between dividends and retained earnings.
Dividends =Corporate profits – Retained earnings
Retained Earnings• Amount of corporate profits not paid out in
dividends.
Capital Gains
• The increase in the value of a stock represents a capital gain for shareholders.
• Capital gain is the increase in the market value of an asset.
Initial Public Offering
• By going public, a corporation seeks to raise funds for investment and growth.
• The first offering of shares in a corporation to the public is known as an initial public offering (IPO).
Initial Public Offering
• initial public offering (IPO) is the first issuance (sale) to the general public of stock in a corporation.
• People who buy the newly issue stock are putting their savings directly into the corporation’s accounts.
• As new owners, they stand to profit from the corporation’s business or take their lumps if the corporation fails.
Secondary Trading
• People who buy stock are interested in the price/earnings ratio.
• price/earnings (P/E) ratio is the price of a stock share divided by earnings (profit) per share.
Video: Wall StreetBud (Buddy Fox)…………...…….CHARLIE SHEEN
Gordon Gekko.……………....MICHAEL DOUGLAS
Darien……………………...…….DARYL HANNAH
Carl Fox…………………...……….MARTIN SHEEN
Blue Star Airlines (BST)
Video: Wall StreetStory Line?
• Themes:
Greed vs. Integrity
Love vs. Money
• Stock market fraud and its impact on financial markets
• U.S. corporate fraud in recent years
Interest Rates (Future Expectations)
• If Lenders expect interest rates (R) to:
Will try and sell short-term loans.
Will try and sell long-term loans
Present Discounted Value (PDV)Time Value of Money
• PDV: The value today of future payments, adjusted for interest accrual.
• The PDV of future payments is computed as follows:
Expected Value
• A risk factor is included in present-value computations whenever an anticipated future payment is uncertain.
• This is done by calculating the expected value.
Expected Value
• Expected value is the probable value of a future payment, including the risk of nonpayment.
Expected value = (1 – risk factor) X Present discounted value