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Management and quality toolsOla H. Elgaddar
MBChB, MSc, MD, CPHQ
Lecturer of Chemical PathologyMedical Research InstituteAlexandria University
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Quality
Fitness for use
Juran
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Management
It is the act of getting people together to
accomplish desired goals and
objectives using available resourcesefficiently and effectively
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Evolution of quality management
Level 1: Inspection:
- Measure the characteristics of aproduct and compare them with its
specifications;
- The goal here is the fitness ofstandards. This is the passive
"inspecting" attitude.
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Evolution of quality management
Level 2: Quality Control:- Inspection performed by the workersthemselves with a feedback loop to the
production line;-Here we avoid the "inspector" effectand allow some learning
to take place.
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Evolution of quality management
Level 3: Quality Assurance (QA):- Set of (implemented) predefined andsystematic activities necessary to give
confidence in the process quality;- Quality procedures are designed andplanned as a whole to ensure that no badproducts be delivered. We do not just relyon everybody's work and control.
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Evolution of quality management
Level 4: Total Quality Management (TQM):- Management centered on quality and basedon the participation ofeverybodywhich aimsat the customer satisfaction and at the
improvementof the company's personnel, ofthe company and of the society.
- This is the ultimate step where workers andcustomers continuously interact to review /improve this plan.
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Shewhart
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Performance ImprovementTools
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According to the Healthcare Quality
Certification Board (HQCB):
I) Tools for planning:
Hoshin planningForce field analysis
Gantt chart
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According to the Healthcare Quality
Certification Board (HQCB):II) Tools for team:Brainstorming
Affinity diagramSelection grid
Task list
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According to the Healthcare Quality
Certification Board (HQCB):
III) Tools for data collection:
Indicators
Check sheets
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According to the Healthcare Quality
Certification Board (HQCB):
IV) Tools for data analysis:
Run / Control chartsHistogram
Scatter diagram
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According to the Healthcare Quality
Certification Board (HQCB):
IV) Tools for root cause analysis (RCA):
Flow chartCause - Effect diagram
Pareto chart
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Hoshin planning
(Policy Deployment)The process used to identify andaddress critical business needs and
develop the capability of employees,achieved by aligning companyresources at all levels and applying the
PDCA cycle to consistently achievecritical results
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Force field analysis
It is a powerful method of gaining a
comprehensive overview of the
different forces acting on a potentialorganizational change issue, and for
assessing their source and strength.
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Gantt Chart
A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that
illustrates a project schedule. Gantt
charts illustrate the start and finishdates of the terminal elements and
summary elements of a project.
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Brainstorming
Brainstorming is a tool used by teams
to bring out the ideas of each individual
and present them in an orderly fashionto the rest of the team.
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Benefits of brainstorming
1) Encourages creativity
2) Equalizes involvement by all team
members3) Fosters a sense of ownership
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1
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2 Set a time limit for the session
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-Brainstorming should be a rapid
generation of ideas, so do it quickly;
5-15 minutesworks well. If the time
limit has expired and ideas are stillbeing generated, you can extend
the time limit at five-minute
intervals.- Remember! You are just a
facilitator
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Set a time limit for the session
3
State the topic to be brainstormed in the form of a
written clear question, every body can see it
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Set a time limit for the session
4
Collect everyones ideas; Structured or unstructured
format for calling out ideas (Adv vs Disadv)
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Set a time limit for the session
5
Record ideas and display them where
everyone can see
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- To avoid misinterpretation and
duplication and stimulate creativethinking by others
- Written down exactly as spoken by
the team member, dont interpret
-Try to generate a long list as possible
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Set a time limit for the session
6
Clarify each idea to ensure that all members have
the same understanding of it
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Set a time limit for the session
7
Eliminate duplications, after asking participants,
other wise they are kept separate
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Follow the rules,or dont call it
brainstorming!
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Affinity Diagram
Usually, an affinity diagram is used torefine a brainstorm into something thatmakes sense and can be dealt with more
easily.It is recommended to be used when factsor thoughts are uncertain and need to beorganized, when preexisting ideas or
paradigms need to be overcome, whenideas need to be clarified, and when unitywithin a team needs to be created.
Affi i
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Affinity
diagram
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Selection Grid
It is a quantitative technique used to
rank the multi-dimensional options of
an option set.A basic selection grid consists ofestablishing a set of criteria options
which are scored and summed to gaina total score which can then be ranked.
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Selection Grid
A weighted selection grid operates in thesame way as the basic decision matrix butintroduces the concept of weighting the
criteria in order of importance.The more important the criteria the higherthe weighting it should be given. Each of
the potential options are scored andmultiplied by the weighting given to each ofthe criteria in order to produce a result.
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Task List
A simple todo list!
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Indicators
Indicators are quantitative measures of
a specific part of a process or of an
outcome.By themselves, they dont directly
measure quality, rather, they help
provide data that when analyzed, giveinformation about quality
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Check list
A simple way of collecting data
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Control charts
A control chart is a graph or chart with limit lines,
called control lines.
The purpose of drawing a control chart is to detect
any changes in the process that would be evidentby any abnormal points listed on the graph from
the data collected.
It is a method of control, monitoring andimprovement.
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Histogram
The purpose of a Histogram is to take thedata that is collected from a process and
then display it graphically to view how the
distribution of the data, centers itself aroundthe mean, or main specification.
Histograms show the center of the data, the
spread of the data and any data skewnessor outliers.
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Scatter diagram
The Scatter Diagram is a Quality Tool thatcan be used to show the relationship
between "paired data, i.e: shows
correlation.
Strong r = Higher correlation, in either sides
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Flow chart
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