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LinguisticsLinguistics
s Linguistics has often been called theLinguistics has often been called the
science of Languagescience of Language
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LinguistLinguist
s A Linguist is aA Linguist is a
scientist whose field isscientist whose field is
LinguisticsLinguistics
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Human UniquenessHuman Uniqueness
s Symbol UsingSymbol Using
s LanguageLanguage
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Forms of LifeForms of Life
s Chemistry BindingChemistry Binding
s Space BindingSpace Binding
s Time BindingTime Binding
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LanguageLanguage
According to Otto JespersenAccording to Otto Jespersen
Language is an arbitrary learnedLanguage is an arbitrary learnedsystem of vocal symbols throughsystem of vocal symbols through
which human beings interact.which human beings interact.
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How many Languages?How many Languages?
The Wyclif Ethnologue recordsThe Wyclif Ethnologue records
nearly 6000 languages in the world.nearly 6000 languages in the world.
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Standardization of LanguageStandardization of Language
ElementsElements
s One standard phonetic alphabetOne standard phonetic alphabet
s Universal generalizations about languageUniversal generalizations about language
structurestructure
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Three Levels of StructureThree Levels of Structure
s The organization of theThe organization of the SoundSound systemsystem
s The organization of meaningful units calledThe organization of meaningful units called
WordsWordss The organization of larger utterances calledThe organization of larger utterances called
SentencesSentences
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Linguistic TerminologyLinguistic Terminology
s PhonologyPhonology is the study of the sounds.is the study of the sounds.
s MorphologyMorphology is the study of word forms.is the study of word forms.
s SyntaxSyntax is the study of sentence patternsis the study of sentence patterns
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Sound SystemSound System
s The sound system refers to the way inThe sound system refers to the way in
which sounds are organized.which sounds are organized.
s The sound system of any language differsThe sound system of any language differsfrom that of any other language.from that of any other language.
s Every language has a highly organizedEvery language has a highly organized
system of sounds.system of sounds.
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Arranged according to RulesArranged according to Rules
s Certain combinations cannot occur within aCertain combinations cannot occur within a
languagelanguage
s The combinationsThe combinations kplkplandandgngn may not occurmay not occurin English.in English.
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Language StructureLanguage Structure
Language structure refers to theLanguage structure refers to the wayway
in which all the elements of ain which all the elements of alanguage are organized for thelanguage are organized for the
purpose of communicationpurpose of communication
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PhonologyPhonology
s Study of speech soundsStudy of speech sounds
s Phonemics : Broad transcription of soundsPhonemics : Broad transcription of sounds
s Phonetics : Narrow transcription of soundsPhonetics : Narrow transcription of sounds
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PhonemePhoneme
Smallest unit of sound capable ofSmallest unit of sound capable of
changing the meaning of anchanging the meaning of anutteranceutterance
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AllophonesAllophones
Variations of a phoneme whichVariations of a phoneme which
doesnt change the meaning of andoesnt change the meaning of anutteranceutterance
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Morphology -Study of languageMorphology -Study of language
formsforms
s Inflectional endings- such asInflectional endings- such as ss added toadded to
catcatss to make it pluralto make it plural
s Affixes- appendages added to theAffixes- appendages added to thebeginnings or ends of words to alterbeginnings or ends of words to alter
meaning such asmeaning such as inin added toadded to iningratitudegratitude
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Syntax- Word OrderSyntax- Word Order
John hit GeorgeJohn hit George
Hit John GeorgeHit John George
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Elements of LanguageElements of Language
s PhonologyPhonology
s MorphologyMorphology
s
SyntaxSyntax
s The individual soundsThe individual sounds
of the languageof the language
s
Combinations of theseCombinations of thesesounds intosounds into
meaningful wordsmeaningful words
s Combination ofCombination of
meaningful units intomeaningful units intosentencessentences
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Language and CultureLanguage and Culture
s An expression of preference for a givenAn expression of preference for a given
language is actually an expression for thelanguage is actually an expression for the
CultureCulture that uses the language.that uses the language.s Eskimo Culture uses rich diverseEskimo Culture uses rich diverse
descriptions of snow states.descriptions of snow states.
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Speech CommunitySpeech Community
A speech community refers to aA speech community refers to a
group of people living within thegroup of people living within thesame geographical boundaries andsame geographical boundaries and
speaking the same languagespeaking the same language