Level 2 Unit 2
Material for Test
WORKS AND JOBS
accountant(s) baker(s) barber(s)
barman (barmen) builder(s) butcher(s)
carpenter(s) cashier(s) chambermaid(s)
chef(s) cleaner(s) dentist(s)
doctor(s) electrician(s) engineer(s)
fireman (firemen) fishmonger(s) flight attendant(s)
hairdresser(s) judge(s) lawyer(s)
nurse(s) optician(s) painter(s)
photographer(s) plumber(s) policeman (policemen)
porter(s) post[wo]man
(post[wo]men) receptionist(s)
reporter(s) sales assistant(s) sales representative(s)
scientist(s) secretary (secretaries) surgeon(s)
tailor(s) teacher(s) technician(s)
vet(s) waiter(s) welder(s)
Work - What do they do? Where do they work?
Job What do they do? Where do they work?
Accountants Look after the finances in an
organisastion. They work in an office.
Bakers Bake bread. They work in a bakery.
Barbers Shave men's beards and cut
men's hair. They work in a barbers.
Barmen/women Serve drinks. They work in a bar, pub
or restaurant.
Butchers Prepare and sell meat. They work in a
butchers.
Chambermaids Clean and tidy rooms. They work in a hotel.
Chefs Prepare and cook food. They work in a kitchen.
Dentists Look after people's teeth. They work in a dentists.
Doctors Look after people's health. They work in a hospital
or surgery.
Fishmongers Prepare and sell fish. They work in a
fishmongers.
Flight attendants Look after passengers. They work in an
airplane.
Hair dressers Cut and style people's hair. They work in a hair
salon.
Judges Judge and sentence people. They work in a law
court.
Lawyers Defend and prosecute people.
They work in a law
court and in a lawyers
office.
Nurses Look after patients . They work in a hospital
or doctor's surgery.
Opticians Look after people's eye sight. They work in an
opticians.
Porters Carry other people's bags and
luggage.
They work in a hotel or
train station.
Receptionists Meet and greet visitors. They work in reception.
Sales Assistants Sell goods and look after
customers. They work in a shop.
Secretaries Arrange appointments, type
letters and organise meetings. They work in an office.
Surgeons Operate on people who are
sick. They work in a hospital.
Tailors Design, make, alter or repair
garments,
They work in factories
and shops.
Teachers Teach people. They work in a school.
Technicians Organise and repair technical
equipment. They work everywhere!
Vets Look after people's animals.
They work in a
veterinary surgery or
vets.
Waiters/Waitresses Serve people food and drink. They work in a
restaurant.
Welders Weld metal to make things. They work in factories
and construction.
The Past Tenses
Simple Past
Simple Past Used to show a completed
action
• I studied English last Saturday.
Past Progressive/Continuous
Past Progressive
Often used to
say when
something
was being
done or what
was
happening
when
something
else
happened
• I was studying English last
Monday when my friend rang.
• I was studying English at 5pm
last Monday.
The Future Tenses
The future can be indicated in several different ways in English. It is often created with
the use of auxiliaries: "She will be a student.", "She is going to drive a new car."
English can even create the future by using the simple present (used for
timetables,programs etc.), "The train arrives at 10pm" or the present progressive (used
for future plans), "He is collecting his mother from the station tonight."
Simple Future (uses will or shall or going to + base form)
Simple Future (Some
uncertainty)
Decide to do
something at
the time of
speaking
I think I'll do my English homework
tonight.
Simple Future (Certain)
Have already
decided or
arranged to
do something
I am going to study English next
Saturday.
Future Progressive/Continous (uses will be, shall be or going to be +-ing form)
On the hour
Past / to the hour
Prepositions What to say
Writing the time
Time Idioms
When it's "on the hour" we say "o'clock". But only when it's on the hour.
Twelve o'clock
Six o'clock
One o'clock
Seven o'clock
Two o'clock
Eight o'clock
Three o'clock
Nine o'clock
Four o'clock
Ten o'clock
Five o'clock
Eleven o'clock
Because it can be difficult to say whether 12 o'clock is during the day or the night, we
use two special terms.
00:00 and 24:00 = Twelve
midnight (or midnight)
12:00 = Twelve noon
(or noon)
Time (2)
In five minute increments, when it's past the hour (up to 30 minutes past) we say "past".
When it's before the hour (after 30 minutes past) we say "to".
There are 60 minutes in an hour.
30 minutes is half an hour, we say "half past" or "thirty".
15 minutes is quarter of an hour, we say "quarter past" or "fifteen" or "quarter to" or
"forty-five".
Twelve o'clock
Twelve fifteen
or
Quarter past twelve
Twelve thirty
or
Half past twelve
We never say "half to".
Twelve forty-five
or
Quarter to one
At other "odd" times, when we want to be accurate, we add the word "minute(s)":-
It's twenty-eight minutes to
twelve.
It's one minute
past three.
If you want to avoid trying to remember when to use "minutes" and
when not to just say "nearly" or "just turned".
It's just turned half past
eleven.
It's nearly
three o'clock.
Prepositions used with time
At a point
in time
In a length of
time
"When
shall we
meet?
"Let's
meet at 12.30."
"It's 12.45,
when will you
be ready?
"I'll see you in
an hour, at about 1.45."
Naturally speaking
Digital clocks often show the time this way using the 24-hour-clock, only the police and the military actually speak using the 24 hour clock:-
If it's before noon we tend
to say "in the morning".
If it's after noon we say "in
the afternoon".
If it's late we say "at
night".
07:00
It's seven o'clock in the
morning
14:00
It's two o'clock in the
afternoon
22:00
It's ten o'clock at night
15 minutes past the hour
is quarter past:
07:15
It's quarter past seven in
the morning
14:15
It's quarter past two in
the afternoon
22:15
It's quarter past ten at
night
30 minutes past the hour
is half past:
07:30
It's half past seven in the
morning
14:30
It's half past two in the
afternoon
22:30
It's half past ten at night
45 minutes past the hour
is quarter to:
07:45
It's quarter to eight in the
morning
14:45
It's quarter to three in
the afternoon
22:45
It's quarter to eleven at
night
How to ask the time in English.
o Excuse me. What time is it,
please?
§ It's exactly eight
o'clock.
or
§ It's eight.
o Excuse me. Do you have the time,
please?
§ It's half past twelve.
or
§ It's twelve thirty.
o Excuse me. Could you tell me the
time, please?
§ It's about half past
eleven.
or
§ It's around eleven
thirty.
Writing the time
morning 00:01 -
11:59
a.m. - stands for Ante Meridiem (the time
between midnight and noon)
00:01 hrs -
12:00
noon or midday 12:00
p.m. - stands for Post Meridian (after noon) 12:01 -
24:00 hrs
afternoon 12:01 -
18:00
evening 18:01 -
22:00
night 22:01 -
24:00
midnight 24:00 /
00:00
There are 24 hours in a day, but only the military, police and computer programmers
use the 24-hour clock. When writing or speaking generally we tend to use the 12-hour
clock. The 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods called a.m. (Latin "ante
meridiem" | English: "before mid day") and p.m. (Latin "post meridiem" | English: "after
mid day").
The way people write the time varies. I prefer a.m. and p.m.
Choose from the following styles or use what your English teacher tells you to and stick
to it:-
a.m. p.m.
am pm
AM PM
A.M. P.M.
Some people (myself included) use a dot as the separator: 2.30 pm.
Some people use a colon as the separator: 2:30 pm. The colon is usually used with the
24-hour clock: 14:30.
When you are writing the time decide whether to write it using numerals or words, and
stick to that.
El pretérito (pasado) se utiliza para referir acciones o situaciones del pasado.
EL PASADO SIMPLE (Simple Past) El pasado simple funciona de manera similar al Presente simple, salvo que empleamos el auxiliar
'did' para todas las personas (incluida la tercera persona singular 'he/she/it'). En la forma
afirmativa, el auxiliar 'did' no aparece, empleando en su lugar la terminación 'ed'. Esta es la forma
de pasado para todos los 'Verbos Regulares'
Existe un amplio conjunto de verbos que no cumplen esta condición, es decir, para la forma
afirmativa no emplean la terminación 'ed' sino que su forma es irregular. No siguen ninguna regla,
por lo que la única manera de conocer su forma de pasado es aprenderla. Se denominan 'Verbos
Irregulares'.
AFIRMATIVA
NEGATIVA
I played You played He played We played You played They played
Yo jugué
Tú jugaste
Él jugó
Nosotros jugamos
Vosotros jugasteis
Ellos jugaron
I did not play You did not play He did not play We did not play You did not play They did not play
Yo no jugué
Tú no jugaste
Él no jugó
Nosotros no jugamos
Vosotros no jugasteis
Ellos no jugaron
INTERROGATIVA
INT.-NEGATIVA
Did I play? Did you play? Did he play? Did we play? Did you play? Did they play?
¿Jugué?
¿Jugaste?
¿Jugó?
¿Jugamos?
¿Jugasteis?
¿Jugaron?
Didn't I play? Didn't you play? Didn't he play? Didn't we play? Didn't you play? Didn't they play?
¿No jugué?
¿No jugaste?
¿No jugó?
¿No jugamos?
¿No jugasteis?
¿No jugaron?
USO DEL PASADO SIMPLE
a.) Para acciones pasadas. Indican el período de tiempo durante el que se desarrolló y completó
una acción ya finalizada. Es habitual que vaya acompañado de un adverbio de tiempo.
I bought this car last year / Compré este coche el año pasado
b.) Para expresar una acción indeterminada en el pasado:
They used pencils and paper / Utilizaron lápices y papel
c.) Para expresar una acción habitual en el pasado
They never drank alcohol / Nunca bebían alcohol
d.) Puede servir para expresar una condición improbable.
If I saw her, I should speak to her / Si le viera le hablaría
EL PASADO PROGRESIVO (Past Continuous)
Su estructura se forma con el pretérito del verbo auxiliar to be + el gerundio del verbo que se
quiere conjugar.
I was playing / Estuve jugando
Para la forma negativa se añade la 'not' al auxiliar
I was not playing / No estuve jugando
En la forma interrogativa se invierte el orden del sujeto y el auxiliar:
Was I playing? / ¿Estuve jugando?
USO DEL PASADO PROGRESIVO
a.) Para expresar una acción que se estaba desarrollando en el pasado pero cuyo fin no
conocemos o carece de importancia:
It was raining / Estaba lloviendo
b.) Para expresar dos acciones que se desarrollan simultáneamente
I was reading the newspaper while I was walking home / Estaba leyendo el periódico mientras
volvía a casa caminando
c.) Para expresar dos acciones que se desarrollan en el pasado, una de las cuales tuvo su
comienzo antes que la otra:
When I arrived John was talking on the phone / Cuando llegué John estaba hablando por
teléfono.
1 - Cambia el tiempo verbal a 'past simple' en las siguientes frases, siguiendo el ejemplo: We love England We loved England
2. They don't like the film
3. They work on a farm
4. Do you work in this factory?
5. Where do you live?
6. I don't like Tokyo
7. Does he play the guitar?
8. I don't study French
9. They hate waiting
10. Does your son study here?
2 - Completa las frases escribiendo el tiempo de pasado que proceda.
1. He his motorbike when he suddenly felt ill. (ride)
2. We the television when it suddenly stopped working. (watch)
3. When the ambulance came they him inside. (put)
4. I to the radio when the phone rang. (listen)
5. When I arrived, they hello but continued studying. (say) 2.
PERIODOS DE TIEMPO
era, época era, epoch íra, ípok (UK) épok
(US)
siglo, secular century, secular cénturi, sékiular
lustro five-year period fáiv-íar píriod
año, año bisiesto year, leap year íar, líp íar
el año pasado (próximo)
last (next) year, last (next) íar
tiempos prehistóricos
prehistoric times pri-jistóric táims
edad antigua, edad media, edad moderna, edad contemporánea
ancient times, middle ages, modern times, contemporary age
énshent táims, midl eídchis, módern táims contémporari éidch
era cristiana christian era krístian íra
feudalismo feudalism fiúdalism
siglo 21 XXI century tuénti-uán cénturi
después (antes) de Cristo
after (before) Christ áfter (bifór) kráist
calendario calendar kálendar
trimestre (negocios)
quarter kuórter
trimestre (educación)
term term
meses, mensual months, monthly mánzs, mánzli
día, diario day, daily déi, deíli
semana, semanal week, weekly uík, uíkli
quincena, quincenal
fortnight, biweekly
FUTURO SIMPLE
Como tal, no existe un tiempo específico de futuro en inglés, pero existen distintos verbos y expresiones para referirnos a él. Una forma habitual de futuro en inglés tiene la siguiente estructura:
Sujeto + will + verbo
I will play / Yo jugaré
Como vemos, ésta forma de futuro en inglés es bastante simple. De hecho, suele denominarse FUTURO SIMPLE (Future Simple)
Podemos encontrarnos con otra forma auxiliar, válida también para expresar el futuro, que es 'shall'. En este caso, 'shall' sirve como auxiliar para la primera persona del singular y plural empleándose 'will' para todas las demás. Tanto 'shall' como 'will' pueden contraerse en sus formas afirmativa y negativa (You will You'll). 'Shall' es menos utilizado, especialmente en Estados Unidos. En inglés moderno se tiende a usar 'will' para todas las personas.
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA I (shall / will) play You will play He will play We (shall / will) play You will play They will play
Yo jugaré Tú jugarás Él jugará Nosotros jugaremos Vosotros jugareis Ellos jugarán
I (shall / will) not play You will not play He will not play We (shall / will) not play You will not play They will not play
Yo no jugaré Tú no jugarás Él no jugará Nosotros no jugaremos Vosotros no jugaréis Ellos no jugarán
En la forma interrogativa se invirte el orden de sujeto y auxiliar:
Will you play? / ¿Jugarás?
La forma estructura de la forma interrogativa-negativa es: auxiliar + sujeto + not
Will you not play? / ¿No jugarás?
EL FUTURO PROGRESIVO
Esta forma del futuro es usada en inglés con mayor frecuencia que en español. Su estructura es la siguiente:
sujeto+ futuro de 'to be' + gerundio del verbo a conjugar
You will be flying to Paris tomorrow at this hour / Mañana a esta hora estarás volando hacia Paris
Las formas negativa, interrogativa e interrogativa-negativa se construyen de forma análoga a la explicada para el futuro simple.
FORMA NEGATIVA FORMA INTERROGATIVA FORMA INT. NEGATIVA I shall / will not be playing no estaré jugando
shall / will I be playing? ¿estaré jugando?
shall / will I not be playing? ¿no estaré jugando?
USO DEL FUTURO PROGRESIVO
Sirve para indicar una acción que se desarrollará en el futuro. Pueden ser acciones o situaciones que no conocemos cuándo exactamente se producirán aunque también puede expresar acciones ya planificadas y que se producirán en un determinado momento.
They will be leaving tomorrow / Ellos saldrán mañana
OTRAS FORMAS DE EXPRESAR EL FUTURO
- El Presente como futuro.
En inglés, al igual que en español, podemos emplear tiempos del presente para hablar del futuro.
El Presente Simple puede ser usado para hablar de acciones conocidas de antemano o planificadas (que no dependen de nuestra voluntad).
Our holidays begin in August / Nuestras vacaciones comienzan en agosto Your flight leaves at 17:15 on Monday / Su vuelo sale a las 17:15 el lunes
El Presente progresivo o Presente continuo como futuro. Cuando hablamos de planes, proyectos, citas, etc. utilizamos el Presente continuo.
We're playing football this afternoon / Vamos a jugar al fútbol esta tarde
- El futuro con 'going to'
Es una forma muy habitual para referirse a una acción relativa a una intención o una decisión que se había tomado con anterioridad. Al igual que el Presente Progresivo se puede utilizar para expresar planes, citas, etc.
Are you going to take the car tonight? / ¿Vas a coger el coche esta noche?
- Con 'to be' + infinitivo, para indicar lo que está programado para el futuro
The president is to meet the congressmen tomorrow / El presidente se reunirá con los congresistas mañana
- Con 'to have to' (tener que)
I have to go to the dentist / Tengo que ir al dentista