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  • iIntroduction

    gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3

    201 West 103rd StreetIndianapolis, Indiana 46290

    LINUX COMPLETECommand Reference

    For more information on the Linux operating system andRed Hat Software, Inc., check http://www.redhat.com.

    Compiled by J. Purcell

    Red Hat Software, Inc.

  • President Richard K. SwadleyPublisher and Director of Acquisitions Jordan Gold

    Director of Product Development Dean MillerManaging Editor Kitty Wilson Jarrett

    Indexing Manager Johnna L. VanHooseDirector of Marketing Kelli S. Spencer

    Associate Product Marketing Manager Jennifer PockMarketing Coordinator Linda Beckwith

    COPYRIGHT 1997 BY RED HAT SOFTWARE, INC.FIRST EDITION

    All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Nopatent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information containedherein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of thisbook, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions.Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of theinformation contained herein. For information, address Sams Publishing, 201W. 103rd St., Indianapolis, IN 46290.

    International Standard Book Number: 0-672-31104-6

    Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-66202

    2000 99 98 97 4 3 2 1

    Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number is theyear of the books printing; the rightmost single-digit, the number of the booksprinting. For example, a printing code of 97-1 shows that the first printing of thebook occurred in 1997.

    Composed in AGaramond and MCPdigital by Macmillan Computer Publishing

    Printed in the United States of America

    TRADEMARKSAll terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or servicemarks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to theaccuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regardedas affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.

    Acquisitions EditorGrace M. Buechlein

    Development EditorBrian Proffitt

    Software Development SpecialistJack Belbot

    Production EditorKitty Wilson JarrettKate Shoup Welsh

    Copy EditorsKimberly K. HannelCarolyn LinnKristine Simmons

    IndexerChristine L. Nelsen

    Technical ReviewerBill Ball

    Editorial CoordinatorsMandie RowellKatie Wise

    Technical Edit CoordinatorLynette Quinn

    Editorial AssistantsCarol AckermanAndi RichterRhonda Tinch-MizeKaren Williams

    Cover DesignerKaren Ruggles

    Book DesignerAnn Jones

    Copy WriterDavid Reichwein

    Production Team SupervisorBeth Lewis

    Production TeamErin Danielson, Bryan Flores,DiMonique Ford, Julie Geeting,Kay Hoskin, Christy M. Lemasters,Tony McDonald, Darlena Murray,Julie Searls, Sossity Smith

  • Overview

    Part IUser Commands 2

    Part IISystem Calls 738

    Part IIILibrary Functions 892

    Part IVSpecial Files 1064

    Part VFile Formats 1104

    Part VIGames 1210

    Part VIIMiscellaneous 1214

    Part VIIIAdministration and Privileged Commands 1258

    Part IXKernel Reference Guide 1424

    Index

  • Linux Complete Command Referenceiv

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    Part I User CommandsIntroduction ......................................................................................................... 2addftinfo ............................................................................................................... 2afmtodit ................................................................................................................ 2ansi2knr ................................................................................................................ 4anytopnm ............................................................................................................. 4appres ................................................................................................................... 5ar .......................................................................................................................... 5arch ....................................................................................................................... 8GNU as ................................................................................................................ 8asciitopgm........................................................................................................... 10atktopbm ............................................................................................................ 10bash .................................................................................................................... 11bdftopcf .............................................................................................................. 47beforelight ........................................................................................................... 47biff ...................................................................................................................... 48bioradtopgm ....................................................................................................... 48bitmap, bmtoa, atobm ........................................................................................ 49bmptoppm .......................................................................................................... 57brushtopbm ........................................................................................................ 57cal ....................................................................................................................... 58cat ....................................................................................................................... 58chattr .................................................................................................................. 59chfn .................................................................................................................... 60chgrp................................................................................................................... 61chkdupexe ........................................................................................................... 61chmod................................................................................................................. 61chown ................................................................................................................. 62chsh .................................................................................................................... 63ci ......................................................................................................................... 64cidentd ................................................................................................................ 69cksum ................................................................................................................. 70clear .................................................................................................................... 70cmuwmtopbm .................................................................................................... 71co ........................................................................................................................ 71col ....................................................................................................................... 76colcrt ................................................................................................................... 77colrm .................................................................................................................. 77column................................................................................................................ 78comm.................................................................................................................. 78

  • vIntroduction

    gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3

    convdate .............................................................................................................. 79cp ........................................................................................................................ 80cccp, cpp ............................................................................................................. 81crontab................................................................................................................ 84csplit ................................................................................................................... 85ctags .................................................................................................................... 87cu ........................................................................................................................ 88cut ...................................................................................................................... 90cvs ....................................................................................................................... 91date ................................................................................................................... 106dd ..................................................................................................................... 108depmod, modprobe ........................................................................................... 109df ...................................................................................................................... 112dig .................................................................................................................... 113dnsquery ........................................................................................................... 117domainname ..................................................................................................... 119dsplit ................................................................................................................. 119du ..................................................................................................................... 120editres ............................................................................................................... 121elvis, ex, vi, view, input ..................................................................................... 126elvprsv ............................................................................................................... 128elvrec ................................................................................................................. 129emacs ................................................................................................................ 130emacstool .......................................................................................................... 134etags .................................................................................................................. 135expand .............................................................................................................. 137find ................................................................................................................... 137fitstopnm .......................................................................................................... 142fmt .................................................................................................................... 143fold ................................................................................................................... 143free .................................................................................................................... 144fsinfo ................................................................................................................. 145fslsfonts ............................................................................................................. 145fstobdf ............................................................................................................... 146fstopgm ............................................................................................................. 147ftp ..................................................................................................................... 147fuser .................................................................................................................. 154g++ .................................................................................................................... 155g3topbm ........................................................................................................... 160gawk ................................................................................................................. 161

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    gcal ................................................................................................................... 173gcc, g++ ............................................................................................................. 174gemtopbm ........................................................................................................ 201geqn .................................................................................................................. 202getlist ................................................................................................................ 206getopt ................................................................................................................ 207giftopnm ........................................................................................................... 208gindxbib ............................................................................................................ 209glookbib ............................................................................................................ 210gnroff ................................................................................................................ 210gouldtoppm ...................................................................................................... 211gpic ................................................................................................................... 211gprof ................................................................................................................. 216grefer ................................................................................................................. 217grep, egrep, fgrep .............................................................................................. 224grephistory ........................................................................................................ 226grodvi ............................................................................................................... 227groff .................................................................................................................. 228grog .................................................................................................................. 230grops ................................................................................................................. 230grotty ................................................................................................................ 235gsoelim.............................................................................................................. 236gtbl ................................................................................................................... 236gtroff ................................................................................................................. 237gzip, gunzip, zcatgzip, gunzip, zcat .................................................................... 248gzexe ................................................................................................................. 252head .................................................................................................................. 253hexdump ........................................................................................................... 254hipstopgm ......................................................................................................... 256host ................................................................................................................... 257hostid ................................................................................................................ 258hostname .......................................................................................................... 259hpcdtoppm v0.3 ................................................................................................ 260httpd ................................................................................................................. 261icontopbm ........................................................................................................ 262ident ................................................................................................................. 262ilbmtoppm ........................................................................................................ 263imake ................................................................................................................ 264imgtoppm ......................................................................................................... 267inews ................................................................................................................. 267info ................................................................................................................... 269innconfval ......................................................................................................... 270insmod .............................................................................................................. 271install ................................................................................................................ 272installit .............................................................................................................. 273

  • viiIntroduction

    gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3

    ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin ......................... 274join ................................................................................................................... 282kill .................................................................................................................... 283killall ................................................................................................................. 284ksyms ................................................................................................................ 284last .................................................................................................................... 285lbxproxy ............................................................................................................ 286ld ...................................................................................................................... 287lispmtopgm ....................................................................................................... 292lkbib ................................................................................................................. 292ln ...................................................................................................................... 293lndir .................................................................................................................. 294locate ................................................................................................................ 295logger ................................................................................................................ 295login .................................................................................................................. 296look ................................................................................................................... 297lpq .................................................................................................................... 298lpr ..................................................................................................................... 299lprm .................................................................................................................. 301lptest ................................................................................................................. 302ls, dir, vdir ......................................................................................................... 303lsattr .................................................................................................................. 304lsmod ................................................................................................................ 305lynx ................................................................................................................... 306macptopbm ....................................................................................................... 309make ................................................................................................................. 310makedepend ...................................................................................................... 312makestrs ............................................................................................................ 314mattrib .............................................................................................................. 315mbadblocks ....................................................................................................... 316mcd ................................................................................................................... 316mcookie ............................................................................................................ 317mcopy ............................................................................................................... 317md5sum ............................................................................................................ 318mdel .................................................................................................................. 318mdeltree ............................................................................................................ 319mdir .................................................................................................................. 319merge ................................................................................................................ 320mesg .................................................................................................................. 321mformat ............................................................................................................ 321mgrtopbm ......................................................................................................... 322mkdir ................................................................................................................ 323mkdirhier .......................................................................................................... 323mkfifo ............................................................................................................... 323mkmanifest ....................................................................................................... 324

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    mknod .............................................................................................................. 325mlabel ............................................................................................................... 325mmd ................................................................................................................. 326mmount ............................................................................................................ 326mmove .............................................................................................................. 327more ................................................................................................................. 327mrd ................................................................................................................... 329mread ................................................................................................................ 329mren ................................................................................................................. 329mtest ................................................................................................................. 330mtools ............................................................................................................... 330mtvtoppm ......................................................................................................... 333mtype ................................................................................................................ 333mv .................................................................................................................... 334mwrite .............................................................................................................. 335namei ................................................................................................................ 335newaliases .......................................................................................................... 336newgrp .............................................................................................................. 336nl ...................................................................................................................... 337nlmconv ............................................................................................................ 338nm .................................................................................................................... 339nntpget ............................................................................................................. 340objcopy ............................................................................................................. 341objdump ........................................................................................................... 342oclock ............................................................................................................... 344od ..................................................................................................................... 345passwd .............................................................................................................. 346paste .................................................................................................................. 347pbmclean .......................................................................................................... 348pbmfilters .......................................................................................................... 348pbmlife ............................................................................................................. 352pbmmake .......................................................................................................... 353pbmmask .......................................................................................................... 353pbmpscale ......................................................................................................... 354pbmreduce ........................................................................................................ 355pbmtext ............................................................................................................ 355pbmto10x ......................................................................................................... 356pbmto4425 ....................................................................................................... 357pbmtoascii ........................................................................................................ 357pbmtoatk .......................................................................................................... 358pbmtobg ........................................................................................................... 358pbmtocmuwm .................................................................................................. 358pbmtoepsi ......................................................................................................... 359pbmtoepson ...................................................................................................... 359pbmtog3 ........................................................................................................... 360

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    gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3

    pbmtogem ........................................................................................................ 360pbmtogo ........................................................................................................... 360pbmtoicon ........................................................................................................ 361pbmtolj ............................................................................................................. 361pbmtoln03 ........................................................................................................ 362pbmtolps ........................................................................................................... 362pbmtomacp ....................................................................................................... 363pbmtomgr ......................................................................................................... 363pbmtopgm ........................................................................................................ 364pbmtopi3 .......................................................................................................... 364pbmtopk ........................................................................................................... 364pbmtoplot ......................................................................................................... 365pbmtoptx .......................................................................................................... 366pbmtox10bm .................................................................................................... 366pbmtoxbm ........................................................................................................ 367pgmtoybm ........................................................................................................ 367pbmtozinc ......................................................................................................... 367pbmupc ............................................................................................................ 368pcxtoppm .......................................................................................................... 368pfbtops .............................................................................................................. 369pgmbentley ....................................................................................................... 369pgmcrater .......................................................................................................... 370pgmedge ........................................................................................................... 371pgmenhance ...................................................................................................... 371pgmhist ............................................................................................................. 372pgmkernel ......................................................................................................... 372pgmnoise .......................................................................................................... 373pgmnorm .......................................................................................................... 373pgmoil .............................................................................................................. 374pgmramp .......................................................................................................... 374pgmtexture ........................................................................................................ 375pgmtofs ............................................................................................................. 376pgmtolispm ....................................................................................................... 376pgmtopbm ........................................................................................................ 377pgmtoppm ........................................................................................................ 378pi1toppm .......................................................................................................... 378pi3topbm .......................................................................................................... 379picttoppm ......................................................................................................... 379pjtoppm ............................................................................................................ 381pktopbm ........................................................................................................... 381pnmalias ............................................................................................................ 381pnmarith ........................................................................................................... 382pnmcat .............................................................................................................. 383pnmcomp ......................................................................................................... 383pnmconvol ........................................................................................................ 384

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    pnmcrop ........................................................................................................... 385pnmcut ............................................................................................................. 385pnmdepth ......................................................................................................... 385pnmenlarge ....................................................................................................... 386pnmfile ............................................................................................................. 386pnmflip ............................................................................................................. 387pnmgamma ....................................................................................................... 387pnmhistmap ...................................................................................................... 388pnmindex .......................................................................................................... 388pnminvert ......................................................................................................... 389pnmmargin ....................................................................................................... 389pnmnlfilt ........................................................................................................... 390pnmnoraw ........................................................................................................ 391pnmpad ............................................................................................................ 392pnmpaste .......................................................................................................... 392pnmrotate ......................................................................................................... 393pnmscale ........................................................................................................... 393pnmshear .......................................................................................................... 394pnmsmooth ...................................................................................................... 395pnmtile ............................................................................................................. 395pnmtoddif ......................................................................................................... 396pnmtofits .......................................................................................................... 396pnmtops ............................................................................................................ 397pnmtorast ......................................................................................................... 398pnmtosgi ........................................................................................................... 398pnmtosir ........................................................................................................... 399pnmtotiff .......................................................................................................... 399pnmtoxwd ........................................................................................................ 400ppm3d .............................................................................................................. 400ppmbrighten ..................................................................................................... 401ppmchange ....................................................................................................... 401ppmdim ............................................................................................................ 402ppmdist ............................................................................................................. 402ppmdither ......................................................................................................... 403ppmflash ........................................................................................................... 404ppmforge .......................................................................................................... 404ppmhist ............................................................................................................. 408ppmmake .......................................................................................................... 408ppmmix ............................................................................................................ 408ppmnorm .......................................................................................................... 409ppmntsc ............................................................................................................ 409ppmpat ............................................................................................................. 410ppmquant ......................................................................................................... 411ppmquantall ...................................................................................................... 412ppmqvga ........................................................................................................... 412

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    gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3

    ppmrelief .......................................................................................................... 413ppmshift ........................................................................................................... 413ppmspread ........................................................................................................ 414ppmtoacad ........................................................................................................ 414ppmtobmp ........................................................................................................ 416ppmtogif ........................................................................................................... 416ppmtoicr ........................................................................................................... 417ppmtoilbm ........................................................................................................ 418ppmtomap ........................................................................................................ 419ppmtomitsu ...................................................................................................... 420ppmtopcx .......................................................................................................... 421ppmtopgm ........................................................................................................ 421ppmtopi1 .......................................................................................................... 422ppmtopict ......................................................................................................... 422ppmtopj ............................................................................................................ 423ppmtopjxl ......................................................................................................... 424ppmtopuzz ........................................................................................................ 424ppmtorgb3 ........................................................................................................ 425ppmtosixel ........................................................................................................ 425ppmtotga .......................................................................................................... 426ppmtouil ........................................................................................................... 427ppmtoxpm ........................................................................................................ 427ppmtoyuv ......................................................................................................... 428ppmtoyuvsplit ................................................................................................... 428pr ...................................................................................................................... 429ps ...................................................................................................................... 430psbb .................................................................................................................. 433psidtopgm ......................................................................................................... 433pstopnm............................................................................................................ 434pstree ................................................................................................................ 435psupdate ........................................................................................................... 436qrttoppm .......................................................................................................... 436quota ................................................................................................................. 437ranlib ................................................................................................................ 437rasttopnm ......................................................................................................... 438rawtopgm .......................................................................................................... 439rawtoppm ......................................................................................................... 439rcp .................................................................................................................... 440rcs ..................................................................................................................... 441rcsclean ............................................................................................................. 443rcsdiff ................................................................................................................ 445rcsfreeze ............................................................................................................ 446rcsintro ............................................................................................................. 447rcsmerge ............................................................................................................ 449rdist .................................................................................................................. 451

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    reconfig ............................................................................................................. 454ref ..................................................................................................................... 455reset .................................................................................................................. 456resize ................................................................................................................. 456rev ..................................................................................................................... 457rgb3toppm ........................................................................................................ 457rlog ................................................................................................................... 458rlogin ................................................................................................................ 460rm ..................................................................................................................... 461rmdir ................................................................................................................ 462rmmod .............................................................................................................. 462rnews ................................................................................................................ 463rpcgen ............................................................................................................... 464rsh ..................................................................................................................... 466rstart ................................................................................................................. 467rstartd ............................................................................................................... 468rup .................................................................................................................... 472rusers ................................................................................................................ 472rwall .................................................................................................................. 473rwho ................................................................................................................. 474script ................................................................................................................. 474sed .................................................................................................................... 475sessreg ............................................................................................................... 480setterm .............................................................................................................. 482sgitopnm ........................................................................................................... 483shar ................................................................................................................... 484shlock................................................................................................................ 487showrgb ............................................................................................................ 488shrinkfile ........................................................................................................... 488sirtopnm ........................................................................................................... 488size .................................................................................................................... 489sldtoppm ........................................................................................................... 490smproxy ............................................................................................................ 491sort .................................................................................................................... 492spctoppm .......................................................................................................... 494split ................................................................................................................... 494spottopgm ......................................................................................................... 495sputoppm .......................................................................................................... 495sq ...................................................................................................................... 496startx ................................................................................................................. 496strings ............................................................................................................... 498strip .................................................................................................................. 499subst ................................................................................................................. 500sum ................................................................................................................... 501SuperProbe ....................................................................................................... 501

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    gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3

    tac ..................................................................................................................... 503tail .................................................................................................................... 504talk .................................................................................................................... 505tcal .................................................................................................................... 506telnet ................................................................................................................. 507tfmtodit ............................................................................................................ 513tftp .................................................................................................................... 514tgatoppm .......................................................................................................... 515tifftopnm .......................................................................................................... 515tin, rtin, cdtin, tind ........................................................................................... 516tload .................................................................................................................. 533top .................................................................................................................... 533touch ................................................................................................................ 536tr ....................................................................................................................... 536tset, reset ........................................................................................................... 539tsort .................................................................................................................. 542twm .................................................................................................................. 542txt2gcal ............................................................................................................. 558ul ...................................................................................................................... 558unexpand .......................................................................................................... 559uniq .................................................................................................................. 560unshar ............................................................................................................... 560updatedb ........................................................................................................... 561uptime .............................................................................................................. 562userlist ............................................................................................................... 563uucp .................................................................................................................. 563uuencode .......................................................................................................... 565uustat ................................................................................................................ 566uux .................................................................................................................... 569uuxqt ................................................................................................................ 572w ....................................................................................................................... 573wall ................................................................................................................... 574wc ..................................................................................................................... 574whereis .............................................................................................................. 575write .................................................................................................................. 576x11perf .............................................................................................................. 577x11perfcomp ..................................................................................................... 585xargs .................................................................................................................. 586xauth ................................................................................................................. 587xbmtopbm ........................................................................................................ 592xcmsdb.............................................................................................................. 592xclock ................................................................................................................ 593xclipboard ......................................................................................................... 595xconsole ............................................................................................................ 597xcutsel ............................................................................................................... 598

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    xdm .................................................................................................................. 599xdpyinfo ............................................................................................................ 614Xf86_Accel ....................................................................................................... 614XF86_Mono ..................................................................................................... 624XF86_SVGA .................................................................................................... 627XF86_VGA16 .................................................................................................. 631xf86config ......................................................................................................... 633xfd .................................................................................................................... 633XFree86 ............................................................................................................ 636xfs ..................................................................................................................... 641xhost ................................................................................................................. 643xieperf ............................................................................................................... 645ximtoppm ......................................................................................................... 654xinetd ................................................................................................................ 655xinit .................................................................................................................. 664xkill ................................................................................................................... 666xlogo ................................................................................................................. 667xlsatoms ............................................................................................................ 668xlsclients ............................................................................................................ 669xlsfonts .............................................................................................................. 670xmag ................................................................................................................. 671xmkmf .............................................................................................................. 672xmodmap .......................................................................................................... 672xon .................................................................................................................... 676xpmtoppm ........................................................................................................ 677xprop ................................................................................................................ 677xrdb .................................................................................................................. 681xrefresh ............................................................................................................. 684Xserver .............................................................................................................. 685xset .................................................................................................................... 690xsetroot ............................................................................................................. 693xsm ................................................................................................................... 694xsmclient ........................................................................................................... 698xstdcmap ........................................................................................................... 699xterm ................................................................................................................ 700Xvfb .................................................................................................................. 717xvidtune ............................................................................................................ 719xvminitoppm .................................................................................................... 720xwd ................................................................................................................... 721xwdtopnm ........................................................................................................ 722xwininfo ............................................................................................................ 722xwud ................................................................................................................. 725ybmtopbm ........................................................................................................ 726ytalk .................................................................................................................. 727yuvplittoppm .................................................................................................... 730

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    yuvtoppm ......................................................................................................... 731zcmp, zdiff ........................................................................................................ 731zeisstopnm ........................................................................................................ 732zforce ................................................................................................................ 732zgrep ................................................................................................................. 733zmore ................................................................................................................ 733znew.................................................................................................................. 734

    Part II System Callsintro .................................................................................................................. 738exit .................................................................................................................... 739accept ................................................................................................................ 740access ................................................................................................................ 741acct ................................................................................................................... 742adjtimex ............................................................................................................ 742alarm ................................................................................................................. 744bdflush .............................................................................................................. 744bind .................................................................................................................. 745brk, sbrk ............................................................................................................ 746cacheflush ......................................................................................................... 746chdir, fchdir ...................................................................................................... 747chmod, fchmod ................................................................................................. 748chown, fchown ................................................................................................. 749chroot ............................................................................................................... 750clone ................................................................................................................. 751close .................................................................................................................. 752connect ............................................................................................................. 752dup, dup2 ......................................................................................................... 753execve ................................................................................................................ 754fcntl .................................................................................................................. 755fdatasync ........................................................................................................... 756flock .................................................................................................................. 757fork, vfork ......................................................................................................... 758fsync ................................................................................................................. 758getdents ............................................................................................................ 759getdomainname, setdomainname ...................................................................... 760getdtablesize ...................................................................................................... 760getgid, getegid ................................................................................................... 761getgroups, setgroups .......................................................................................... 761gethostid, sethostid ........................................................................................... 762gethostname, sethostname ................................................................................. 763getitimer, setitimer ............................................................................................ 763getpagesize ........................................................................................................ 765getpeername ...................................................................................................... 765getpid, getppid .................................................................................................. 766getpriority, setpriority ....................................................................................... 766

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    getrlimit, getrusage, setrlimit ............................................................................. 767getsid ................................................................................................................ 768getsockname...................................................................................................... 769getsockopt, setsockopt ....................................................................................... 769gettimeofday, settimeofday ................................................................................ 772getuid, geteuid .................................................................................................. 773idle .................................................................................................................... 774ioctl ................................................................................................................... 774ioperm .............................................................................................................. 788iopl ................................................................................................................... 788ipc ..................................................................................................................... 789kill .................................................................................................................... 790killpg ................................................................................................................. 790link ................................................................................................................... 791listen ................................................................................................................. 792llseek ................................................................................................................. 793lseek .................................................................................................................. 793mkdir ................................................................................................................ 794mknod .............................................................................................................. 795mlock ................................................................................................................ 796mlockall ............................................................................................................ 797mmap, munmap ............................................................................................... 799modify_ldt ........................................................................................................ 800get_kernel_syms, create_module, init_module, delete_module ......................... 800mount, umount ................................................................................................ 802mprotect ........................................................................................................... 804mremap ............................................................................................................ 805msgctl ............................................................................................................... 806msgget ............................................................................................................... 807msgop ............................................................................................................... 808msync ............................................................................................................... 811munlock ............................................................................................................ 811munlockall ........................................................................................................ 812nanosleep .......................................................................................................... 813nice ................................................................................................................... 814oldfstat, oldlstat, oldstat, oldolduname, olduname ............................................ 814open, creat ........................................................................................................ 815outb, outw, outl, outsb, outsw, outsl ................................................................. 816pause ................................................................................................................. 817personality ........................................................................................................ 817phys .................................................................................................................. 818pipe ................................................................................................................... 818profil ................................................................................................................. 819ptrace ................................................................................................................ 820quotactl ............................................................................................................. 821

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    read ................................................................................................................... 822readdir .............................................................................................................. 823readlink ............................................................................................................. 823readv, writev ...................................................................................................... 824reboot ............................................................................................................... 825recv, recvfrom, recvmsg ..................................................................................... 826rename .............................................................................................................. 828rmdir ................................................................................................................ 829sched_get_priority_max, sched_get_priority_min ............................................. 830sched_rr_get_interval ........................................................................................ 831sched_setparam, sched_getparam ...................................................................... 832sched_setscheduler, sched_getscheduler ............................................................ 833sched_yield ....................................................................................................... 835select, FD_CLR, FD_ISSET, FD_SET, FD_ZERO......................................... 835semctl ................................................................................................................ 837semget ............................................................................................................... 839semop ............................................................................................................... 840send, sendto, sendmsg ....................................................................................... 842setfsgid .............................................................................................................. 843setfsuid .............................................................................................................. 844setgid ................................................................................................................ 845setpgid, getpgid, setpgrp, getpgrp ...................................................................... 845setregid, setegid ................................................................................................. 846setreuid, seteuid ................................................................................................ 847setsid ................................................................................................................. 848setuid ................................................................................................................ 848setup ................................................................................................................. 849shmctl ............................................................................................................... 849shmget .............................................................................................................. 851shmop ............................................................................................................... 853shutdown .......................................................................................................... 855sigaction, sigprocmask, sigpending, sigsuspend.................................................. 855signal ................................................................................................................. 857sigblock, siggetmask, sigsetmask, sigmask .......................................................... 858sigpause ............................................................................................................. 858sigreturn ............................................................................................................ 859sigvec ................................................................................................................ 860socket ................................................................................................................ 860socketcall ........................................................................................................... 862socketpair .......................................................................................................... 862stat, fstat, lstat ................................................................................................... 863statfs, fstatfs ....................................................................................................... 865stime ................................................................................................................. 866swapon, swapoff ................................................................................................ 866symlink ............................................................................................................. 867

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    sync ................................................................................................................... 869sysctl ................................................................................................................. 869sysfs ................................................................................................................... 871sysinfo ............................................................................................................... 871syslog ................................................................................................................ 872termios, tcgetattr, tcsetattr, tcsendbreak, tcdrain, tcflush, tcflow, cfgetospeed,

    cfgetispeed, cfsetispeed, cfsetospeed, tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp ............................... 874time .................................................................................................................. 878times ................................................................................................................. 878truncate, ftruncate ............................................................................................. 879umask ............................................................................................................... 880uname ............................................................................................................... 880none .................................................................................................................. 881afs_syscall, break, gtty, lock, mpx, prof, quotactl, stty, ustat .............................. 881unlink ............................................................................................................... 882uselib ................................................................................................................ 883ustat .................................................................................................................. 883utime, utimes .................................................................................................... 884vhangup ............................................................................................................ 885vm86 ................................................................................................................ 885wait, waitpid ..................................................................................................... 886wait3, wait4 ...................................................................................................... 888write .................................................................................................................. 889

    Part III Library FunctionsIntro ................................................................................................................. 892abort ................................................................................................................. 892abs .................................................................................................................... 892acos ................................................................................................................... 893acosh ................................................................................................................. 893alloca ................................................................................................................. 894asin ................................................................................................................... 894asinh ................................................................................................................. 895assert ................................................................................................................. 895atan ................................................................................................................... 896atan2 ................................................................................................................. 896atanh ................................................................................................................. 897atexit ................................................................................................................. 897atof ................................................................................................................... 898atoi .................................................................................................................... 898atol .................................................................................................................... 899bcmp................................................................................................................. 899bcopy ................................................................................................................ 900bsearch .............................................................................................................. 900bcmp, bcopy, bzero, memccpy, memchr, memcmp, memcpy, memfrob, memmem,

    memmove, memset ......................................................................................... 901

  • xixIntroduction

    gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3

    htonl, htons, ntohl, ntohs ................................................................................. 901bzero ................................................................................................................. 902catgets ............................................................................................................... 902catopen, catclose ............................................................................................... 903ceil .................................................................................................................... 904clientlib ............................................................................................................. 904clock ................................................................................................................. 905closedir .............................................................................................................. 905confstr ............................................................................................................... 906copysign ............................................................................................................ 907cos .................................................................................................................... 907cosh .................................................................................................................. 908crypt ................................................................................................................. 908ctermid ............................................................................................................. 909asctime, ctime, gmtime, localtime, mktime ....................................................... 909difftime ............................................................................................................. 911div ..................................................................................................................... 911drand48, erand48, lrand48, nrand48, mrand48, jrand48, srand48,

    seed48, lcong48 .............................................................................................. 912drem ................................................................................................................. 913ecvt, fcvt ........................................................................................................... 913erf, erfc .............................................................................................................. 914execl, execlp, execle, exect, execv, execvp ........................................................... 914errno ................................................................................................................. 916exit .................................................................................................................... 917exp, log, log10, pow .......................................................................................... 917expm1, log1p .................................................................................................... 918fabs ................................................................................................................... 919fclose ................................................................................................................. 919clearerr, feof, ferror, fileno ................................................................................. 919fflush, fpurge ..................................................................................................... 920ffs ...................................................................................................................... 921fgetgrent ............................................................................................................ 921fgetpwent .......................................................................................................... 922floor .................................................................................................................. 923fmod ................................................................................................................. 923fnmatch ...........................................


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