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Subject Code:SOAN
No. of Units:3
Course Description:A study of society and culture withemphasis on the patterns and processes of humanrelations, mans development and role in the changes
that occur in the society, and social issues involvingpopulation growth, environment degradation, rural andurban poverty.
Instructor !A"ISO# $. %&SO,!!'IS!( )oly *hild *olleges
of +utuan
Sociology andAnthropology
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Sociology and Anthropology
Syllabus Outline
I. Principles and oundation of
Sociology and AnthropologyII. !he Person and the Society
III. !he Social Institutions
I". Social Changes
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#earning Objecti$es:
Cogniti$e ma-e the students understandhow society wor-s and how such is aectedby individual and human behavior.
$evelop an appreciation of sociology that mayencourage, enabling students to positivelyshape and in/uence practice.
A%ecti$e 0ncourage students to
inculcate in their minds and hearts thevalue of good membership within a speci1clarge scale community.
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Psycho&otor ma-e the studentsapply in reality the various elementsand values in the study of societyand human development.
the role of sociology in e2ploring socialissues in health and the social worlds of
patients, nurses and other health carewor-ers.
#earning Objecti$es:
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hy study Sociology andAnthropology4
As your e2perience in clinical practicedevelops you will come across patientswith a wide range of concerns and from a
diversity of social bac-grounds. 5or students to demonstrate the practical
relevance of sociology to nursing, and to
e2plore how sociology may provide themwith e2citing new ways with which tounderstand the needs of your patients.
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%o e2amine social facets of healthand illness, social function of healthinstitutions and organi6ations, the
relationship of health care delivery toother social systems and socialbehavior of health personnel and
consumers of health care.
hy study Sociology andAnthropology4
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%o understand relationships betweenhealth phenomena and social factors.
%o e2amine sociological perspectivein medical sociology health, illnessand medical care
hy study Sociology andAnthropology4
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Sociology and Anthropology asa SCI'NC'
It is under Social Sciences(hich is involves the study of
society, social relations, andhuman behavior. 0conomics, 7olitical Science,
7sychology, Sociology, Anthropology,and )istory
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%he other classi1cation of science isNatural Sciences study phenomena andprocesses as well as ob8ects in nature, and
provide systematic information about thenonhuman and physical aspects of thenatural world.
+iology, 7hysics, *hemistry, Astronomy,
9eology
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Anthropology
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Anthropology
)ho are you*
)hat &a+esyou*
)hat is your
place in this(orld*
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Anthropology
EtymologicalDe,nition
-anthropos /0ree+1 2 -&an
-logos /0ree+1 2 -study
Essential De,nition
3ranch of +no(ledge (hich deals(ith the scienti,c study of &an4 his(or+s4 body4 beha$ior and $alues(ithin a speci,c ti&e and space.
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Anthropology
-scienti,c
physical4 subject to ti&e and space
hu&an e$olution
fossils of &an
geographical population processesof change archeological and
prehistoric
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Anthropology
-5&an6s (or+s4 body4 beha$iorand $alues
Disco$ers (hen4 (here and(hy hu&ans appeared on earth
)hy there are $ariations inphysical features
Ancient custo&s and practices
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Anthropology
-7an
ocal point ofanthropologi
calin$estigationand analysis
8egardless of
color4a9liation4belief4technology
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Anthropology-7an
(or+s andachie$e&ents
Arts
Architecture !echnology
Sculpture
#iterature
7usic
Architecture
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Anthropology
o( and (hy &an ha$echanged
o( and (hy societies acrossculture and ti&e ha$e di%erentcusto&ary ideas and practices
3elief4 politics4 religion4 sociallife4 aesthetics4 health
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Introduction toAnthropology
Anthropology is the studyof the human species and its
immediate ancestorsocus: the feature that isuni:ue to humans the
cultural behavior.
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Introduction toAnthropology
the study of humanity and itssociety
It is a scienti1c study ofhumanity, the similarities anddiversity of cultures, and itattempts to present an
integrated picture of human-ind.
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+ranches of Anthropology
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+ranches of Anthropology
;. Physical . CulturalAnthropology/subdi$isions1
'thnography/puredescription of
culture1
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+ranches of Anthropology
>. CulturalAnthropology/subdi$isions1
'thnology/co&parisonof one culture
(ith another1
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+ranches of Anthropology
>. CulturalAnthropology
/subdi$isions1
'thnology/co&parisonof oneculture (ithanother1
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+ranches of Anthropology
>. Cultural Anthropology/subdi$isions1@
%he study of human society andculture; describes, analy6es,interprets, e2plains social andcultural similarities anddierences.
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>. CulturalAnthropology/subdi$isions1@
@@ SocialAnthropology/generali?ation
s on social lifeenthnology =ethnography1
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+ranches of Anthropology
B. Archeology@%he study of humanbehavior and cultural patterns andprocesses through the cultures
material remains.
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B. Archeology@
@ 7an6s prehistoric culture andsociety
ossils /organic1
Artifacts /&an &ade1
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+ranches of Anthropology
. #inguistics
%he descriptive, comparative, andhistorical study of language and oflinguistic similarities and dierencesin time, space, < society.
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+ranches of Anthropology
. #inguistics
8ecorded andunrecorded
languages 8elationship
bet(een language
and culture
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Unifying !he&es #in+ed(ith Anthropology
Uni$ersalis&
All people are fully and
e:ually human, whetherthey belong to indigenous
groups or an urbani6edarea.
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Integration
Anthropologists view societies
within the conte2t of the largerworld or global perspective sothat the in/uence of the globalmar-ets on small island societies,
as well as the strategic concernsof foreign powers, is also studied.
Unifying !he&es #in+ed
(ith Anthropology
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Adaptation
Anthropologists studyhow humans are aectedby their surroundings or
environment and whatad8ustments they ma-e.
Unifying !he&es #in+ed
(ith Anthropology
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olis&
It means getting the whole
picture of a phenomenonand the application of-nowledge from dierent1elds in order to understandan aspect of behavior.
Unifying !he&es #in+ed
(ith Anthropology
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"ole of medial anthropology
!edical anthropology is the crosscultural study of medical systemsand the study of bio'ecological and
socio'cultural factors that in/uencethe incidence of health and diseasenow and throughout human history.
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Areas where the medical anthropologists doresearch
human evolution
Anatomy
7aediatrics
0pidemiology
mental health
drug abuse
de1nition of healthand disease
training of medicalpersonnel
medical bureaucracies
hospital organi6ation
and operations the doctor patient
relationship
process of bringing
scienti1c medicine tousers of traditionalmedicine.
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%he medical anthropology can be studied as
bi'polar process whose one pole is biological inwhich one studies human growth anddevelopment, role of disease in human evolution
and study of disease of ancient man.
sociocultural pole where one studies traditionalmedical systems, illness behaviour, doctorpatient relationship, introduction of western
medicine to traditional societies and in betweenthis there is epidemiology and cultural ecology.
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!edical anthropology encompasses thestudy of medical phenomena as they arein/uenced by social and cultural factors
and social and cultural phenomena asthey are in/uenced by these medicalaspects.
!edical anthropology is concerned with
the biocultural understanding of man andhis wor-s in relation to health andmedicine.
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!edical anthropology studies therelationship between humanevolution and disease in the past, the
biological and cultural determinantsof disease, health and health care,the basis and eectiveness of
traditional health care systems andsuggests ways to integrate modernmedicine into traditional societies
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!edical anthropology doesn=t study therelationship of individual person to diseasebut studies the relationship between the
biological and cultural characteristics of agroup>ethnic or racial? and its resistance ofsusceptibility to various diseases in view ofdierent genetic constitution.
It also studies the traditional medicalsystems but not the modern systems ofmedicine.
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It helps to understand the diseaseprevalence and susceptibility to thegenetic ma-e'up of a man belonging
to a particular race or ethnicity,impact of disease on humanevolution and the impact of these
inherent ethnic and racial dierenceson the functioning and acceptabilityof health care. >@
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Sociology
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Sociology
)ho are thepeople aroundyou*
)hat is theirstory*
o( do thesestories a%ectyou*Individuals ac:uire roles, norms and cultures of the
society through the process called sociali6ation.
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Sociology
'ty&ological De,nition
-socius /#atin1 2 -group social acts, socialrelationships, and social organi6ations,
< social processes?C!ain focus is the group and not theindividuals.
d i
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Introduction to
Sociology Sociology is concerned with the recurrentand repetitive forms of behavior, attitudes,beliefs, values, norms, and social institutions
which ma-e up the social order. Sociologists see+ not only the description
but also the e2planation of social behavior.
Sociologists are interested in
interactions between people, the way inwhich people act toward, respond to, andin/uence one another.
Sociological
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SociologicalI&agination
Charles )right 7ills /;FHF1 coinedthe term Sociological Imagination.
' It is used to underscore
the relationship between
what is happening in peoples
personal lives and the
social forces that surround
them.
Sociological
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SociologicalI&agination
is a :uality of mind, a capacity tounderstand the interplay of man andsociety, of biography and history, of
self and the world. It is a mindset that enables the
individuals to e2amine their own
e2perience by locating themselves inthe period in which they live and bystudying the events in the society.
Sociological
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SociologicalI&agination
In this way they can betterunderstand the relationshipbet(een their life and what is
happening in the society, thusgaining a wider potential freedomfrom social pressures.
'&ergence of Sociology
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'&ergence of Sociologyand Anthropology
DEth DFth*entury >7eriod of discoveries ande2plorations?
' the beginning of anthropology
' accounted from estern e2plorers, missionaries,
soldiers, and colonial oGcials
0arly DFth*entury /int tools and artifacts werediscovered in 0urope
0dward %ylor the 1rst professor of
anthropology in O2ford, 0ngland
5ran6 +roas the 1rst professor of
anthropology in the &nited States.
'&ergence of Sociology
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DF@H ethnographersapproached the study of localculture.
D@th DFth *entury development of sociology began
in 5rance, pioneered by )enri deSaint'Simon and Aguste *omte
'&ergence of Sociologyand Anthropology
'&ergence of Sociology
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'&ergence of Sociologyand Anthropology
Hth century modern anthropology startedpioneered by 0dward %ylor, #ewis !organ,and )erbert Spencer
Structural functionalism was used by 5ran6+roas and Alfred Jroeber.
Other anthropologists followed
' +ronislaw !alinows-i and A.". "adclie
+rown' "alph #inton, "uth +enedict, and !argaret!ead.
!he De$elop&ent of
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!he De$elop&ent ofSociology
Auguste Co&te /;EFG@;GHE1' he believed that a theoreticalscience of society andsystematic investigation ofbehavior were needed toimprove society.
' he coined the ter&-sociology
' he considered sociology as
the :ueenB and itspractitioners scientists'priestsB
!he De$elop&ent of
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!he De$elop&ent ofSociology
arriet 7artineau /;GK>@;GEL1' oered insightful observations ofthe customs and social practices ofnative +ritain and &nited States.
' wrote a boo- Society in AmericaB
' conducted a research on thenature of fe&ale e&ploy&ent.
!he De$elop&ent of
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!he De$elop&ent ofSociology
erbert Spencer/;G>K@;FKB1
' applied the conceptof evolution of thespecies to thesocieties in order toe2plain how they
change over time.' adapted $arwinssurvival of the 1ttestB
!he De$elop&ent of
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!he De$elop&ent ofSociology
'&ile Dur+hei& /;GHG@;F;E1
' 1rst professor of sociologyin 5rance
@ insisted that beha$ior&ust be understood(ithin a larger conteMt4not just in indi$idualisticter&s.
' interested on -anomie>the loss of direction that asociety feels when socialcontrol of individual behavior
has become ineective?
!he De$elop&ent of
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!he De$elop&ent ofSociology
7aM )eber /;GL1' taught his students aboutverstehenB ' 9erman word forunderstandingB or insightB
' pointed out that to fullyco&prehend beha$ior4 (e &ustlearn the subjecti$e &eaningspeople attach to their actions ho( they $ie( and eMplain theirbeha$ior' credited for a -ey conceptual tool,the ideal typeB
Ideal !ype is a construct, a made'upmodel that serves as a measuring rodagainst which actual cases can beevaluated.
' it was used to study family, religion,authority, economic systems, F1
' preferred to use thesociological perspective to loo-1rst at smaller units families,
gangs, friendship networ-s' increased our understandingof groups relatively small si6e
7odern De$elop&ents
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pof Sociology
ane Adda&s /;GLK@;FBH1' member of AmericanSociological Society
' with other female sociologists,they combined intellectualin:uiry , social service wor-, . Social Psychology
study of hu&an nature as anoutco&e of group life4 social
attitudes4 collecti$e beha$ior andpersonality for&ation.
A f S i l
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Areas of Sociology
B. Social change anddisorgani?ation
study of change in culture and
social relations and disruptionsthat &ay occur in the society.
A f S i l
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Areas of Sociology
. u&an ecology
study of nature and beha$ior of agi$en population as an outco&e of
group life4 social attitudes4collecti$e beha$ior andpersonality for&ation.
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A f S i l
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Areas of Sociology
H. Population < De&ography
study of population nu&ber4co&position4 change and Juality as
they a%ect the socio@econo&ic@political syste&.
A f S i l
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Areas of Sociology
L. Sociologicaltheory andðod
concerned(ith theapplicability ofprinciples andtheories ofgroup life tosocialen$iron&ent.
A f S i l
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Areas of Sociology
E. Applied sociology
use of sociological researches in$arious ,elds such as cri&inology4
social (or+4 co&&unityde$elop&ent and other socialissues.
A
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Areas
"esearchable topics
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"esearchable topics !he e%ects of O) pheno&ena to fa&ily
@;> perception and $iability a&ong
isher&en of #aguna
!he condition of ilipino nurses
!he econo&ics of fashion a&ong collegestudents
Prostitution a&ong higher educationstudents
Di%erent culture a&ong colleges
SOCIO#O0 AN!8OPO#O0
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SOCIO#O0
ocuses on social
processes 8ecent social science
Understand (ay of life4society culture
Co&pli&ented byanthropologicalresearch
Originated fro&)estern ci$ili?ation/historical1
7ethod: particular/sa&pling1
AN!8OPO#O0
ocuses on culture
8ecent social science
Understand (ay oflife4 society culture
Co&pli&ented by
sociologicalresearches
Originated fro&pri&iti$e groups
/pre@historic1 7ethod: generic
/holistic1
Anthropology and
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p gySociology
3oth sciences atte&pt to understand(ay of life as &anifested by theinterdependence of society and culture
Sociology ?oo&s in at social process4
(hereas4 Anthropology focuses onculture
Anthropological studies are used bysocial scientists and $ice $ersa
!hus4 both sciences are inti&atelyrelated to each otheri.e.4 humanities.
et o o ogy oSociology and
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Sociology and
AnthropologyScientificInvestigation
et o o ogy oSociology and
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Sociology and
Anthropology '&pirical In$estigation Direct eMperience of the
pheno&ena
Use of the senses
!ethodology of Sociology
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gy gyand Anthropology
Objecti$ity Date &ust be presented4 analy?ed
and interpreted independently of
the researcher6s o(n beliefs and$alue judg&ents.
-)hat you see and not (hat you(ant to see
!ethodology of Sociology
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gy gyand Anthropology
'thnical neutrality Neutral in
interpretation of
one6s ,ndings4(ithout beinginQuenced by his$alue judg&ent and
con$ictions abouthis o(n culture.
!ethodology of Sociology
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gy gyand Anthropology
Sociological I&agination/). )right7ills61
#ocating oneself in the period of the
society being studied in der tounderstand relationships free fro&social pressures of his ti&e.
Scienti1c Investigation
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Scienti1c Investigation
Scienti1c Investigation
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Scienti1c Investigation
Scienti1c Investigation
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Scienti1c Investigation
Scienti1c Investigation
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Scienti1c Investigation
8ele$ance of StudyingSociology and
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Sociology andAnthropology
3etterunderstanding ofculture andsociety
'Mpansionof our (orld
perspecti$e
"elevance of Sociology and
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Anthropology Identi,cation of
uniJueness ofone6s group
Pro$idea$enues ofrespect and
acceptance
"elevance of Sociology and
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Anthropology Application of Socio@
Anthropological +no(ledge tothe production and design of
people6s needs.
to for&ulate ho( these needs be+ t
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+no(n to e$eryone.
at to oo at orSociological 7erspective for
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Sociological 7erspective for
nurses4 %he units of analysis in medical sociology are the smallest social unit of relationships between
doctor and patient, doctor and nurse and others
organi6ational unit includes hospitals, medical
associations etc., social status which refers to occupational
categories li-e doctor, nurse etc. and communityand society where neighborhood health center,public health center and accessibility of primaryhealth care can be studied.
Signi1cance of !edial
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Sociology 0very society has its own de1nition
of health, illness and disease.
%he medical sociology helps in
understanding distribution andaetiology of disease in the society,the social and cultural perspective on
disease, roles and attitude towardstreatment.
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!edical sociology contributes tosocial aspects of medicine, for e.g.social factors involved in illness, the
behavior of patients, medicalprofessionals and other healthwor-ers as well as dierent types of
medical organi6ations.
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%he contribution of medical sociology isin two spheres
Sociology in medicine
%he sociology in medicine deals with analysis ofaetiology of health disorders, dierences in socialattitude towards health and the recognition ofrelation of social variables li-e se2 and age to theincidence of a speci1c health disorder.
So, this is a type of applied research motivatedby a medical problem rather than a sociologicalproblem.
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' Sociology of medicine' %he sociology of medicine deals with organi6ation=s
role, relationships, norms, values and beliefs ofmedical practice as a form of human behavior.
' %he social processes that occur in a medical settingare studied.
' Sociology of medicine is research and analysis ofmedical environment from a sociological perspective.
following aspects of public
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health
Social determinants and distribution ofdisease
attitudes and behavior of individuals and alsoindividuals in group settings towards health
and illness and this in turn decides theirconcept of health and illness, health see-ingbehavior and their level of acceptancetowards modern form of medicine, their
perceived health needs and their acceptanceor re8ection of various health programs.
following aspects of public
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It also studies the social environment ofmedicine and helps to design thecurricula of trainings for health personnel.
it also studies the relationship betweenhealth provider and consumer, and thusdecides the preference of consumer for aparticular type of service as well as
compliance of the consumer to thephysician=s advice.
health
medical sociology covers the following aspects ofbli h lth
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It studies the medical organi6ationsin structural and functional manner.
public health
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!edical sociology helps tounderstand the various factorsrelated with a healthy or ill person
and not the disease process itselfand its speci1c aetiology. %hus, itscontribution is more towards
understanding the problem from apreventive and promotive aspect.
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Sociology can help nurses to achievetheir primary ob8ectives of goodpatient care.
As nursing and sociology are bothconcerned with people and theirinteractions, it s li-ely that the theories>or material? developed in either
discipline of nursing or sociology willprovide insight for the other .e.g.sociolisation, deviance, family etc.
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A study of sociology will help a nurseto gain insight into factors in theculture and social bac-ground of
patients and various groups in thesociety which have a direct bearing onthe health and welfare of the peoplein the community to whom she(hemust render a service. %his -nowledgewill help her to serve more eectively.
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Jnowledge of sociology will helpnurses in their process of professionalsociali6ation, especially in the area of
nurse'patient relationship for thesuccessful interaction and outcomesthey will have to be sensitive topatients social and emotional needsin addition to their technical>medical? competence.
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%he delivery of heath care isessentially a social activity, gainingan understanding of the social
processes involved would improvenurses social interaction withcolleagues and all those with whom
she deals with in her course of wor-.
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Sociological understanding shouldhelp a nurse appreciate why peoplerespond dierently to their
symptoms of illness and whydierences e2ist between individualsand groups in relations to health and
illness
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%he study of social factors in the etiologyof disease plays a signi1cant role incausing a wide range of diseases.
Some illnesses may be socially inducedand can therefore be most eectivelytreated or prevented by action based onthe understanding of cultural patterns and
social actions of the people and not onlyon -nowledge of drugs and human biology
Sociology as a behaviorali
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science +ehavioural science courses provide
some -nowledge that helps us tounderstand the human patterns in relation tohealth and illness.
hy health or illness is promoted or complicatedby the type of food we eat
hy we accept or refuse family planning
ho determines when and where a sic- person
should see- medical help > whether from hospitalor traditional healer?
hy %+ is common in overclouded communities.
Sociological Imagination
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Sociological Imagination
Society as a whole Illness is a very private trouble, and yet
a very public issue, not least because of
the social causes of much ill health andpremature death. %he individual dying oflung cancer faces a very personaltragedy, and yet this is also a public
matter as the recent debates on tobaccoadvertising and sponsorship haveemphasi6ed.
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%he way society is organi6ed 5or sociologists, the e2perience of
sic-ness and disease is an outcome of
the organi6ation of the society. 7oorliving and wor-ing conditions ma-epeople sic-er and poorer people dieearlier than their counterparts at the top
of the social system.
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)istorical perspective%he sociological imagination is historical in
that it allows us to understand thedistinctive nature of our present society by
comparing it with the past e.g. sociologistscan study how historical changes in patternsof social life can e2plain changes in patternsof illness. Sociology provides a window to
the social world that lies outside us. It allowsus to see the many social forces that shapeour lives
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&nity amidst diversityM
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&nity amidst diversityM
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"eferences "ole of !edical Sociology and
Anthropology in 7ublic )ealth and )ealth
System $evelopment.1le(((*(&sers(user($ownloads(K'EFEK'D'7+.pdf
+asic Studies in Nursing Sociology
1le(((*(&sers(user($ownloads(sociology'DKHEED@HD'phpappH.pdfInset,HD.
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&IP