LESSONS FROM PAST LESSONS FROM PAST NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES. NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES.
Part IIIPart III
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
PAST NOTABLE PAST NOTABLE EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
LOMA PRIETA, CALIFORNIALOMA PRIETA, CALIFORNIA
OCTOBER 17, 1989OCTOBER 17, 1989
EARTHQAKES ARE EARTHQAKES ARE DYNAMIC DYNAMIC LABORATORIESLABORATORIES FOR FOR
LEARNING AND CATALYSTS LEARNING AND CATALYSTS FOR FOR BUILDING CAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY
FOR FOR DISASTER-INTELLIGENT DISASTER-INTELLIGENT & DISASTER-RESILIENT & DISASTER-RESILIENT
COMMUNITESCOMMUNITES
LOCATIONLOCATION
The epicenter was located near The epicenter was located near Loma Prieta peak in the Loma Prieta peak in the Santa Santa Cruz MountainsCruz Mountains, approximately , approximately 14 km (9 mi) northeast of Santa 14 km (9 mi) northeast of Santa Cruz and Cruz and 96 km (60 mi) south-96 km (60 mi) south-southeast of San Franciscosoutheast of San Francisco
OCCURRENCEOCCURRENCE
CALIFORNIA’S FAULTS CALIFORNIA’S FAULTS (SOURCE: CA. GEOL. SURVEY)(SOURCE: CA. GEOL. SURVEY)CALIFORNIA’S FAULTS CALIFORNIA’S FAULTS
(SOURCE: CA. GEOL. SURVEY)(SOURCE: CA. GEOL. SURVEY)
The Loma Prieta Earthquake was The Loma Prieta Earthquake was Forecast Forecast (USGS, 1988)(USGS, 1988)
The Loma Prieta Earthquake was The Loma Prieta Earthquake was Forecast Forecast (USGS, 1988)(USGS, 1988)
Schematic Diagram of the Loma Schematic Diagram of the Loma Prieta Earthquake MechanismPrieta Earthquake Mechanism
Schematic Diagram of the Loma Schematic Diagram of the Loma Prieta Earthquake MechanismPrieta Earthquake Mechanism
NORTHNORTHNORTHNORTHWESTWESTWESTWEST
Schematic Diagram of the Earthquake Schematic Diagram of the Earthquake Rupture Rupture
Schematic Diagram of the Earthquake Schematic Diagram of the Earthquake Rupture Rupture
NORTHNORTHNORTHNORTHWESTWESTWESTWEST
Mw 6.9; Ms 7.1Mw 6.9; Ms 7.1
Depth: 18 km (11 miles)Depth: 18 km (11 miles)
5:04 pm local time5:04 pm local time
Soil amplification Soil amplification effects in effects in San Francisco Bay regionSan Francisco Bay region
SAN FRANCISCO BAY SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION REGION (EPICENTER: TOP LEFT)(EPICENTER: TOP LEFT)
SOIL AMPLIFICATION MAP: SAN SOIL AMPLIFICATION MAP: SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGIONFRANCISCO BAY REGION
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
IMPACTS IMPACTS
BUILDINGSBUILDINGS
SAN FRANCISCO BAY SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGIONREGION
Buildings and infrastructure of Buildings and infrastructure of all types and agesall types and ages, constructed , constructed in accordance with various in accordance with various codes/standards, codes/standards, FAILED in FAILED in the the San Francisco Bay Region.San Francisco Bay Region.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL NOTABLE ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
PREPAREDNESS PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR PLANNING FOR THE THE INEVITABLE INEVITABLE STRONG GROUND STRONG GROUND MOTION MOTION IS IS ESSENTIAL FOR ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.RESILIENCE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL NOTABLE ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
PROTECTION OF PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE IS ESSENTIAL IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCERESILIENCE..
PROBABILISTIC MAPS PROBABILISTIC MAPS OF OF PEAK PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION (PGA) GROUND ACCELERATION (PGA) AND AND SPECTRAL ACCELERATION SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (SA) (SA) ARE BASIC TOOLS USED IN ARE BASIC TOOLS USED IN
BUILDING BUILDING CODESCODES AND AND INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDSSTANDARDS
GROUND SHAKING GROUND SHAKING (PEAK (PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION)GROUND ACCELERATION)
GROUND SHAKING WESTERN GROUND SHAKING WESTERN USAUSA
PGA: SAN FRANCISCO BAY PGA: SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGIONREGION
SA 0.3 S: SAN FRANCISCO SA 0.3 S: SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION (BAY REGION (SHORT BLDGS.)SHORT BLDGS.)
SA 1.0 S: SAN FRANCISCO SA 1.0 S: SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION BAY REGION ((TALL BLDGS,)TALL BLDGS,)
LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKELOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKELOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKELOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE 1,300 BUILDINGS 1,300 BUILDINGS
DESTROYEDDESTROYED 20,000 BUILDINGS 20,000 BUILDINGS
DAMAGEDDAMAGED 3,500 BUSINESSES3,500 BUSINESSES
DAMAGEDDAMAGED TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION
LOSSES ALONE: LOSSES ALONE: $1.8 $1.8 BILLION BILLION
VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGSMASONRY BUILDINGS
VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGSMASONRY BUILDINGS
VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGSMASONRY BUILDINGS
VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED VULNERABLE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGSMASONRY BUILDINGS
VULNERABLE SOFT-STORY VULNERABLE SOFT-STORY BUILDINGS: MARINA DISTRICTBUILDINGS: MARINA DISTRICT
VULNERABLE SOFT-STORY VULNERABLE SOFT-STORY BUILDINGS: MARINA DISTRICTBUILDINGS: MARINA DISTRICT
LESSONS LEARNED FOR LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL NOTABLE ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
PREPAREDNESS PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR PLANNING FOR THE THE INEVITABLE INEVITABLE GROUND FAILURE GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCERESILIENCE..
GROUND FAILURE, GROUND FAILURE, NOTNOT SURFACE FAULT RUPTURESURFACE FAULT RUPTURE
LATERAL SPREADING: SAN LATERAL SPREADING: SAN FRANCISCO WHARF AREAFRANCISCO WHARF AREA
LATERAL SPREADING: SAN LATERAL SPREADING: SAN FRANCISCO WHARF AREAFRANCISCO WHARF AREA
LIQUEFACTION: MARINA LIQUEFACTION: MARINA DISTRICTDISTRICT
LIQUEFACTION: MARINA LIQUEFACTION: MARINA DISTRICTDISTRICT
AS IN 1906, FIRE BEGAN IN THE AS IN 1906, FIRE BEGAN IN THE MARINA DISTRICTMARINA DISTRICT
AS IN 1906, FIRE BEGAN IN THE AS IN 1906, FIRE BEGAN IN THE MARINA DISTRICTMARINA DISTRICT
CYPRESS FREEWAY: A CYPRESS FREEWAY: A PROTECTION NIGHTMARE PROTECTION NIGHTMARE
CYPRESS FREEWAY: A CYPRESS FREEWAY: A PROTECTION NIGHTMARE PROTECTION NIGHTMARE
FAILURE OF A SPAN ON THE OAKLAND BAY FAILURE OF A SPAN ON THE OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE: A COMMUTER’S NIGHTMAREBRIDGE: A COMMUTER’S NIGHTMARE
FAILURE OF A SPAN ON THE OAKLAND BAY FAILURE OF A SPAN ON THE OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE: A COMMUTER’S NIGHTMAREBRIDGE: A COMMUTER’S NIGHTMARE
LESSONS LEARNED FOR LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL NOTABLE ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
CAPACITY FOR CAPACITY FOR EMERGENCY EMERGENCY RESPONSE RESPONSE IS IS ESSENTIAL FOR ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY COMMUNITY RESILIENCERESILIENCE..
POWER OUTAGES BEGAN AT POWER OUTAGES BEGAN AT 5:04 PM IN THE REGION5:04 PM IN THE REGION
POWER OUTAGES BEGAN AT POWER OUTAGES BEGAN AT 5:04 PM IN THE REGION5:04 PM IN THE REGION
CYPRESS FREEWAY COLLAPSE: AN CYPRESS FREEWAY COLLAPSE: AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE NIGHTMARE EMERGENCY RESPONSE NIGHTMARE CYPRESS FREEWAY COLLAPSE: AN CYPRESS FREEWAY COLLAPSE: AN
EMERGENCY RESPONSE NIGHTMARE EMERGENCY RESPONSE NIGHTMARE
FORTY-ONE VICTIMS AT THE FORTY-ONE VICTIMS AT THE CYPRESS FREEWAYCYPRESS FREEWAY
FORTY-ONE VICTIMS AT THE FORTY-ONE VICTIMS AT THE CYPRESS FREEWAYCYPRESS FREEWAY
FIRE IN MARINA DISTRICT 100 FIRE IN MARINA DISTRICT 100 KM FROM EPICENTERKM FROM EPICENTER
FIRE IN MARINA DISTRICT 100 FIRE IN MARINA DISTRICT 100 KM FROM EPICENTERKM FROM EPICENTER
LESSONS LEARNED FOR LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL NOTABLE ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
CAPACITY FOR CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY COMMUNITY RESILIENCERESILIENCE..
RESTORATION OF WIDESPREAD RESTORATION OF WIDESPREAD POWER OUTAGES TOOK TIMEPOWER OUTAGES TOOK TIME
RESTORATION OF WIDESPREAD RESTORATION OF WIDESPREAD POWER OUTAGES TOOK TIMEPOWER OUTAGES TOOK TIME
RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON CYPRESS FREEWAY TOOK TIME ON CYPRESS FREEWAY TOOK TIME
RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON CYPRESS FREEWAY TOOK TIME ON CYPRESS FREEWAY TOOK TIME
RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE TOOK TIMEOAKLAND BAY BRIDGE TOOK TIME
RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON RESTORATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE TOOK TIMEOAKLAND BAY BRIDGE TOOK TIME
EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE WAS A EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE WAS A TOOL FOR RECOVERYTOOL FOR RECOVERY
EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE WAS A EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE WAS A TOOL FOR RECOVERYTOOL FOR RECOVERY
EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE INSURANCE SPREADS THE SPREADS THE RISK AND SPEEDS RISK AND SPEEDS RECOVERY BY RECOVERY BY FACILITATING THE FACILITATING THE “RESTORATION TO “RESTORATION TO NORMAL”NORMAL”
EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE INSURANCE SPREADS THE SPREADS THE RISK AND SPEEDS RISK AND SPEEDS RECOVERY BY RECOVERY BY FACILITATING THE FACILITATING THE “RESTORATION TO “RESTORATION TO NORMAL”NORMAL”
PLANNING FOR THE FUTUREPLANNING FOR THE FUTURE
A NEW GENERATION OF A NEW GENERATION OF POLICIES AND POLICIES AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES FOR FOR SITING, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION SITING, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION IN CALIFORNIA AND OTHER IN CALIFORNIA AND OTHER EARTHQUAKE PRONE REGIONS OF EARTHQUAKE PRONE REGIONS OF THE USA. THE USA.
SAN FRANCISCO AIRPORT: SAN FRANCISCO AIRPORT: BASE ISOLATIONBASE ISOLATION
SAN FRANCISCO CITY HALL: SAN FRANCISCO CITY HALL: BASE ISOLATIONBASE ISOLATION
SUMMARY OF IMPACTSSUMMARY OF IMPACTS
62 DEATHS (Mostly at Cypress Freeway) 62 DEATHS (Mostly at Cypress Freeway) 3,757 INJURIES3,757 INJURIES 8,000 HOMELESS8,000 HOMELESS $5.6 BILLION PROPERTY DAMAGE WITH $5.6 BILLION PROPERTY DAMAGE WITH
THE FIRST $1.8 BILLION EARTHQUAKE THE FIRST $1.8 BILLION EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE INDEMNIFICATIONINSURANCE INDEMNIFICATION
MAJOR FLAWS IN MAJOR FLAWS IN PROTECTION OF PROTECTION OF TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE
PRIMARY SOURCES OF PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE LOMA INFORMATION ON THE LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE ARE: PRIETA EARTHQUAKE ARE:
1) The US Geological Survey, 1) The US Geological Survey, 2) The California Geological 2) The California Geological
Survey, and Survey, and 3) the Earthquake Engineering 3) the Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute Research Institute