SYSTEMSMAPPING
I N F O R M A T I O N+ D I S I N F O R M A T I O N
1. Where am I?
2. Where do I want to go?
3. How do I get there?
Akerman, J. R. & Karrow, R. W., Jr. (2007). Maps: Finding Our Place in the World.
A map answers the following questions:
M A P P I N G C O N C E P T SPURPOSE
Characterization related to both selection + scale
Refers to need to modify depiction of a feature for the sake of clarity + legibility
Usually involves simplification
M A P P I N G C O N C E P T SGENERALIZATIONAkerman, J. R. & Karrow, R. W., Jr. (2007). Maps: Finding Our Place in the World.
Internal representation of perceived environmental features or objects + spatial relations among them
Necessary for human navigation, but do not need to be accurate renderings of the real world
Golledge, R. G. (1999). Human Wayfinding and Cognitive Maps.
May be fragmented, distorted, and irregular — a result of difficulties experienced in mentally integrating different routes into networked structures
M A P P I N G C O N C E P T SCOGNITIVE MAPPING
LONDON TUBE MAP
Orientation taskThe task of matching the reality to the map
User must find something which can be uniquely matched between the map + the actual scene — landmark “footprint” should have a direction
Davies, C. (2005). Maps Beyond Diagrams: Real-World Spatial Orientation.
Orientation task is harder if the map is not aligned to the direction that the user is facing
Werner, S., & Long, P. (2003). Cognition Meets Le Corbusier: Cognitive Principles of Architectural Design.
M A P P I N G C O N C E P T SMAP ORIENTATION
UK
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AP
— R
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UK
MO
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WA
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AP
— RO
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TH
M A P C O N C E P T SPSYCHOGEOGRAPY
Invented in 1950s by Situationists Ivan Chtcheglov, Guy Debord + Asger Jorn
Navigation based on emotional response to surroundings
Can provide level of familiarity with envi-ronment not normally found in conventional navigation
Chtcheglov, Ivan. (1953). Formulary for a New Urbanism.
Traditionally, the simplest way for humans to represent a route
Understood by virtually all cultures and needs no scale, orientation, or frame of reference
Golledge, R. G. (1999). Human Wayfinding and Cognitive Maps.Davies, C. (2005). Maps Beyond Diagrams: Real-World Spatial Orientation.
Usually oriented with travel from bottom of page to top — “pointed in direction of travel”
M A P T Y P E SSTRIP MAP
JAP
AN
ES
E S
TRIP
MA
P
Designed for maritime navigation
Serious distortion from projecting spher-ical object (the Earth) onto a f lat surface
Distortion particularly high at poles
Wildbur, P., & Burke, M. (1998). Information Graphics: Innovative Solutions in Contemporary Design.
M A P T Y P E SMERCATOR PROJECTION
MERCATOR PROJECTION, 1900
Developed in 1967 by non-cartographer Arno Peters, a German-born historian + film-maker with a PhD in political propaganda
Claims to be a more accurate depiction of the relative size of nations, particularly those in the developing world
Peters denounced Mercator projection as “cartographic imperialism”
Wildbur, P., & Burke, M. (1998). Information Graphics: Innovative Solutions in Contemporary Design.
Based on cylindrical projection first described in 1855 by James Gall, a Scottish clergyman
M A P T Y P E SPETERS PROJECTION
PETERS PROJECTION, 2004
India + Pakistan both claim province of Kashmir
Official Indian government maps show Kashmir as part of India, while official Pakistani maps show it as part of Pakistan
Monmonier, M. S, (1996). How to Lie with Maps (2nd ed.)
M A P S A S P R O P A G A N D AKASHMIR
IRA
QI M
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CA
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BIL
ITY
W
ashi
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ost
IRAQ WAR, 2003Washington Post
Mapped results of 2004 US election were misleading because they general-ized voting patterns a the state level
Gave impression of a huge Republican majority
Geographic map made no allowances for population density
Baer, K. (2008). Information Design Workbook.
Akerman, J. R. & Karrow, R. W., Jr. (2007). Maps: Finding Our Place in the World.
M A P S A S P R O P A G A N D AUS ELECTION 2004
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION RESULTS PER STATE, 2004
GEOGRAPHIC ADJUSTED FOR POPULATION
Michael Gastner, Cosma Shalizi & Mark Newman
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION RESULTS PER STATE, 2004Archie Tse, New York Times
Maps are used to support a particular political viewpoint
Akerman, J. R. & Karrow, R. W., Jr. (2007). Maps: Finding Our Place in the World.Monmonier, M. S, (1996). How to Lie with Maps (2nd ed.)
M A P S A S P R O P A G A N D AADVOCACY MAPS
COXCOMB GRAPH, 1857Florence Nightingale
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY, 1888John F. Smith
DE
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, 188
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harle
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ooth
All maps have inherent bias
There is no such thing as a truly objective map
Despite this, mapping is among the most effective methods of presenting information in a visual manner
Virtually anything can be mapped!
I N F O R M A T I O N+ D I S I N F O R M A T I O N
CONCLUSION
Akerman, J. R. & Karrow, R. W., Jr. (2007). Maps: Finding Our Place in the World. Chi-cago: University of Chicago Press.
Baer, K. (2008). Information Design Work-book. Beverly: Rockport Publishers.
Black, J. (1997). Maps and politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brewer, C. A. (2005). Designing better maps: A guide for GIS users (1st ed.). Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.
Brown, B., & Laurier, E. Maps and Journeys: An Ethno-methodological Investigation. Car-tographica, 40.3, 17-33.
Chtcheglov, I. (2006). Formulary for a New Urbanism. (K. Knabb, Trans.) Situationist In-ternational Anthology. Paris: Éditions Allia.
Clark, J. O. E. (Ed.). (2005). 100 maps : The science, art and politics of cartography throughout history. New York: Sterling Pub-lishing.
Davies, C. (2005). Maps Beyond Diagrams: Real-World Spatial Orientation. Southamp-ton: Ordnance Survey Research Labs.
Dorling, D., & Fairbairn, D. (1997). Mapping: Ways of representing the world. London: Longman.
Evamy, Michael (2003). World Without Words. New York: Watson-Guptill.
Golledge, R. G. (1999). Human Wayfinding and Cognitive Maps. Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Pro-cesses (R. Golledge, Ed.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 5-45.
I N F O R M A T I O N+ D I S I N F O R M A T I O N
REFERENCES
Institute for Information Design (2003). Information Design Source Book. Tokyo: Graphic-Sha Publishing.
Jeffrey, C. (2007). City maze. Design Week, 22(26), 20-21.
Klinghoffer, A. J. (2006). The power of pro-jections: How maps reflect global politics and history. Westport, Conn: Praeger Pub-lishers.
Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. Cambridge: MIT Press.
MacEachren, A. M. (1994). Some truth with maps : A primer on symbolization and design. Washington, D.C: Association of American Geographers.
Monmonier, M. S. (1995). Drawing the line: Tales of maps and cartocontroversy (1st ed.). New York: H. Holt.
Monmonier, M. S. (1996). How to lie with maps (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chi-cago Press.
Montello, D. R. (2002). Cognitive Map-Design Research in the Twentieth Century: Theoretical and Empirical Approaches. Car-tography and Geographic Information Sci-ence, 29, 3, 283-304.
Noyes, L. (1980). The positioning of type on maps: the effect of surrounding material on word recognition time. Human Factors, 22, 353-360.
Phillips, R. J., Noyes, L. and Audley, R. J. (1977). The legibility of type on maps. Ergo-nomics, 20, 671-682.
I N F O R M A T I O N+ D I S I N F O R M A T I O N
REFERENCES
Phillips, R. J. and Noyes, L. (1977). Searching for names in two city street maps. Applied Ergonomics, 8, 73-77.
Phillips, R. J. (1979). Why is lower case bet-ter? Some data from a search task. Applied Ergonomics, 10, 211-214.
Phillips, R. J., Noyes, L. and Audley, R. J. (1978). Searching for names on maps. Carto-graphic Journal, 15, 72-77.
Phillips, R. J. (1989). Are maps different from other kinds of graphic information? Cartographic Journal, 26, 24-25.
Phillips, R. J. (1979). Making maps easy to read: a summary of research. Processing of Visible Language 1, Kolers, P. A., Wrolstad, M. E. and Bouma, H. (Eds.) New York: Plenum, 165-174.
Sadler, S. (1998). The Situationist City. Cam-bridge: MIT Press.
Spencer, H. (1968). The Visible Word: Prob-lems of Legibility. New York: Hastings House.
Whitehouse, R. (1999). The Uniqueness of Individual Perception. Information Design. Robert Jacobson. (Ed.) Cambridge: MIT Press.
Wildbur, P., & Burke, M. (1998). Information Graphics: Innovative Solutions in Contempo-rary Design. London: Thames and Hudson.
I N F O R M A T I O N+ D I S I N F O R M A T I O N
REFERENCES
MAPPING SYSTEMSCHRISTOPHER J. MOOREHEAD
February 2009