Life Cycle: Maternal and Infant Nutrition
BIOL 103, Chapter 12-1
Today’s Topic
• Pregnancy
Pregnancy
• (Pg. 500)“Energy and nutrient needs both increase, but needs for calories increases by a ___________ percentage than for most vitamins and minerals. As a result, food choices during pregnancy must be ____________-dense.”
Pregnancy
• Nutrition before conception– Goals of preconception care is to provide:
1. Screening for risk2. Health promotion and education3. Intervention as needed
– Weight• Maintain a ___________ weight• _____________weight increases risk for poor outcome
– If low preterm delivery– If too high gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, C-section
• Not a good time to “diet”
Nutrition Before Conception• Vitamins (Problem Set 12, Q 1a and 1b)
– 400-800 micrograms of synthetic _____________/day• Why?
– Avoid high doses of __________________________• Why?
• Substance use– Eliminate alcohol, tobacco, drugs, prior to pregnancy
Physiology of Pregnancy
• Trimesters: 3 time periods of pregnancy, each lasting ~13-14 weeks
• Stages of human fetal growth1. _________________________________: Weeks 0-2
• Cells differentiate into ___________________________
2. _________________________________: Weeks 2-8• Development of _____________ systems• Critical period of development – time when _____________
has the greatest impact on the developing embryo.– Birth defects, miscarriages
3. _________________________: Weeks 9 to delivery• Growth
Physiology of Pregnancy
• Maternal changes:– Growth of maternal
tissues weight gain and lactation.
• Examples:
– Increase in maternal ____________ volume
– _________ GI motility increases __________ absorption.
Maternal Weight Gain
• Recommendations depend on BMI – Table 12.3: Guidelines for weight gain during
pregnancy.• Underweight Gain 28-40 pounds• Normal weight Gain ______________ pounds• Obese 11-20 pounds
– Higher recommended gain for underweight women, _______________________________
– Lower recommended gain for overweight and obese women
Maternal Weight Gain• Weight gain occurs mostly during 2nd and 3rd trimester.• 40% of weight gain fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid• 60% of weight gain maternal tissues (adipose stores, breast/uterine
growth, expanded blood and ECF)
Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy
• Energy– ______ increases to support increased workload
on mother’s heart and lungs, and energy requirements of fetus/placenta.
– __________________ is the best indicator of adequate calorie intake.
• Nutrients to support pregnancy– Well-balanced diet– Often, pregnant women have difficulty consuming
enough ___________________________
Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy
• Macronutrients– Moderate-____________, low-_____________, and high
_____________________• Protein
– Synthesis of new maternal, placental, and fetal tissues– Additional _____ gram/day over non-pregnancy needs
• Fat – ___________ for mother and development of placenta– Stored fat supports _______________________
• Carbohydrates– Main source of ___________________________– __________________ carbohydrates– ______________-rich
Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy
• Micronutrients– Increased need for overall _______________– Increased needs for most vitamins and
minerals• Support growth and development• Highest increase for __________________• Increased needs for vitamins ___________
– Q: How are B vitamins used during pregnancy?
Food Choices for Pregnant Women
• Follow the __________ Daily Food Plan for Moms– Variety– Additional servings of grain, vegetable, fruit, and low-
fat milk
• Supplement with prenatal formula– Herbal supplements are ____________
recommended– Although multi-vitamin supplements are common,
generally, supplements are not needed other than for iron and folate.
Food Choices for Pregnant Women(PS#12, Q2a)
• Foods to avoid1. __________________2. __________________
• Why?
3. Less than 300 milligrams of ____________ per day
Substance Use and Pregnancy Outcome (PS12, Q2b)
1. _________________– Risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm
delivery, and low birth weight2. Alcohol
– Risk for __________________________• ___________________ defects• ___________________ retardation
3. Drugs– Risks for miscarriage, preterm delivery, low
birth weight, ______________, and __________________
Strategies to Avoid GI Distress:• Slowed GI movement nausea, heartburn and constipation• Smaller/frequent meals, drinking liquids between meals, fiber and
fluids are recommended
Special Situations During Pregnancy
• Food cravings and aversions– Food cravings/aversions are _________ based on
a nutrient deficiency or a physiological condition.– Pica – consumptions of nonfood items such as
dirt, clay, laundry starch, ice, or burnt matches.
• Hypertension– Preeclampsia: ____________________________
• Can progress to eclampsia (seizures)
Special Situations During Pregnancy
• Diabetes– Adjust diet and insulin as needed
• Gestational diabetes: a condition that results in high blood glucose during pregnancy.– Hormones of pregnancy tend to counteract
_________________• Often controlled through ___________• May require insulin
Special Situations During Pregnancy
• HIV/AIDS– ______________ to reduce risk of
transmission– >90% of childhood HIV infections are from
mother-to-child transmission – Many times, women with HIV or AIDS are
likely to have multiple nutrition problems • __________________ malnutrition• __________________ deficiency• Inadequate _______________________
Special Situations During Pregnancy
• Adolescence– Extra demands for ____________________– Risk for preeclampsia, anemia, premature
birth, low-birth-weight babies, infant mortality, and sexual transmitted disease
– _______________ eating patterns a concern– Weight gain toward _________
recommended– Need for __________________