LINGUISTICA BRUNENSIA 60, 2012, 12
ZUZANA MALKOV
LOW GERMANIC1 LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
AbstractThis article provides a list of English loanwords which were borrowed in the European contact area from Low Germanic varieties, namely from Dutch, Low German, Flemish and Frisian. The loan-words are divided according to the century in which they were first attested in English; individual items consist of a definition of the English lexeme, possible source word/words and if necessary, it is followed by a short commentary. A further analysis regarding the development of the process of borrowing, number of borrowings according to the individual varieties and their semantic field is offered in the Introduction.
Key wordsEnglish; Low Germanic; loanwords
Introduction
This article focuses on the Low Germanic loanwords in English which were taken over from people speaking Low Germanic varieties through their mutual contact with English in Europe. English has a special position among the West Germanic languages as it developed in a relative isolation on the British Isles. While the languages on the continent were much more prone to be influenced by each other thanks to various socio-cultural and political factors, the English speaking population separated from them by the sea was exposed to different in-fluences than the Low Germanic varieties were. Despite the natural barrier there was (and of course still is) mutual contact between these two groups. One of the ways of observing the frequency and intensity of their contact is to study their languages and find out whether and to which extent they were influenced by one another. According to the sociolinguistic research, the lexical level is the least
1 In this article, the terms Low Germanic and Low German are used in order to differentiate between all the West Germanic languages on the continent which did not undergo the Second Sound Shift and the varieties spoken in Northern Germany also known as Plattdeutsch, respectively.
212 ZUZANA MALKOV
stable during a contact period between two cultures therefore I concentrated on this level of language to see which varieties of Low Germanic languages exerted the greatest influence on English, when the contact occurred and which spheres of language were influenced.A thorough study of English vocabulary proved that mutual contact between England and Low Countries exerted a certain influence on the English lexis. In this study, 243 borrowings were attested in English which had been taken over from Low Germanic between the 13th and 20th C. As the varieties of Low Germanic are closely related and mutually influenced by one another, difficulties arise when trying to determine which variety is responsible for a particular loanword. Therefore, in questionable cases, possible source words are listed from more varieties, all of which are counted as a source word for the graphs.
Fig. 1 Number of loanwords in English according to their original variety
From Figure 1, it is immediately obvious that Dutch represents the major source of borrowings, 234 Dutch lexical items were taken into English. This overwhelm-ing lead can be accounted to the fact that Dutch is the only standardised language; its formation falls into the 10th and 11th C and since that time the economical and political power of Dutch people assured their language an overt prestige, which ultimately led to its standardisation and establishment as a national language. However, it can be observed in Fig. 2 that in the 13th C Low German enjoyed a higher prestige than Dutch due to a larger amount of loanwords; this can be ex-plained by the existence of the Hanseatic League, thanks to which Low German spread to almost every port in Europe. Low German, Flemish and Frisian have never disposed of a standard variant, which resulted in lesser interest devoted to these varieties as far as writing dictionaries and grammar books are concerned. Moreover, as non-standard variants these languages were used by fewer people and were suppressed by the Dutch, French and German when being under their rule. These facts are reflected by the number of possible source words for borrow-ings; Low German, Flemish and Frisian could have provided the source for 75, 12 and 10 English loanwords respectively. However, in almost every case there
0
50
100
150
200
250
Dutch Low German Flemish Frisian
Fig. 1 Number of loanwords in English
Number of loanwords in English
213LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
is also a Dutch word, which can be considered a source for the loanword; and it is also important to realize that in some cases an unattested word from one of the non-standard variety might have served as a source for the English loanword. The development of the process of borrowing from Low Germanic languages can be observed in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Development of the process of borrowing
In the following tables the relevant English loanwords are listed alphabetically according to the century in which they were first attested in English. It can be ob-served that no grammatical words were taken over and the lexical words mainly prove that the historic contact areas between English and Low Germanic people were mainly concentrated on the nautical, commercial and military domains.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Fig. 2 Development of the process of borrowing
Dutch
Low German
Frisian
Flemish
214 ZUZANA MALKOV
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hoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co.
215LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
13th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
boun
ce (o
r. bu
nsen
) ap
plic
atio
n to
loud
ex
plos
ive
nois
e
bum
sen
LG
bow
line
rop
e co
nnec
ting
the
wea
ther
si
de o
f a sa
il w
ith th
e bo
w
bl
ne M
LGbo
echl
ine
M.D
u
bow
spri
t sp
ar e
xten
ding
from
the
bow
of
a sh
ip
boch
spre
t MLG
dote
to
be fo
olis
h, ra
ve
dote
n M
LGdo
ten
M.D
upr
obab
ly fr
om M
LG, o
f unk
now
n or
igin
driv
el s
erva
nt
M.F
lem
dre
vel
freig
ht, f
ragh
t ME
vrac
ht, v
rech
t M
LGvr
acht
, vre
cht M
.Du
orig
inal
LG
M a
nd M
.Du
wor
d m
eant
co
st o
f tra
nspo
rt, i
t may
be
crea
ted
from
a lo
st O
ld
Fris
ian
wor
d fr
om P
.Gm
c *f
ra-a
ihti
z a
bsol
ute
poss
essi
on, p
rope
rty
guild
, gild
con
frat
erni
ty fo
r mut
ual a
id
gild
e M
LGgi
ld D
uhu
ckst
er (o
r. hu
cste
r) p
etty
trad
esm
an
*huk
- orig
. LG
stem
, LG
hu
cste
r
hoke
ster
M.D
u p
eddl
er
luff
an
obsc
ure
naut
ical
dev
ice
loef
O.D
u w
indw
ard
side
of a
ship
pe
rh. v
ia O
F fo
l
poll
a sa
mpl
ing
or c
olle
ctio
n of
opi
nion
s on
a s
ubje
ct
pol M
LG h
ead,
to
ppo
le M
.Du
shor
e la
nd b
orde
ring
a la
rge
body
of
wat
er
scho
r MLG
s
hore
, he
adla
nd
scor
re M
.Du
lan
d w
ashe
d by
the
sea
snat
ch (o
r. sn
ecch
en)
to
grab
, tak
e, g
et
secu
re su
dden
ly o
r has
tily
snac
ken
M.D
u to
sn
atch
, cha
tter
stoc
kfish
fi
sh s
plit
t and
dri
ed in
the
air
with
out s
alt
stok
visc
h (M
)LG
stok
visc
h (M
)Du
tack
le (o
r. ta
kel)
app
arat
us, g
ear
take
l rig
ging
of
a sh
ip
take
l Du
216 ZUZANA MALKOVE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
esw
iggl
e to
mov
e w
ith sh
ort,
quic
k m
ovem
ents
w
igel
en M
.Du
to
rock
w
igel
en M
.Fle
m
14th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
bale
bun
dle,
pac
kage
ba
le M
.Du,
baa
l Du
prob
. orig
. fro
m O
F ba
le r
olle
d-up
bun
dle
via
D
utch
beak
er o
pen
larg
e-m
outh
ed v
esse
lbi
keri
OS
beke
r M
.Du
gob
let
alte
rnat
ivel
y fr
om O
N b
ikar
rbi
cker
to
ski
rmis
h, fi
ght
bick
en M
.Du
to
slas
h,
stab
, atta
ck
blar
e to
wai
lbl
eren
M.D
u t
o bl
eat,
cry,
baw
l, sh
out
blaz
e m
ake
publ
icbl
asen
M.D
u t
o bl
ow
(on
a tru
mpe
t)bl
ock
sol
id p
iece
bl
ock
M.D
u t
runk
of
a tre
efr
om O
F bl
oc
log,
blo
ck
via
M.D
u
booz
e (o
r. bo
use)
drin
k de
eply
b
sen
M.D
u, b
uize
n D
u bo
w f
ore
end
of a
boa
tbo
og L
Gbo
ech
M.D
ude
rive
s ei
ther
fro
m th
e D
u bo
ech
or fr
om O
N b
ogr
boy
you
ng m
ale
child
(or
ig. b
oie
ser
vant
, com
mon
er, k
nave
)bu
obe
LGbo
ef D
u k
nave
bo
i E.F
ris
you
ng
gent
lem
an
unce
rtain
orig
in, m
igt b
e at
tribu
ted
to E
.Fris
. boi
, or
OF
embu
ie o
ne fe
ttere
d
braw
l a
nois
y qu
arre
l or
ig. b
raul
en t
o cr
y ou
tbr
alle
n D
u t
o bo
ast
bund
le a
gro
up, q
uant
ity w
rapp
ed fo
r ca
rryi
ng
bond
el M
.Du
bin
d
cam
bric
(ear
lier c
amer
ike)
clo
th
Kam
erik
(Fl)
blen
ding
of F
Cam
bra
and
Fl K
amer
ik -
the
Fl
beco
me
F ci
ty w
here
the
fabr
ic w
as o
rig. m
ade
cloc
k a
n in
stru
men
t for
mea
surin
g tim
ecl
ocke
M.D
u, k
lik
Du
217LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
dam
wat
er b
arrie
rda
m M
.Du
alte
rnat
ivel
y fr
om O
N d
amm
rdr
ug m
edic
amen
t, na
rcot
ic
drog
e-va
te
MLG
. dr
y-ba
rrel
s
drog
e-va
te M
.Du
of u
nkno
wn
orig
in, i
t may
com
e fr
om O
F dr
oge
sup
ply,
pro
visi
on
or f
rom
ML
G/M
.Du
drog
e-va
te o
r dro
ge w
aere
dry
war
es
hobb
le f
aste
n to
geth
er th
e le
gs o
f a
hors
eho
bbel
en M
.Du
tos
s,
rock
from
side
to si
de
hopp
elen
ea
rl. F
lem
. ki
lder
kin
cas
k fo
r li
quid
s, fi
sh e
tc;
mea
sure
of c
apac
ity
kind
ekij
n M
.Du
kit
circ
ular
woo
den
hoop
ed v
esse
lki
tte
M.D
u c
olle
ctio
n of
per
dona
l effe
cts
ling
lon
g sl
ende
r co
d-li
ke fi
sh
leng
Du,
ear
lier
le
nghe
, lin
ghe
prob
ably
of
Dut
ch o
r L
G o
rigi
n
lolla
rd c
onte
mpt
uous
nam
e fo
r cer
tain
he
retic
slo
llaer
d M
.Du
mum
bler
, mut
tere
rm
easl
es a
n ac
ute
infe
ctio
us d
isea
se
mas
el M
.Du
ble
mis
hpr
ob. o
f M
.Du
orig
in, t
here
mig
ht h
ave
been
an
OE
vers
ion,
but
is n
ot re
cord
edm
ud w
et, s
oft e
arth
m
udde
MLG
th
ick
mud
m
odde
M.D
u
offa
l w
aste
par
ts, r
efus
eof
val M
.Du
rub
to m
ove
back
and
forth
as a
gain
st
anot
her s
urfa
ce
rubb
elin
g LG
M
rou
gh, u
neve
nru
bben
E.F
ris
to sc
ratc
h,
rub
scoo
p u
tens
il fo
r bai
ling
out
sche
ppen
LG
to
draw
wat
er
scho
pe M
.Du
buc
ket
for b
ailin
g w
ater
sc
our
clea
nse
by ru
bbin
gsc
uren
M.D
u t
o po
lish,
cle
an
Poss
ibly
orig
inal
ly a
tech
nica
l ter
m a
mon
g Fl
emis
h w
orkm
en in
Eng
land
, pro
b. a
dopt
ed fr
om
OF
escu
rer.
scum
a
film
or
laye
r of
fou
l; lo
w,
wor
thle
ss o
r evi
l per
son
schu
me
M.D
u f
oam
, fr
oth
skip
per
capt
ain
or m
aste
r of a
ship
sc
ippe
r M.D
u fr
om
scip
218 ZUZANA MALKOVE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
essl
ing
impl
emen
t for
thro
win
g st
ones
sl
inge
MLG
s
ling
slin
ge O
.Fris
from
an
unid
enti
fied
con
tine
ntal
sou
rce
(cf.
OH
G
slin
gan,
M.S
wed
slon
ga)
snac
k to
bite
or s
nap
sinc
e 18
C l
ittle
m
eal
snac
ken
M.D
u t
o sn
atch
, cha
tter
snor
t to
snor
esn
orte
n LG
pr
ob. r
elat
ed to
snor
e or
to th
e LG
exp
ress
ion
splin
t pl
ate
of a
rmou
rsp
linte
, spl
ente
M
LG t
hin
piec
e of
iron
splin
te M
.Du
rela
ted
to M
LG
spoo
l a
cylin
dric
al p
iece
on
whi
ch
som
ethi
ng is
wou
nd
spoe
le M
.Du
a s
pool
ster
n h
ind
part
of a
ship
st
iarn
e O
Fris
r
udde
ror
from
ON
stjo
rn a
stee
ring
trad
e th
e pr
oces
s of b
uyin
g an
d se
lling
tr
ade
MLG
tr
ack,
cou
rse
trad
e M
.Du
intro
duce
d by
Han
sa m
erch
ants
wai
nsco
t (or
. way
nsco
t) im
porte
d oa
k of
su
perio
r qua
lity
wag
hens
cote
M.D
u s
uper
ior q
ualit
y oa
k w
ood,
boa
rd u
sed
for
pane
lling
wag
hens
cote
M
.Fle
m.
wra
ck w
reck
ed sh
ip
wra
k M
.Du
wre
ck
15th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
boor
hus
band
man
b
r MLG
boer
Du
prob
. of G
mc
*b-
dw
ell,
IE *
bhu,
rein
trodu
ced
due
to D
utch
for
m b
oer
boot
y p
lund
er
bute
MLG
bute
n M
.Du
brak
e a
ppar
atus
for r
etar
ding
the
mot
ion
of a
whe
el
brak
e M
LGbr
aeke
M.D
u
brui
n c
omm
on o
r bro
wn
bear
br
uin
Du
bro
wn
219LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
bulw
ark
ram
part
, for
tifi
cati
on
bolw
erk
M.D
uor
MH
G b
olw
erk
bal
list
a, f
orti
fica
tion
bu
ng a
stop
per f
or th
e op
enin
g of
a c
ask
bong
e M
.Du
sto
pper
bu
oy
mar
ked
floa
tbo
je, b
oei M
.Du
Dut
ch p
roba
bly
borr
owed
this
wor
d fr
om F
boi
e,
buie
cha
in, f
ette
r fr
om w
hich
it e
nter
ed E
nglis
hco
rf
bask
et, (
late
r) s
peci
fica
lly
for
min
ing
korf
MLG
korf
Du.
curl
to
form
into
coi
ls a
s the
hai
rkr
ull M
.Du
cur
ly
krul
l E.F
ris
lock
of h
air
dapp
er e
lega
nt
dapp
er M
LG
bol
d, st
rong
, st
urdy
dapp
er M
.Du
deck
pla
tform
ext
endi
ng fr
om si
de to
si
de o
f a sh
ip
dec,
dek
M.D
u r
oof,
co
verin
gex
cise
tol
l, ta
xex
cijs
M.D
u fir
kin
cas
k; q
uart
er o
f a
barr
el
vier
delk
ijn
M.D
u go
lf a
gam
eco
lf, c
olve
M.D
u s
tick,
clu
b, b
at
take
n fr
om S
cotti
sh g
ouf w
hose
sou
rce
was
Du
colf
groo
ve m
inin
g sh
aft,
min
egr
oeve
M.D
u f
urro
w,
ditc
hgu
ilder
coi
n of
the
Net
herla
nds
guld
en D
ugu
lden
Fle
mho
ist
to ra
ise
hiss
en, h
iese
n LG
hyss
en M
.Du;
hi
jsch
en D
u t
o ho
ist
or
igin
ated
pro
b. fr
om
M.D
uho
p h
op p
lant
, hum
ulus
lupu
sho
ppe
MLG
hopp
e M
.Du
hoy
sm
all s
ailin
g ve
ssel
ho
ei, h
oede
, heu
de
M.D
ule
ak t
o le
t wat
er in
or o
ut
leke
n to
drip
, to
leak
ei
ther
fro
m M
.Du
or O
N le
ka m
ight
be
an
alte
rnat
ive
sour
celo
iter
idle
, lin
ger i
ndol
ently
le
uter
en M
.Du
wag
ab
out,
leut
eren
Du
sha
ke, t
otte
r, da
wdl
e
perh
aps i
ntro
duce
d by
vag
rant
s fro
m th
e Lo
w
Cou
ntrie
s
220 ZUZANA MALKOVE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
eslu
ck g
ood
fortu
ne, h
appi
ness
lu
k LG
ghel
ucke
M.D
u, g
eluk
D
upr
obab
ly o
rigin
ally
intro
duce
d as
a g
ambl
ing
term
mar
line
sm
all l
ine
mar
lijn
Du
mar
t m
arke
tm
arct
M.D
ufr
om L
mer
catu
s tra
de
mee
rkat
mon
key
mee
rkat
Du
mon
key
nap
dow
ny su
rfac
e of
clo
th
nopp
e M
LGno
ppe
M.D
u n
ap, t
uft
of w
ool
prob
ably
intro
duce
d by
Fle
mis
h cl
oth-
wor
kers
orlo
p th
e lo
wer
mos
t of f
our o
r mor
e de
cks a
bove
the
spac
e at
the
botto
m o
f a
hull
over
lp
MLG
ov
erlo
op M
.Du
cov
erin
g, a
n ov
er-
leap
pi
ckle
sal
t liq
uor i
n w
hich
food
is
pres
erve
dp
kel L
Gpe
kel M
.Du
pic
kle,
br
ine
pke
l E.F
ris
pill
med
icam
ent
pille
MLG
pille
M.D
upi
p d
isea
se o
f bird
spi
ppe
M.D
u m
ucus
pl
acar
d f
orm
al d
ocum
ent a
uthe
ntic
ated
by
an
affi
xed
seal
pl
acke
n M
.Du
to
patc
h, to
pla
ster
or
ig. p
rob.
from
MF
plac
quar
d
pum
p a
ppar
atus
for f
orci
ng li
quid
or a
irpu
mpe
MLG
pom
pe M
.Du
wat
er
cond
iut,
pipe
ra
ck f
ram
e w
ith b
ars
rakk
LG
rec
M.D
u f
ram
ewor
kse
lvag
e e
dge
of w
eb o
r cl
oth
so fi
nish
ed
as to
pre
vent
rave
ling
sulfe
gge
LGze
lfka
nt D
use
lveg
ge
M.F
lem
a co
rrup
tion
of se
lf+ed
ge a
rose
as a
n an
alog
y of
M
.Fle
m se
lveg
gesl
ed a
sled
ge u
sed
for t
rans
port
of h
eavy
go
ods
sled
de M
.Du
slip
nar
row
strip
sl
ippe
MLG
slip
pe M
.Du
cut
, sli
tsm
elt
to fu
se o
r mel
t (or
e)
smel
ten
LGsm
elte
n D
usn
ap q
uick
, sud
den
bite
or c
ut
snap
pen
LGsn
ap(e
n) D
u st
ove
hea
ting
stov
e M
LG
hea
ted
room
st
ove
M.D
u
221LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
16th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
aloo
f at
a d
ista
nce,
rese
rved
lo
ef D
u, lo
f M.D
u t
he
wea
ther
side
of a
ship
an
ker,
also
anc
hor
liqui
d m
easu
re in
N
orth
Sea
and
Bal
tic tr
ade
anke
r D
uM
.L. a
ncer
ia, a
nche
ria
a sm
all v
at
bele
ague
r to
surr
ound
with
mili
tary
fo
rces
be
lege
ren
LG
to b
esie
ge
bele
gere
n D
ua
wor
d fr
om th
e Fl
emis
h W
ars,
spel
ling
infl
uenc
ed b
y le
ague
blin
k to
ope
n an
d cl
ose
the
eye
blin
ken
M.D
u t
o gl
itte
rof
unc
erta
in o
rigin
boom
a
long
spa
r, fl
oati
ng ti
mbe
r ba
rrie
rb
msc
hip
MLG
, bu
mbo
ot L
G
bum
boat
Du
boom
lon
g po
le
boom
Du
tre
e, p
ole,
be
am
from
Sco
ttish
bou
n w
hich
was
bor
row
ed fr
om
Du
brac
k s
alty
, brin
ybr
ak D
u w
orth
less
bu
ckw
heat
a p
lant
, Fag
opyr
um
escu
lent
um
boec
wei
te M
.Du
bee
ch
whe
at
bugg
er s
odom
ite, v
ulga
r coa
rse
boug
re M
.Du
via
Du
from
the
(O)F
bou
gre
(orig
in in
B
ulga
rians
who
wer
e co
nsid
ered
to b
e he
retic
as
mem
bers
of E
aste
rn O
rthod
ox C
hris
tians
)bu
lly a
blu
ster
ing,
qua
rrel
som
e,
over
bear
ing
pers
on
orig
. sw
eeth
eart
boel
Du
lov
er, b
roth
er
bum
pkin
aw
kwar
d co
untry
fello
w
bom
mek
ijn
M.D
u l
ittl
e ba
rrel
bu
rghe
r ci
tizen
bu
rger
Du
burg
omas
ter
chie
f m
agis
trat
e of
a D
utch
or
Fle
mis
h to
wn
burg
emee
ster
Du
dock
bed
or h
ollo
w in
whi
ch a
ship
rest
s at
low
wat
erdo
cke
MLG
dock
e, d
ok M
.Du
of u
nkno
wn
orig
in
222 ZUZANA MALKOVE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
esdo
ck
soli
d fl
eshy
par
t of
a ho
rse
s ta
il,
crup
per
do
cke
(M)
LG b
undl
e of
st
raw
dock
e M
.Du
dok
Fris
. b
unch
, bal
l (o
f tw
ine)
do
it a
n ol
d sm
all c
oppe
r coi
n of
the
Net
herl
ands
, a b
it o
r tr
ifle
duit
M.D
u
dolla
r cu
rren
cy
dale
r LG
from
G ta
ler,
abbr
evia
tion
of J
oach
imst
alle
r g
ulde
n of
Joac
him
stal
do
min
eer
to ru
le a
rbitr
arily
, tyr
anni
ze
dom
iner
en D
u t
o ru
le
from
M.F
dom
iner
elop
e to
run
off
(ont
)lope
n M
.Du
run
aw
ay
prob
ably
reb
orro
win
g fr
om M
.Du
filib
uste
r pi
ratic
al a
dven
ture
rvr
ijbu
iter
Du.
fr
ee-
boot
er
fitch
, fitc
hew
pol
ecat
and
its f
ur
vits
che,
vis
se, fi
sse
Du
appa
r. of
OF
orig
in fi
chea
uflu
e (o
r. flo
ow)
chim
ney,
smok
e du
cts
in it
vl
oe M
.Du
vluw
e W
.Fle
m
fois
t in
trodu
ce su
rrep
titio
usly
or
unw
arra
ntab
ly
vuys
ten
M.D
u t
o ta
ke in
th
e fi
st
forl
orn
hope
ho
pele
ss e
nter
pris
e;,
desp
erat
e ad
vent
urer
s, pl
ayer
sve
rlor
en h
oop
Du
los
t tro
op
freeb
oote
r pi
ratic
al a
dven
ture
rvr
ibue
ter M
.Du
frolic
jo
yous
, spo
rtiv
evr
olij
k (M
.)D
u , v
ro
gla
d, jo
yous
ga
s a
subs
tanc
e po
sses
sing
per
fect
m
olec
ular
mob
ility
ga
s Du
prob
. fro
m G
k kh
aos
em
pty
spac
e, fi
rst u
sed
by F
lem
ish
chem
ist J
.B. v
an H
elm
ont
grab
to
seiz
e su
dden
ly o
r qui
ckly
gr
abbe
n M
LG
to g
rab
grab
ben
M.D
u
gruf
f co
arse
, coa
rse-
grai
ned
grof
MLG
c
oars
e in
qu
ality
, thi
ck
grof
M.D
u
hack
but
wea
pon
hke
buss
e M
.Du
(fro
m F
ha
queb
ut)
MF
ha(r
)que
busc
h ca
me
to E
ngli
sh v
ia D
utch
223LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
haw
ker
itine
rant
, sel
ler
hoke
r, ha
c M
LG
heuk
er D
upr
ob. o
f LG
orig
inho
yden
a b
oist
erou
s, bo
ld, a
nd c
aref
ree
girl
heid
en D
u r
usti
c,
unic
ivili
zed
man
of
unk
now
n or
igin
, per
haps
fro
m D
u
inte
rlop
er u
naut
horiz
ed tr
ader
tre
spas
sing
on
priv
ilege
s of c
harte
red
com
pani
es
loop
er D
u, lo
per M
.Du
run
ner,
rove
r
isin
glas
s ge
latin
obt
aine
d fr
om a
ir-bl
adde
r of s
turg
eon
huiz
enbl
as D
u hu
ysen
s
turg
eon
+ b
las
bla
dder
stur
geon
s bla
dder
late
r ass
imila
ted
to g
las
kerm
ess,
kir
mes
s a
loca
l, an
nual
out
door
fa
ir or
fest
ival
ke
rmis
Du
from
M.D
u ke
rk-m
isse
ch
urch
-mas
s
land
scap
e p
ictu
re re
pres
entin
g na
tura
l in
land
scen
ery
lant
scap
M.D
u fr
om
land
lan
d +
scap
-sh
ip,
cond
itio
n; o
rigi
nall
y in
trodu
ced
as a
pai
nter
s te
rmli
nsto
ck s
taff
to h
old
a lig
hted
mat
ch
lont
stok
Du
mat
ch st
ick
litm
us b
lue
dye
obta
ined
from
cer
tain
lic
hens
li
jkm
oes
M.D
u, la
kmoe
s D
um
anik
in
join
ted
figu
re u
sed
by a
rtis
ts
man
neke
n D
u l
ittl
e m
an
mar
grav
e g
over
nor o
f a G
erm
an b
orde
r pr
ovin
ce
mar
cgra
ve M
.Du
orig
inal
ly fr
om O
HG
mar
cgra
vo
min
ikin
dar
ling
min
neki
jn M
.Du
min
x p
et d
og, p
ert g
irl
min
neki
jn M
.Du
of u
ncer
tain
ori
gin
perh
aps
a sh
orte
ning
of
Du
min
ikin
girl
, wom
an
muf
f w
arm
cov
erin
g fo
r the
han
ds
mof
Du
a m
uff
sh
orte
ned
from
M.D
u m
offe
l m
itten
, muf
fpa
d b
undl
e of
stra
w to
lie
on
pad
LG s
ole
of
the
foot
pa
d D
u
pals
grav
e a
cou
nt p
alat
ine
pals
grav
e M
.Du
pals
p
alac
e +
gra
af c
ount
224 ZUZANA MALKOVE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
esqu
acks
alve
r ch
arla
tan,
qua
ck d
octo
rkw
akza
lver
Du
rant
to
be u
proa
rious
ly m
erry
ra
nten
M.D
u t
o ta
lk
fool
ishl
y, ra
ve
rave
l to
unt
angl
e, u
nwin
dra
vele
n M
.Du
to
tang
le,
fray
, unw
eave
re
ef (r
iff)
ridge
und
erw
ater
ri
ffe D
upr
ob. v
ia D
u fr
om O
N ri
f rid
ge
rix-
doll
ar a
ny o
f var
ious
silv
er c
oins
ri
jksd
aler
Du
rove
r se
a ro
bber
, pira
te
rve
r MLG
rve
r D
u r
obbe
r, pr
edat
or, p
lund
erer
sc
one
thi
n, fl
at c
ake
scho
nbro
d LG
scho
on b
rood
Du
fine
br
ead
shal
lop
kin
d of
ligh
t boa
tsl
oep
Du
slo
op
orig
. F c
halo
upe
cam
e to
E v
ia D
usi
skin
ca
rdue
line
finc
hes
czt
ze M
LG
sijs
ken
M.D
u fr
om L
Gor
ig. f
rom
Sla
vic,
Lus
atia
n cy
, C
zech
snap
hanc
e a
sprin
g lo
ck fo
r dis
char
ging
a
fire
arm
sn
apha
an D
u a
gun
, or
igin
ally
, the
snap
ping
co
ck o
f a g
un
snip
sm
all p
iece
of c
ut-o
ut c
loth
sn
ippe
n LG
snip
pen
Du.
to
cut
in
smal
l pie
ces
spat
ter
to sc
atte
r or d
ash
in sm
all
parti
cles
or d
rops
sp
atte
n LG
spat
ten
Du
to
burs
t, sp
out
splic
e t
o jo
in to
geth
er, t
o un
ite
splis
sen
M.D
u t
o sp
lice
sp
lit t
o di
vide
, sep
arat
esp
litte
n M
.Du
split
a O
Fris
, sp
litte
Fris
stiv
er n
ickl
e co
in o
f the
Net
herla
nds,
the
smal
lest
pos
sibl
e am
ount
st
uive
r Du
sutle
r pe
rson
who
follo
ws a
n ar
my
to
sell
food
to so
ldie
rs
sute
ler,
sude
ler
MLG
per
son
who
per
form
s di
rty ta
sks
soet
eler
M.D
u s
mal
l tra
desm
an,
zoet
elaa
r D
u
swab
from
swab
ber
mop
mad
e of
rope
or
yar
nzw
abbe
r D
usw
abbe
r W
.Fris
mop
225LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
upro
ar i
nsur
rect
ion,
tum
ult
opro
er D
u t
umul
t, ri
ot
wag
gon
whe
eled
veh
icle
w
agen
Du
it ca
me
into
Eng
. due
to F
lem
ish
imm
igra
tion,
D
utch
trad
e or
the
Con
tine
ntal
war
sw
isea
cre
wis
e pe
rson
w
ijs-
segg
er M
.Du
from
M
HG
wei
s-sa
ger
yach
t a
light
, fas
t-sai
ling
ship
ja
cht M
LG
jach
t Du
into
Eng
. via
MLG
from
the
Nor
w. ja
ght
youn
ker
youn
g no
blem
an
jonk
er D
u, jo
nckh
er
M.D
u
17th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
abel
e th
e w
hite
pop
lar t
ree
abee
l Du
via
Dut
ch f
rom
ori
g. O
F a
bel,
aube
lav
ast
a na
utic
al in
terj
ecti
on
hold
!,
stop
!
houd
vas
t Du
hol
d fa
st
blun
derb
uss
shor
t gun
with
larg
e bo
re
dund
erbu
s Du
bran
dy (e
arlie
r bra
ndw
ine)
bran
dew
ijn
Du
com
mod
ore
orig
. com
man
dore
sen
ior
capt
ain
in th
e na
vy
kom
ande
ur D
upr
ob. f
rom
Du
kom
ande
ur w
hich
cam
e or
igin
ally
fr
om F
com
man
deur
OF
com
ande
orco
per
selle
r of h
orse
sco
per
mer
chan
t M
.Du
crim
p to
pre
ss in
to sm
all r
egul
ar fo
lds,
to c
url
krim
pen
LG t
o sh
rink,
crim
pcr
impe
n M
.Du
crui
se t
o sa
il, tr
avel
aro
und
krui
sen
Du
to
cros
s,
sail
to a
nd fr
ode
coy
poo
l with
net
ted
appr
oach
es fo
r th
e ca
ptur
e of
wild
fow
lka
ue M
LGde
koo
i Du
cag
epe
rh. b
ack
to L
. cav
ea c
age
Dop
per
Bap
tist
doop
er E
MD
u
226 ZUZANA MALKOVE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
esdr
ill
bore
a h
ole;
trai
n in
mil
itar
y ev
olut
ions
dr
illen
MLG
r
oll,
turn
dr
illen
EM
Du
bor
e,
turn
in a
circ
le,
bran
dish
du
ck s
trong
fabr
ic u
sed
for s
ails
and
sa
ilors
do
eck
Du
lin
en
clot
h, d
oec
M.D
udu
ffle,
duf
fel
coar
se w
oolle
n cl
oth
with
a
thic
k na
pD
uffe
l Du
tow
n in
B
raba
ntto
wn
in B
raba
nt w
here
the
clot
hes w
as o
rigin
ally
so
ld
ease
l st
andi
ng fr
ame
to su
ppor
t a
pict
ure
ezel
Du
furl
ough
mili
tary
a v
acat
ion
or le
ave,
te
mpo
rary
layo
ff fr
om w
ork
verl
of M
.Du
ver-
c
ompl
etel
y, fo
r +
laf,
lof
perm
issi
onga
rboa
rd
firs
t ran
ge o
f pl
anks
or
plat
es
laid
on
the
keel
ge
erbo
ord
Du
gher
kin
sm
all c
ucum
ber u
sed
for
pick
ling
gurk
en E
MD
u.
smal
l pi
ckle
d cu
cum
ber
augu
rk
E.Fr
is
cuc
umbe
rha
nker
lin
ker,
loite
rhu
nker
en D
u t
o ha
nker
ha
nker
en
Flem
of
unk
now
n or
igin
, pro
b. f
rom
Fle
m.,
rela
ted
to D
u
hols
ter
leat
her c
ase
for a
pis
tol
hols
ter M
.Du
prob
. OE
heol
ster
, hel
ustr
con
ceal
men
t, hi
ding
pl
ace
rei
nfor
ced
by D
u ho
lste
rho
wit
zer
a ca
nnon
ho
uwits
er D
u vi
a D
utch
fro
m B
ohem
ian
houf
nice
a c
atap
ult
hust
le s
hake
to a
nd fr
o, p
ush
abou
t ro
ughl
yhu
tsel
en (
M.)
Du
huss
elen
, hut
sele
n to
sh
ake,
to to
ss
the
stem
s hot
-, hu
t- ap
pear
in b
oth
HG
and
LG
a
shak
ing
mov
emen
t
jib
(var
iant
of g
ybe)
tria
ngul
ar st
ay sa
ilgi
jben
Du
rela
ted
to
gijk
boo
m o
r spa
r of
a sa
iling
ship
ke
elha
ul t
o ha
ul u
nder
the
keel
ki
elha
len
Du
kink
tw
ist o
r cur
lki
nk D
u t
wis
t in
a ro
pe
227LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
knap
sack
bag
for c
loth
es a
nd o
ther
su
pplie
skn
apsa
ck
knap
zak
Du
orig
in in
MLG
laym
an
lay
figu
re, n
on-e
xper
tle
eman
Du
mae
lstro
m w
hirlp
ool o
ff th
e no
rthw
est
coas
t of N
orw
ay
Mae
lstro
m D
u g
rindi
ng-s
tream
or
ig. f
rom
Dan
mal
str
m
mau
lsti
ck l
ight
stic
k us
ed b
y pa
inte
rs to
su
ppor
t the
pai
ntin
g ha
nd
maa
lsto
k D
u fr
om
mal
len
to p
aint
+
stoc
k s
tick
mor
ass
wet
, sw
ampy
trac
tm
orea
s Du
mar
sh,
fen
or
ig. f
rom
OF
mar
ais
mar
sh
onsl
augh
t an
ons
et, a
ssau
ltaa
nsla
g D
u a
ttac
kou
tland
er a
fore
igne
r, an
out
side
rui
tland
er D
upa
troon
mas
ter o
f a sh
ip
patro
on D
upl
ug a
pie
ce u
sed
to st
op u
p a
hole
pl
uck
MLG
plug
Du,
plu
gge
M.D
u b
ung,
stop
per
pold
er l
ow-ly
ing
land
recl
aim
ed fr
om
the
sea
polre
M.D
u
sham
ble
to
wal
k w
ith
a sh
uffl
ing
gait
sc
ham
pele
n M
.Du
skat
e ic
e sk
ate
or ro
ller s
kate
sh
ake
LG l
eg
scha
ats D
u, sc
haet
se
M.D
uit
was
bro
ught
to E
ngla
nd a
fter t
he R
esto
ratio
n by
exi
led
follo
wer
s of C
harle
s II w
ho h
ad ta
ken
refu
ge in
Hol
land
, orig
. fro
m F
esc
ache
a st
ilt,
trest
le
sket
ch r
ough
dra
win
g in
tend
ed to
serv
e as
the
base
s fo
r a
fini
shed
pic
ture
sc
hets
Du
(a lo
anw
ord
from
It sc
hizz
o)
sloo
p a
sing
le-m
aste
d sa
iling
ves
sel
sloe
p D
u s
loop
pr
ob. f
rom
F c
halo
upe
slur
del
iber
ate
slig
ht
slur
en M
LG t
o tra
il in
mud
sl
oren
M.D
uto
dr
aggl
esl
uren
E.F
ris
to g
o ab
out
care
less
ly
from
ME
slor
e, c
ogna
te w
ith
ML
G,M
.DU
and
E.
Fris
form
s
slur
p to
inge
st w
ith lo
ud su
ckin
g no
ises
sl
urpe
n D
usm
ack
sin
gle-
mas
ted
sailb
oat
smak
LG
s
ailb
oat
smac
ke M
.Du
228 ZUZANA MALKOVE
nglis
hL
ow G
erm
anD
utch
Fris
., Fl
em.
Not
essm
uggl
er t
o tra
nspo
rt (g
oods
) ille
gally
sm
ugge
ln L
Gsm
okke
len
Du
snic
ker
to la
ugh
in a
hal
f-su
ppre
ssed
m
anne
rsn
ikke
n D
u t
o ga
sp,
sob
poss
ibly
of i
mita
tive
orig
in
snuf
f po
wde
red
toba
cco
to b
e in
hale
dsn
uffe
n M
.Du
snuf
Fle
m
sho
rtene
d fo
rm o
f snu
ftab
ak
span
cel
a no
osed
rope
with
whi
ch to
ho
bble
an
anim
al
span
sel L
G
deriv
ativ
e of
sp
anne
n to
st
retc
h
span
sel M
.Du
spel
ter
zinc
, esp
ecia
lly in
the
form
of
ingo
ts
spia
lter L
Gsp
eaut
er M
.Du
of u
ncer
tain
ori
gin,
but
aki
n to
M.D
u an
d L
G
still
life
pa
inti
ng o
f in
anim
ate
obje
cts
still
even
Du
stip
ple
to p
aint
, eng
rave
by
mea
ns o
f do
ts o
r sm
all t
ouch
es
stip
pele
n D
u t
o m
ake
poin
ts
stok
e t
o fe
ed a
nd s
tir
up a
fire
in a
fi
repl
ace
stok
en D
u t
o st
oke
fr
om st
oken
M.D
u t
o po
ke, t
hrus
tst
ripe
a li
ne o
r ban
d in
clo
th
stri
pe M
LG
stri
pe, s
treak
st
ripe
M.D
u
stum
un
ferm
ente
d gr
ape
juic
est
om D
u, st
amer
en
M.D
usw
amp
a tr
act o
f wet
, spo
ngy
land
su
mp
MLG
s
wam
pso
mp
M.D
u
tatto
o s
igna
l cal
ling
sold
iers
or s
ailo
rs to
qu
arte
rs a
t nig
ht
tapt
oe D
u f
auce
t of
a ca
sk
trig
ger
caus
e, in
itiat
etr
ekke
r D
u t
rigg
er
from
trek
ken
to p
ull
wal
rus
a la
rge
mar
ine
mam
mal
w
alru
s Du,
pro
b. f
olk
etym
olog
y w
alvi
s w
hale
and
ros
hor
se
229LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
yaw
l ty
pe o
f shi
pjo
lle
MLG
a
Jutla
nd b
oat
jol D
uof
unk
now
n or
igin
18th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chFr
is.,
Flem
.N
otes
gene
va (s
horte
r gin
) s
piri
t flav
oure
d w
ith
the
juic
e of
juni
per
berr
ies
jene
ver,
gebe
ver
Du
from
OF
gene
vre
assi
mila
ted
to th
e na
me
of
Gen
eva
in S
witz
erla
ndco
lza
col
esee
dk
lst
LG
kool
zaad
Du
delft
war
eD
elft
tow
n in
Hol
land
whe
re th
e gl
azed
ear
then
war
e w
as m
ade
rost
er l
ist,
roll
or re
gist
er
roos
ter D
u t
able
, lis
t
hale
dra
g, su
mm
on
hale
n O
.Du
spil
liki
n a
jack
stra
w
spel
leke
n M
.Du
cabo
ose
coo
k-ho
use
(gal
ley)
of a
ship
ka
bhus
e M
LG
woo
den
cabi
n on
ship
s d
eck
cab
se, c
omb
se
EM
od.D
u , k
abui
s D
upr
obab
ly a
com
poun
d w
hose
ele
men
ts c
orre
spon
d to
Eng
lish
cabi
n an
d ho
use
wen
tletr
ap e
pito
nii
wen
teltr
ap D
u s
pira
l st
airc
ase
etch
ing,
etc
h th
e ar
t of e
ngra
ving
et
sen
Du
iceb
erg
a la
rge
floa
ting
mas
s of
ice
ijsb
erg
Du
lit.
ice
m
ount
ain
part
ial l
oan-
tran
slat
ion
of D
u
scow
la
rge
flat
-bot
tom
ed b
oat
scho
uw D
u a
fer
ry
boat
, pun
t, sc
ouw
e M
.Du
cam
mac
hine
ry, d
isc
havi
ng a
n irr
egul
ar
form
ca
m D
u c
og o
f a
whe
el
dune
san
d hi
ll on
the
sea-
coas
td
ne M
.Du,
dui
n D
u
230 ZUZANA MALKOVtr
ass
a lig
ht-c
olou
red
type
of v
olca
nic
tuff
tras
Du
via
Du
from
the
It te
rraz
za
ahoy
na
utic
al, i
nter
ject
ion
hoi D
u h
i, he
llo
19th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
ds
Eng
lish
Low
Ger
man
Dut
chfle
nch,
flen
se c
ut u
p th
e fa
t of a
wha
le, s
kin
a se
al
flenc
h, fl
inch
Du
hook
y u
njus
tifi
able
abs
ence
fro
m s
choo
l, w
ork
hoek
je D
u h
ide
and
seek
m
olly
mol
lym
awk,
a se
a bi
rd
mal
lem
ok D
u (m
al f
oolis
h +
mok
gul
l)pi
nkie
th
e li
ttle
fing
er
pink
je D
u.pi
t ha
rd se
ed
pit D
u k
erne
l, se
ed, m
arro
w
popp
ycoc
k r
ubbi
sh, n
onse
nse
papp
ekak
Du,
pap
pe M
.Du
sof
t dun
gsc
hipp
erke
a B
elgi
an b
reed
of s
mal
l dog
sk
ippe
rkin
Du
lit
tle
boat
man
sp
ecst
ione
er t
he c
hief
har
poon
er
spek
-sni
jer
Du
spoo
k a
gho
st
spoo
k D
u, sp
ooc
M.D
u s
pook
, gho
st
waf
fle a
bat
ter c
ake
waf
el M
LGw
afel
Du
witl
oof
endi
ve
witl
oof D
u li
t w
hite
fol
iage
, whi
te le
af
20th
Cen
tury
loan
wor
dsE
nglis
hD
utch
Stij
l a
grou
p of
Dut
ch a
rtis
ts
De
Stij
l Du
bazo
oka
met
al tu
be ro
cket
laun
cher
ba
zuin
Du
tru
mpe
t
231LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE
DOLNONMECK VPJKY V ANGLITIN PEVZAT V RMCI VZJEMNHO KONTAKTU V EVROP
Tento lnek pedkld seznam anglickch vpjek, kter do anglitiny pronikly z dolnonminy (v irm smyslu) dky kontaktu v evropskm prostoru, tedy z holandtiny, dolnonminy, vlmtiny a frtiny. Vpjky jsou rozdleny podle stolet, ve kterm byl jejich vskyt v anglitin poprv zaznamenn. Soust jednotlivch hesel je definice anglickho lexmu, pravdpodobn slovo zdrojovho jazyka/jazyk a v ppad poteby heslo dopln krtk koment. Dal analza zahr-nujc vvoj procesu pejmn vpjek a jejich poet a rozdlen podle jednotlivch variet, stejn jako zkladn informace o jejich smantick povaze, tvo vodn st.
Zuzana Malkovstav jazykovdy a baltistikyFilosofick fakulta Masarykovy universityArna Novka 1602 00 Brnoesk republikae-mail: [email protected]