Liverworts
Domain EukaryaKingdom PlantaePhylum Bryophyta
Looking Back at Bio 115The Organism as a Unit of Life
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution
Shifting Kingdoms2 3 5 6 8
Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria
Archaebacteria
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteri
aArchaebacteri
aArchaebacter
ia
Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans
Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids
Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes
Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae
Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae
Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae
Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds
True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi
Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes
Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes TracheophytesTracheophyte
s
Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans
Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Lumpers Splitters
Plantae
How Many Kingdoms?Multicellul
ar Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
8
5
3
2
1
Bryophytes• Although they have no true xylem or
phloem and do reproduce sexually with spores….
• Never any doubt about their status as plants Cellulose walls glued together with pectin
Chlorophyll a and b, xanthophylls, carotenoids
Store starch
Standard plant chloroplasts, mitochondria, golgi, etc.
Diplohaplontic (sporic) life history
Oogamous gametes
Do have conductive tissue: hydroids and leptoids
• 500 species
• Two Major Classes:1. Hepaticopsida (liverworts)2. Musci (mosses)
Marchantia polymorphaThallose liverwort
Haploid (1N) gametophyte thallus has photosynthetic chambers with chimney cells for gas exchange.
The thallus grows in notches at thallus ends.
In some seasons produce gemmae cups (cupules) that contain tiny gemmae for asexual reproduction of gametophyte.
Beneath thallus, uniseriate rhizoids anchor to substrate.
http://www.boga.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/html/Marchantia.polymorpha.ja1.jpg
http://www.ksu.edu/organismic/images/marchantia_archigonium.jpg
http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/bryophytes/liverworts/thallose/marchantiaceae/images/march01ma.jpg
Generalized Sporic (diplohaplontic) Life Cycle
SYNGAMY
MEIOSIS
zygote
SporophyteGametophyte
sporangium
sporocytespores
gametangia
gametesgerminationmitosis
differentiation
mitosisgerminationmitosis
differentiation
differentiation
mitosis
1N 2Ndifferentiation
In the gametic (diplontic) shortcut the product of meiosis becomes a gamete (no multicellular haploid)
In the zygotic (haplontic) shortcut, the zygote undergoes meiosis (no multicellular diploid)
Generalized Sporic (diplohaplontic) Life Cycle
SYNGAMY
MEIOSIS
zygote
SporophyteGametophyte
sporangium
sporocytespores
gametangia
gametesgerminationmitosis
differentiation
mitosisgerminationmitosis
differentiation
differentiation
mitosis
1N 2Ndifferentiation