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Introduction to Computers
11
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Introduction toComputers
Looking Inside the Computer System
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Introduction to Computers
Contents
Types of computers,
Main Components of a Computer, Central Processing Unit, Memory
Input and Output e!ices,
"rgonomics of computer construction
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The Computer defned
Computers are automatic, electronic machinesthat
accept data # instructions from a user $I%PUT&
store the data # instructions $STO'()"& manipulate the data according to the instructions
$P'OC"SSI%)& Output the results to the user $OUTPUT&
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In the Beginning
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Fundamental characteristics oa computer
Speed * can +ork at !ery high speed
(ccuracy * produces accurate results
Large storage capacity ersatility * can handle multi tasks-
iligence * can +ork +ith out tired-
(utomation * most of things are doneautomatically
Intelligence * there are some systems, +hich
are intelligent-
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Classifcation o computers
7
The classification of computers is based on the
following four criteria:
a) According to purpose
b) According to Technology used
c) According to size and storage capacity
d) According to Historical advancement
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Classifcation o Computers
) e n e r a l P u r p o s e C o m p u t e r s
S p e c i a l P u r p o s e C o m p u t e r s
P u r p o s e
( n a l o g C o m p u t e r s
i g i t a l C o m p u t e r s
. y / r i d C o m p u t e r s
T e c h n o l o g y u s e d
S u p e r C o m p u t e r s
M a i n f r a m e C o m p u t e r s
M i n i C o m p u t e r s
M i c r o C o m p u t e r s
S i 0 e # C a p a c i t y
1 i r s t ) e n e r a t i o n C o m p u t e r s
S e c o n d ) e n e r a t i o n C o m p u t e r s
T h i r d ) e n e r a t i o n C o m p u t e r s
1 o u r t h ) e n e r a t i o n C o m p u t e r s
1 i f t h ) e n e r a t i o n C o m p u t e r s
. i s t o r y
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f c o m p u t e r s
$ 2 a s e d o n &
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Types o computer
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Analog Computers
!"
Analog computers are special purpose computers that represent
and store data in continuously varyingphysical #uantities suchas current$ speed$ pressure$voltage or fre#uency
Analog computers are mainly used for scientific and engineering
applications%
&%g% Thermometer: to measure temperature
'peedometer: to measure speed
(
Accuracy ! Appro*imately(High speed
(Time is wasted in transmission time
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Analog computer
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Digital Computers
!+
,igital computers are mainly general purposecomputers that represent and store data in
discrete-separate) #uantities or numbers%
In these computers$ all processing is done interms of numeric representation -.inary digits
"$!) of data and information%
Accuracy unlimited
low speed se#uential as well as parallel
processing
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Micro Computer
Micro computer are the smallest computer
system-
There si0e range from calculator to desktop
si0e-
Its CPU is microprocessor-
It also kno+n as )rand child Computer
(pplication 3 4 personal computer, Multi user
system, offices-
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Mini Computer Small general purpose system-
They are generally more po+erful and most useful
as compared to micro computer-
Mini computer are also kno+n as mid range
computer or Child computer- Called midrangecomputers
Po+er /et+een mainframe and desktop
.andle hundreds of users
Used in smaller organi0ations Users access through a terminal
(pplication 34 epartmental systems, %et+ork
Ser!ers, +ork group system-
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Mini computer
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Main Frame Computer Mainframe computers are those computers that offer
faster processing and grater storage area-
Used in large organi0ations
.andle thousands of users
Large and po+erful systems Users access through a terminal
The +ord 5main frame6 comes from the metal frames-
It is also kno+n as ather computer-
(pplication * .ost computer, Central data /ase ser!er-
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Mainframes
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Super Computer Super computer are those computer +hich are designed for
scientific 8o/ like +hether forecasting and artificial intelligence etc-
They are fastest and e9pensi!e-
The most po+erful computers
.andle large and comple9 calculations
Process trillions of operations per second
ound in research organi0ations
( super computer contains a num/er of CPU +hich operate in
parallel to make it faster-
It also kno+n as grand father computer-
(pplication * +hether forecasting, +eapons research andde!elopment-
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Supercomputers
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Supercomputers
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Super computer
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Classifcation o Digitalcomputer esktop
;orkstation
%ote/ook
Ta/let PC
.andheld computer
Smart Phone
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1(4
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1(4
Desktop computers
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workstation
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1(4
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Ta!let "C
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1(4
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#andheld "C$"DA%
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1(4=A
ery small computers
Personal igital (ssistants $P(&
%ote taking or contact management
ata can synchroni0e +ith a desktop
#andheld computers& palmcomputer
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Smart phone
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1(4=S/, Parallel and serial ports
E $odem (internal or e!ternal)E 4or commnicating over telephone lines
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Software
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Soft+are /rings the machine to life
4
S t / Th M hi
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Sotware /uns The Machine
Tells the computer +hat to do
Soft+are consists instructions
A set of instructions that computer dri!e to
perform specific tasks is called programs
;ithout instructions computer canFt anything
at all-
People purchase computers as Soft+are
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Types of Software
System Software
Application Software Open source Soft+are
Proprietary Soft+are
Main t+o
types
System software
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System software
Manage and Controls the computerFs hard+are
= types of system soft+are Operating system
;indo+s GP
Network operating system (OS) ;indo+s Ser!er
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Sotware /uns The Machine
(pplication soft+are (ccomplishes a specific task
More than thousands of applications are
a!aila/le for many purpose Most common type of soft+are
MS Word for creating te9t /ased document
Spreadsheetsfor creating numerical /ased documents
such as /udgets Games and entertainment soft+are
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Open So rce Soft are
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Open Source Software:
Open source software OSS!is computer soft+are+hose source code is a!aila/le under a license that
permits users to use, change, and impro!e the soft+are,
and to redistri/ute it in modified or unmodified form-
It is often de!eloped in a pu/lic, colla/orati!e manner-
;ell4kno+n OSS products are Linu9, %etscape, (pache,
etc-,
P i t S ft
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Proprietary Software:
Proprietary software$also called non"free
software& is soft+are +ith restrictions on using,copying and modifying as enforced /y the proprietor-
'estrictions on use, modification and copying is
achie!ed /y either legal or technical means and
sometimes /oth-
Proponents of proprietary soft+are are Microsoft-
"93 C(, %ortan (nti!irus etc-,
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Operating System
Tells the computer ho+ to use its o+n
components (cts as an interpreter /et+een the hard+are,
application programs and user
Managing hard+are and soft+are $add or remo!eprograms and hard+are&
Managing memory
Managing files eg3 coping, deleting or printing
files
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#etwor$ Operating System
(llo+s computers to communicate and share
data across a net+orkControlling net+ork operations and o!erseeing
the net+orkFs security
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%tility
Makes the computer system easier to use
Perform highly speciali0ed functions
"g3
Trou/leshoot hard+are pro/lems
Tasks that the OS itself may not /e a/le to doMagic partition soft+are
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0uestion
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0uestion
1- 5 &ile management is6 one of the facility
pro!ided /y an operating system- ;hat are
the file management facilities pro!ided /y
the operating systemH
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1- ile deleting, coping, renaming, sending
Computer data
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Computer data
act +ith no meaning on its o+n
Stored using the /inary num/er system
ata can /e organi0ed into files ile is a simply set of data that has /een a gi!en
name
Computer document 3 te9t files , !ideo clips,
e9ecuta/le files
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Computer Data
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Computer Data
Data / raw facts
Information/ meaningful data
-useful output)
Chapter in the te9t e9plores data processing in
greater detail-
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Computer Files
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Computer Files
Contain data and instructions Instructions e9ists as string of num/ers so
the computer can use them
Programs are organi0ed into files ata is for people to use Programs are for
computers to use
12477
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A1A11111AA1A1A1A111111A1A1A1A1A11
11A1A1A1A1A1A11A1A1A1AAA11111A1A1
A1A1AAAAAA1A1A1AA1A1A1A1A1A1A1AA
1A1A1A1A1A1A11111111111111A1AAAAA1A1A1A1A1AAAA1A1AA1AAAA1111A1A11A
1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1AAAAA111111A1A1
A1A1A1AAAA1A1A1AAAAA11A111111AAA1
AAAAAAAAAA1
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"ractical
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"ractical
.o+ to determine file si0e, file properties
2it , /yte
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Computers represent data
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p p
with electrical switches.
= 1
= 0
On-off circuits are simple
and are not prone to errors.
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
One byte is made up of bits.-binary "!""!""" 0 decimal 7+)
-A'CII "!""!""" 0 the letter 1H2)
@A@A
Computer parts communicate
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Computer parts communicate
using binary numbers.
!he greater the number of bits moved at
one time" the faster the processing speed.@1@1
Computer users
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Computer users
Computer system reJuires human computerinteraction
'eason3 tell them +hich pro/lems so sol!e
%ser's (oles depending on +hat he or she+ants to accomplish
Setup the system
Install soft+are
'unning Programs Mange files
Input data
Maintain the system
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Computer users
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Computer users
Present health and safety issues, if usedincorrectly
The science of ergonomics tells ho+ to use
computers correctly
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Computer users
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Computer users
5Userless6 computers %o human interaction
'un +ith no user input
Monitor operations (utomated systems
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Computer users
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Computer users
5%serless) computers
"g3Security systems* aircraft navigation systems*
communication systemMany ne+ home appliance such as +ashers and
dryers, ha!e /uilt4in computers that monitor +ater
usage drying times, /alance and other operations
124@
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!e#t Codes$
&.C,IC1&./si/dic2
/ -&*tended .inary Coded ,ecimal Interchange Code)A'CII 1As/3ey2 / -American 'tandard Code for Information Interchange)
4nicode / -4nicode 5orldwide Character 'tandard)
@?@?
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@7@7
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( A file that user can open and use it called a
a)Application
b)6rogram
c),ocument
d),ata
@@@@
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Chapter +B
"nd of Chapter