Demand
CO2 Infrastructure
Supply
Power Generation CoalNatural gas or coalNatural gasBiomass
CCUSCCUSCCUSCCUS
Post-combustion/chemical absorptionPost-combustion/membranes polymericOxy-fuelPre-combustion/physical absorptionChemical looping combustionSupercritical CO2 cyclesPost-combustion/chemical absorptionPre-combustion/physical absorptionPost-combustion/chemical absorption
Biofuels Production BiomethaneBiodiesel
Biomass gasification and methanationAnaerobic digestion and CO2 separationGasification and Fischer-Tropsch
CCUSCCUSCCUS
Hydrogen Production Biomass/waste gasificationCoal gasificationSteam methane reformingNatural gas autothermal reformingNatural gas autothermal reforming with gas heated reformed
CCUSCCUSCCUSCCUSCCUS
Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels Production Liquid fuels Liquid fuels from hydrogen and CO2Concentrating solar fuels
CCUSCCUS
Refining Production Process heaters, hydrogen productionCCUSFluid catalytic cracker
CCUSPost-combustionOxy-fuel
Ammonia Production Fossil- or biomass-based CCUS Chemical absorptionPhysical absorptionPhysical adsorption
Methanol Production Fossil- or biomass-based CCUS Chemical absorptionPhysical absorptionPhysical adsorption
Aluminium Production Primary smelting CCUS
Iron and Steel Production Blast furnace
Direct reduced iron
Smelting reduction
Hydrogen enrichment + CO2 removal → use of works arising gasesConversion of steel works arising gases to fuelConversion of steel works arising gases to chemicalsCCUS
Enhanced smelting reduction
CCUS
Chemical absorptionPhysical absorptionCCUS
Cement Production Cement kiln
Concrete curing
CCUS
CO2 sequestration in inert carbonate materials
Chemical absorption, partial capture rates (less than 20%)Chemical absorption (full capture rates)Calcium loopingOxy-fuellingNovel physical adsorption (silica or organic-based)Direct separationMembrane separation
High value chemicals Production Fossil- or biomass-based CCUS Chemical absorptionPhysical absorption
DIRECT AIR CAPTURE (DAC)
SUPPLY CCUS
DEMAND CCUS
CO2 transport CO2 storage
Solid DACLiquid DACPipelineShip transportCO2-enhanced oil recoveryMineral storageAdvanced monitoring technologiesSaline formationsDepleted oil and gas reservoirs
Port to portPort to o�shore facility
Infrastructure ChargingHydrogen refuelling stationHyperloop
Smart chargingFast chargingDynamic charging or electric road system
ConductiveInductive
Operations Electric taxiing and ground operations
Aviation Aircraft and aircraft components Battery electric aircraftOpen rotorGeared turbo fan/ultra-high bypass ratio engineHydrogen-fuelled engineBlended wing body designPropulsion-airframe integrationHybrid aircraft
Infrastructure ChargingBunkering
Fast chargingAmmoniaHydrogen
Operations Automated and connected shipsCold ironing, alternate maritime power
Operations Automated and connected vehicles (level 4+)Truck
Hardware Platooning and road train
Rail Vehicle and vehicle components
Infrastructure
Gas hybrid train (internal combustion engine and batteries)Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicleBattery electric vehicleMagnetic levitation
Freight Operations Physical internet
Shipping Vessel and vessel components Gas-fuelled engineHydrogen fuel cell electric vesselHydrogen-fuelled engineAmmonia fuel cell electric vesselAmmonia-fuelled engineBattery electric vesselMethanol-fuelled engineMethanol fuel cell electric vesselKiteFoul felease hull coatingRudder bulbRotor sail/sail
Liquefied biomethaneProton exchange membraneHigh temperature proton exchange membraneMolten carbonateSolid oxide
TRANSPORT Road Vehicle and vehicle components Battery electric vehicle
Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicleMethanol-fuelled engineEthanol-fuelled engineHydrogen-fuelled engine
Gas-fuelled engine
BatteryTruckCar, light duty commercial vehicle and busTruckCar, light duty commercial vehicle and busFuel cellHydrogen tankTruckCar, light duty commercial vehicle and busTruck
Lithium-IonSolid state + Li-metalNa-ionMultivalent ionsLi-SLi-AirPolymer electrolyte membrane
Compressed biomethaneLiquefied biomethane
Cogeneration Combined production of heat and power (CHP)TrigenerationQuad-generation
Fuel cells micro-CHP using solid oxide materialsFuel cells micro-CHP using polymer electrolyte membrane
Control systems Smart thermostatsStorage Thermal storage
Thermo-chemical storageLatent (phase change material)Active latent heat storageCombined latent and sensible storage system
Sensible
Underground thermal storage
Solid-liquid low temperature heatSolid-liquid high temperature heatSolid-liquid ice storageSolid-liquid aqueous salt solutionSolid-liquid salt hydrates and para�inSolid-liquid fatty acidSolid-liquid sugar alcoholSolid-liquid saltLiquid-gaseousSolid-solidHot water tanksVacuum-insulated high-temperature water tankChilled water storageAquifer thermal energy storageBorehole thermal energy storage
Distribution ControlBooster
Hydraulic interface unitWater heating heat pumpAdvanced heat exchanger
Buildings construction and renovation Electricity generationThermal performanceLighting performance
Overall performanceMaterial e�iciency
Building envelope
Ventilation
Building layout
Design toolReducing material losses
Extending lifetimeLightweighting
Wall, roof & façadeFenestrationDual flow ventilationNatural ventilationBuilding orientationFiber-optic daylightingDynamic simulationPre-castingPrefabricationAdditive manufacturingFabric formworkModular componentsComposite materialComposite constructionThin shelled concreteFunicular floor system
Building integrated photovoltaic systemBuilding integrated solar thermal collectorBuilding integrated phase change materialAir sealingBreathing wallDynamic building envelopeVacuum insulated panelBuilding integrated heat and moisture exchange panelDouble skin façadeAerogel Insulation from silica or carbonStructural insulated panelTrombe wallRadiative reflective roofHigh reflectivity paintElectrochromic fenestrationHighly insulating window Dynamic glazing – thermochromic genestrationInsulation glass coating
BUILDINGS
Cooking Appliance ElectricityBiofuelFossil fuelSolar
Induction cookingStoveDomestic biogas digesterSolar cooking
Electric stovesImproved biomass cooking stoveLPG stoveOnsite-constructed digesterComposite material digesterBag digester
Lighting ApplianceOperation
Control systems
Lamps and luminairesDirect current lighting
LED
Advanced lighting control system
Conventional LEDOrganic LEDPolymer LEDDimmability, occupancy sensor
Systems integration StorageControl systemsGrid interaction
Electrical storageDemand responseDirect current building systemDouble smart grid
Solid state batteries, lithium ion batteries, redox flow batteryGamification deviceInterval/time of use meterSmart metersOpen automated demand responseVirtual net metering – community scale solarDirect current buildings, direct current microgrid system
Electromechanical, radio-controlled switch
Heating and cooling Generation Heat pump
Evaporative coolingStandalone liquid or solid desiccant cooling
Solid-state equipment cooling
Boilers
Heater
Air‐to‐air heat pumpAir‐to‐water heat pumpGround-source heat pumpThermally-driven heat pumpSolar thermal water heat pumpCombined solar PV and heat pumpHybrid heat pump Hydrogen-driven heat pumpState-of-the-art technologyLiquid or solid desiccant evaporative coolingEvaporative cooling with permeable membraneElastocaloricMagnetocaloricBarocaloricHydrogen boilerBiomass boilerPellets-burning stoveWood-burning stove
State-of-the-art air-to-air technologyVapour compression packaged air conditionerVapour compression split air conditionerAir-source heat pumps using heat recoveryMembrane heat pumpConventional air-to-waterCentral heat pump water heaterNatural refrigerant heat pump water heater Integrated heat pump with storageHigh-temperature heat pumpCold climate air-source heat pumpAbsorption heat pump (thermally driven)Adsoption heat pump (thermally driven)Vuilleurmier heat pumpHigh/ultra high vacuum flat plate collectorsElectric resistance back-up system or gas boiler back-up systemHydrogen-enriched natural gas heat pumpHydrogen/metal hydride heat pumpSynthetic methane heat pump
SUB-SECTORDEMAND SECTOR TECHNOLOGY GROUPING TECHNOLOGY SUB-TECHNOLOGY COMPONENT OR DESIGN
SUB-SECTORSUPPLY SECTOR TECHNOLOGY GROUPING TECHNOLOGY SUB-TECHNOLOGY COMPONENT OR DESIGN
Hydrogen Production
Storage
Transport
Biomass/waste gasificationElectrolysisNuclear/solarChemical looping
Coal gasificationMethane pyrolysisSteam methane reformingNatural gas autothermal reformingNatural gas autothermal reforming with gas heated reformedSalt cavern storageDepleted oil & gas field, aquiferStorage tankPipelineHydrogen blending in natural gas networkLiquid hydrogen tankerLiquid organic hydrogen carrier tanker
CCUSAlkalinePolymer electrolyte membraneSolid oxide electrolyser cell Seawater electrolysisThermochemical water splittingCCUS
CCUSCCUSCCUS
Biofuels Production BiogasBiomethane
BioethanolBiorefiningBiodieselDouble-cropping (sequential cropping)
Micro-algae and macro-algaeNon-algae feedstockBiomass gasification – small-scaleBiomass gasification and catalytic methanationBiomass gasification and biological methanationBiomass gasification and methanationAnaerobic digestion and CO2 separationAnaerobic digestion and catalytic methanation with hydrogenLignocellulosicSugar and starch from agricultural cropFatty acid methyl esterHydrogenated vegetable oilPyrolysis and upgradingHydrothermal liquefaction and upgradingGasification and Fischer-TropschGasification and Fischer-TropschGasification and Fischer-Tropsch with hydrogen enhancementAlcohol-to-jetSynthetic iso-para�insMicro-algae
Anaerobic digestionAnaerobic digestion
CCUSCCUS
Gasification (syngas fermentation)Enzymatic fermentation
CCUS
TransesterificationHydrotreatingHydrothermal liquefaction and upgrading
Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels Production MethaneLiquid fuels
Methane from hydrogen and CO2Liquid fuels from hydrogen and CO2Concentrating solar fuels
CCUSCCUS
Ammonia Transport Tanker
Heat Generation Large-Scale heat pumpsSolar thermal district heating
Storage Latent heat storageSensible heat storageThermochemical heat storage
Ice storageHigh-temperatureChemical reactionsSorption process
Aqueous salt solution
Infrastructure Integration
Transmission
Distribution
Virtual inertia/fast frequency responseSmart inverterUltra-high voltageFlexible high-voltage gridSuperconducting high-voltageFlexible alternating current transmission systemDynamic line ratingTransactive energy
Storage Battery storage
Mechanical storage
Redox flowLithium-ion (grid-scale or behind-the-meter)FlywheelPumped storageCompressed air energy storageLiquid air energy storage
Power Generation SolarWindHydropower
Geothermal
Nuclear
CoalNatural gas or coalNatural gasBiomassHydrogen
Ammonia
Ocean
Tidal
PhotovoltaicSolar thermal electricityOnshoreAirborne wind energy systemO�shoreDry steamFlash processOrganic rankine cycleKalina processEnhanced geothermal systemLarge-scale light-water reactorSodium-cooled fast reactorHigh-temperature reactor and very high-temperature reactorLight water reactor-based small modular reactorFusionCCUSCCUSCCUSCCUSHydrogen-fired gas turbineHigh-temperature fuel cellHybrid fuel cell-gas turbine systemCo-firing in coal power plantCracking into hydrogen for gas turbineAmmonia turbineOcean thermalOcean waveSalinity gradientTidal stream/ocean currentTidal range
Crystalline siliconThin-film PVConcentrated PVMulti-junction cellOrganic thin-film solar cellPerovskite solar cellFloating solar PVSolar towerParabolic troughLinear fresnel reflectorSeabed fixed o�shore wind turbineFloating o�shore wind turbineFloating hybrid energy platform
Post-combustion/chemical absorptionPost-combustion/membranes polymericOxy-fuelPre-combustion/physical absorptionChemical looping combustionSupercritical CO2 cyclePost-combustion/chemical absorptionPre-combustion/physical absorptionPost-combustion/chemical absorption
ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
Refining Production Process heaters, hydrogen productionCCUSFluid catalytic cracker
CCUSPost-combustionOxy-fuel
Ammonia Production Biomass-basedFossil- or biomass-basedElectrolytic hydrogen-based produced with variable renewables
GasificationCCUS
Chemical absorptionPhysical absorptionPhysical adsorption
Methanol Production Biomass-basedFossil- or biomass-basedFossil-basedElectrolytic hydrogen-based produced with variable renewables
GasficationCCUSMethane pyrolysis
Chemical absorptionPhysical absorptionPhysical adsorption
Ethylene Production Biomass-based Bioethanol route FermentationLignocellulosic gasification Benzene, toluene and xylenes Production Biomass-based
Methanol-basedLignin
High value chemicals Production Fossil- or biomass-based CCUSSteam cracker electrificationNaptha catalytic cracking
Chemical absorptionPhysical absorption
Iron and steel Production
Manufacturing
Blast furnace
Smelting reduction
Direct reduced iron
Ore electrolysis
Hydrogen enrichment + CO2 removal → use of works arising gasesPartial electrolytic hydrogen replacement of injected coalPartial torrefied biomass replacement of injected coalCCUEnhanced smelting reductionSmelting reduction based on hydrogen plasmaCCUSReduction using solely electrolytic hydrogenBased on natural gas with high levels of electrolytic hydrogen blendingLow temperature alkaline electrolysis (110°C)High temperature molten oxide electrolysis (> 1500°C)Reducing metal forming losses and lightweighting
CCUS
Conversion of steel works arising gases to fuel Conversion of steel works arising gases to chemicalsCCUS Chemical absorptionPhysical adsorption
Additive manufacturingCement Production
End-of-life
Cement kiln
GrindingRaw material
Concrete curingUnhydrated cement recyclingConcrete fines recycling
CCUSElectrification (direct)Electrolytic calcium carbonate decarbonationPartial use of hydrogenDirect heat from variable renewablesAdvanced grinding technologiesAlternative cement constituentsAlternative binding materialCO2 sequestration in inert carbonate materials
Chemical absorption, partial capture rates (less than 20%)Chemical absorption (full capture rates)Calcium loopingOxy-fuellingNovel physical adsorption (silica or organic-based)Direct separationMembrane separationConcentrated solar power-generated heatCalcined clayCarbonation of calcium silicateMagnesium oxides derived from magnesium silicateAlkali-activated binders (geopolymers)
Plastics End-of-life New recycling techniques with reduced downcycling Chemical depolymerization for PETChemical depolymerization for polystyreneSolvent dissolution for PPSolvent dissolution for PETThermal decontamination in a vacuum reactor with integrated nitrogen flushing for PETPyrolysisHydrothermal upgrading
Cross-cutting Production
Systems integration
High temperature heating
Control systems
Electromagnetic heating for large-scale process Fluidized-bed boilers fueled with biomassBiomethane-based large-scale heating (See supply)
Electric furnaces/resistance heating for large-scale processBio-coal-based heating for large-scale process
Direct heat from variable renewable Demand response
InductionRadio waveMicrowaveInfraredUltra-violetElectric arc and plasma arc furnaces applied to new applicationTorrefactionPyrolysisConcentrated solar power-generated heat for industrial processHybrid flexible demand and battery network
Metallic products Manufacturing
End-of-life
Reducing metal forming losses
New recycling techniques for better separation
Ring rolling with variable wall thicknessFolding-shearingX-ray transmissionNovel physical separation
Aluminium Production
Manufacturing
Primary smelting
Alumina refiningDemand responseReducing metal forming losses and lightweighting
Inert anodesMultipolar cellCCUSBiomass-based or electrification of the Bayer processIntegration of heat exchangers to vary energy consumption and production levelAdditive manufacturing
Pulp and paper ProductionEnd-of-life
PulpingWaste product conversion to energy and chemicals
Deep eutectic solventBlack liquor gasificationLignin extraction
Organic solventPrecipitation and acidification
INDUSTRY
TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL
1 INITIAL IDEA Basic principles have been defined2 APPLICATION FORMULATED Concept and application of solution have been formulated3 CONCEPTS NEEDS VALIDATION Solution needs to be prototyped and applied4 EARLY PROTOTYPE Prototype proven in test conditions5 LARGE PROTOTYPE Components proven in conditions to be deployed6 FULL PROTOTYPE AT SCALE Prototype prove at scale in conditions to be deployed7 PRE-COMMERCIAL DEMONSTRATION Solution working in expected conditions8 FIRST OF A KIND COMMERCIAL Commercial demonstration, full scale deployment in final form9 COMMERCIAL OPERATION IN RELEVANT ENVIRONMENT Solution is commercially available, needs evolutionary improvement to stay competitive10 INTEGRATION NEEDED AT SCALE Solution is commercial and competitive but needs further integration e�orts11 PROOF OF STABILITY REACHED Predictable growth
The Energy Technology Perspectives — Clean Energy Technology Guide shows the level of maturity of almost 400 individual technology designs and components that contribute to reducing CO2 emissions along di�erent value chains across the whole energy system.
VISIT ONLINE: WWW.IEA.LI/CLEANTECHGUIDE
Technologies are structured hierarchically alongside their peers delivering the same service. The ETP Clean Energy Technology Guide can be explored in an interactive framework that includes information not only on the level of maturity of di�erent technolo-gy designs and components but also a compilation of develop-ment and deployment plans, as well as cost and performance improvement targets and leading players in the field.
2020 International Energy AgencyPoster design Lundgren+Lindqvist
