Marketing ResearchMarketing Research
3
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-2
ROAD MAP: Previewing the Concepts
• Importance of information to the Importance of information to the company and its understanding of the company and its understanding of the marketplacemarketplace
• Marketing information systemMarketing information system
• Marketing researchMarketing research
• How companies analyze and distribute How companies analyze and distribute marketing information.marketing information.
• Special issues some marketing Special issues some marketing researchers face:researchers face:– public policy and ethics issues.public policy and ethics issues.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-3
ROAD MAP
• Importance of information to the Importance of information to the company and its understanding of the company and its understanding of the marketplacemarketplace
• Marketing information systemMarketing information system
• Marketing research processMarketing research process
• How companies analyze and distribute How companies analyze and distribute marketing information.marketing information.
• Special issues some marketing Special issues some marketing researchers face:researchers face:– public policy and ethics issues.public policy and ethics issues.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-4
The Importance of Information
• Companies need Companies need information about information about their:their:– Customer needsCustomer needs– Marketing environmentMarketing environment– CompetitionCompetition
• Marketing managers Marketing managers do not need do not need moremore information, they information, they need need betterbetter information.information.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-5
Information Overload
“In this oh so overwhelming information age, it’s all too easy to be buried, burdened, and burned out by data overload.”
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-6
ROAD MAP
• Importance of information to the Importance of information to the company and its understanding of the company and its understanding of the marketplacemarketplace
• Marketing information systemMarketing information system
• Marketing research processMarketing research process
• How companies analyze and distribute How companies analyze and distribute marketing information.marketing information.
• Special issues some marketing Special issues some marketing researchers face:researchers face:– public policy and ethics issues.public policy and ethics issues.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-7
The Marketing Information System
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-8
Marketing Information System
• An MIS consists of people, equipment, An MIS consists of people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing and accurate information to marketing decision makers.decision makers.
• The MIS helps managers to: The MIS helps managers to: 1.1. Assess Information NeedsAssess Information Needs2.2. Develop Needed InformationDevelop Needed Information3.3. Distribute InformationDistribute Information
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-9
Assessing Information Needs
• A good MIS balances the information A good MIS balances the information users would users would likelike against what they really against what they really needneed and what is and what is feasiblefeasible to offer. to offer.
• Sometimes the company cannot provide Sometimes the company cannot provide the needed information because it is not the needed information because it is not available or due to MIS limitations.available or due to MIS limitations.
• Have to decide whether the benefits of Have to decide whether the benefits of more information are worth the costs.more information are worth the costs.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-10
Developing Marketing Information
• Internal DatabasesInternal Databases: Electronic collections : Electronic collections of information obtained from data sources of information obtained from data sources within the company.within the company.
• Marketing IntelligenceMarketing Intelligence: Systematic : Systematic collection and analysis of publicly available collection and analysis of publicly available information about competitors and information about competitors and developments in the marketing developments in the marketing environment.environment.
• Marketing ResearchMarketing Research: Systematic design, : Systematic design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data collection, analysis, and reporting of data relevant to a specific marketing situation relevant to a specific marketing situation facing an organization.facing an organization.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-11
ROAD MAP
• Importance of information to the Importance of information to the company and its understanding of the company and its understanding of the marketplacemarketplace
• Marketing information systemMarketing information system
• Marketing researchMarketing research
• How companies analyze and distribute How companies analyze and distribute marketing information.marketing information.
• Special issues some marketing Special issues some marketing researchers face:researchers face:– public policy and ethics issues.public policy and ethics issues.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-12
Marketing Research Defined
Systematic design, collection,
analysis, and reporting of data
and findings relevant to a specific
marketing situation facing a company.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-13
The Marketing Research Process
1 2
3 4
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-14
The Problem Definition and Approach Development Process
Tasks Involved
Qualitative Research
Discussions with Decision Makers
Interviews withExperts
Secondary DataAnalysis
Environmental Context of the Problem
Step 1: Problem Definition
Management Decision Problem
Marketing Research Problem
Step 2: Approach to the Problem
Step 3: Research Design
ResearchQuestions and Hypotheses
Analytical Framework and Models
Specification of
Information Needed
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-15
Underlying Causes
• Superior Promotion by Competition
• Inadequate Distribution of Company’s Products
• Lower Product Quality
• Price Undercutting by a Major Competitor
Focus of the DM Focus of the Researcher
Discussion
Discussion Between the Researcher and the DM
Symptoms
• Loss of Market Share
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-16
Research Design
Exploratory ResearchDesign
Causal Research
Conclusive ResearchDesign
Cross-SectionalDesign
Descriptive Research
LongitudinalDesign
A Classification of Market Research Designs
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-17
Marketing Research Designs
Gather preliminary information that will help define the problem
and suggest hypotheses.
Exploratory Research
Descriptive Research
Causal Research
Describes things (e.g., market potential for a product,
Demographics, and attitudes).
Tests hypotheses about cause-and-effect
relationships.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-18
Exploratory Research
•Secondary Data Analysis
•Focus Groups
Conclusive Research•Descriptive/Causal
Conclusive Research•Descriptive/Causal
Exploratory Research
•Secondary Data Analysis
•Focus Groups
Conclusive Research•Descriptive/Causal
Some Alternative Research Designs
(a)
(b)
(c)
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-19
Focus Group in Session
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-20
Developing the Research Plan
• Includes:Includes:– Determining the exact information neededDetermining the exact information needed– Developing a plan for gathering it Developing a plan for gathering it
efficientlyefficiently– Presenting the written plan to managementPresenting the written plan to management
• Outlines:Outlines:– Sources of existing dataSources of existing data– Specific research approachesSpecific research approaches– Contact methodsContact methods– Sampling plansSampling plans– Instruments for data collectionInstruments for data collection
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-21
A Classification of Marketing Research Data
Marketing Research Data
SecondaryData
PrimaryData
QuantitativeData
QualitativeData
Causal Descriptive
SurveyData
Observationaland Other Data
ExperimentalData
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-22
A Classification of Secondary Data
Secondary Data
Internal
Requires Further
Processing
Ready to Use
Published Materials
Computerized Databases
SyndicatedServices
External
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-23
Gathering Secondary Data
• Information that already exists Information that already exists somewheresomewhere– Internal databasesInternal databases– Commercial data servicesCommercial data services– Government sourcesGovernment sources
• Available more quickly and at a lower Available more quickly and at a lower cost than primary datacost than primary data
• Must be relevant, accurate, current, Must be relevant, accurate, current, and impartialand impartial
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-24
Primary Data Collection
• Consists of information collected for Consists of information collected for the specific purpose at hand.the specific purpose at hand.
• Must be relevant, accurate, current, Must be relevant, accurate, current, and unbiased.and unbiased.
• Must determine:Must determine:– Research approachResearch approach– Contact methodsContact methods– Sampling planSampling plan– Research instrumentsResearch instruments
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-25
Primary Data Collection
Mechanical Devices
• People Meters• Supermarket Scanners• Galvanometer• Eye Cameras
Questionnaires
• What questions to ask• Form of each question
•Closed-ended•Open-ended
• Wording• Ordering
Research Instruments
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-26
A Comparison of Primary and Secondary Data
__________________________________________________________________________
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA
________________________________________________________________
Collection purpose For the problem at hand For other problems
Collection process Very involved Rapid and easy
Collection cost High Relatively low
Collection time Long Short
______________________________________________________________________
A Comparison of Primary and Secondary Data
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-27
Quantitative Descriptive Research
Methods of Obtaining Quantitative Data in Descriptive Research
SURVEYInformation Obtained
by Questioning Respondents
OBSERVATIONInformation Obtained by Observing Behavior
orPhenomena
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-28
Survey Research
• Most widely used method for primary Most widely used method for primary data collection.data collection.
• Approach best suited for gathering Approach best suited for gathering descriptive information.descriptive information.
• Can gather information about Can gather information about people’s knowledge, attitudes, people’s knowledge, attitudes, preferences, or buying behavior.preferences, or buying behavior.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-29
Strengths & Weaknesses ofContact Methods
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-30
• Avoid negativesAvoid negatives
• Avoid hypotheticalsAvoid hypotheticals
• Avoid words that Avoid words that could be misheardcould be misheard
• Use mutually Use mutually exclusive categoriesexclusive categories
• Allow for “other” in Allow for “other” in fixed response fixed response questionsquestions
Questionnaire Do’s and Don’ts
•Ensure questions are Ensure questions are free of biasfree of bias
•Make questions simpleMake questions simple
•Make questions Make questions specificspecific
•Avoid jargonAvoid jargon
•Avoid sophisticated Avoid sophisticated wordswords
•Avoid ambiguous Avoid ambiguous wordswords
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-31
Question Types - Dichotomous
In arranging this trip, did you contact American Airlines?
Yes No
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-32
Question Types – Multiple Choice
With whom are you traveling on this trip?
No one
Spouse
Spouse and children
Children only
Business associates/friends/relatives
An organized tour group
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-33
Question Types – Likert Scale
Indicate your level of agreement with the following statement: Small airlines generally give better service than large ones.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neither agree nor disagree
Agree
Strongly agree
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-34
Question Types – Semantic Differential
American Airlines
Large ………………………………...…………….Small
Experienced………………….………….Inexperienced
Modern………………………..………….Old-fashioned
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-35
Question Types – Importance Scale
Airline food service is _____ to me.
Extremely important
Very important
Somewhat important
Not very important
Not at all important
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-36
Question Types – Rating Scale
American Airlines’ food service is _____.
Excellent
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-37
Question Types –Intention to Buy Scale
How likely are you to purchase tickets on American Airlines if in-flight Internet access were available?
Definitely buy
Probably buy
Not sure
Probably not buy
Definitely not buy
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-38
Question Types –Completely Unstructured
What is your opinion of American Airlines?
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-39
Question Types –Word Association
What is the first word that comes to your mind when you hear the following?
Airline ________________________
American _____________________
Travel ________________________
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-40
Question Types –Sentence Completion
When I choose an airline, the most important consideration in my decision is: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-41
Question Types –Story Completion
“I flew American a few days ago. I noticed that the exterior and interior of the plane had very bright colors. This aroused in me the following thoughts and feelings.” Now complete the story. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-42
Question Types –Picture (Empty Balloons)
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-43
Question Types – Thematic Apperception Test
Make up a story that reflects what you think is happening in this picture.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-44
Observational Research
• The gathering of primary data by The gathering of primary data by observing relevant people, actions, observing relevant people, actions, and situations.and situations.
• Ethnographic research:Ethnographic research:– Observation in “natural environment”Observation in “natural environment”
• Mechanical observation:Mechanical observation:– People metersPeople meters– Checkout scannersCheckout scanners
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-45
Observational Research
Fisher-Price set up an observation lab in which it could observe the reactions of little tots to new toys.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-46
Experimentation as Conclusive Research
ConclusiveResearch
DescriptiveCausal
Experimentation
Field Experiments
LaboratoryExperiments
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-47
Experimental Research
• Tries to explain cause-and-effect Tries to explain cause-and-effect relationships.relationships.
• Involves:Involves:– selecting matched groups of subjects, selecting matched groups of subjects, – giving different treatments, giving different treatments, – controlling unrelated factors, and controlling unrelated factors, and – checking differences in group responses.checking differences in group responses.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-48
Choosing the Sample
• SampleSample – segment of – segment of the population selected the population selected to represent the to represent the population as a whole.population as a whole.
• Requires 3 Requires 3 Decisions:Decisions:– Who is to be Who is to be
surveyed?surveyed?• Sampling unit Sampling unit
– How many people How many people should be surveyed?should be surveyed?• Sample sizeSample size
– How should the How should the people in the sample people in the sample be chosen?be chosen?• Sampling procedureSampling procedure
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-49
Types of Samples
ProbabilityProbability
• Simple randomSimple random
• Stratified Stratified randomrandom
• ClusterCluster
NonprobabilityNonprobability
• ConvenienceConvenience
• JudgmentJudgment
• QuotaQuota
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-50
Collecting the Data
Processing theData
Analyzing theData
Research Plan
Implementing the Research Plan
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-51
Interpreting & Reporting Findings
Managers and researchers must work together when interpreting research results.
Step 1. Interpret the Findings
Step 2. Draw Conclusions
Step 3. Report to Management
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-52
Characteristics of Good Marketing Research
Scientific method Research creativity Multiple methods Interdependence Value and cost of information Healthy skepticism Ethical marketing
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-53
Tools to Measure Marketing Plan Performance
Sales Analysis
Financial Analysis
Expense-to-SalesAnalysis
Market ShareAnalysis
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-54
Market Share Analysis
• Overall market shareOverall market share
• Relative market shareRelative market share
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-55
The Control-Chart Model
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-56
Simplified Profit-and-Loss Statement
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-57
The Measures of Market Demand
PotentialMarket
PenetratedMarket
TargetMarket
AvailableMarket
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-58
Ninety Types of Demand Measurement
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-59
Market Demand Functions
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-60
Market Demand Functions
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-61
Estimating Current Demand
• Total market potentialTotal market potential
• Area market potentialArea market potential– Market buildup methodMarket buildup method– Multiple-factor index methodMultiple-factor index method
•Brand development indexBrand development index
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-62
Calculating Brand Development Index
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-63
Estimating Future Demand
• Survey of Buyers’ IntentionsSurvey of Buyers’ Intentions
• Composite of Sales Force OpinionsComposite of Sales Force Opinions
• Expert OpinionExpert Opinion
• Past-Sales AnalysisPast-Sales Analysis
• Market-Test MethodMarket-Test Method
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-64
Purchase Probability ScaleDo you intend to buy an automobile within the next 6 months?
0.00 No
0.20 Slight possibility
0.40 Fair possibility
0.60 Good possibility
0.80 High possibility
1.00 Certain
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-65
ROAD MAP
• Importance of information to the Importance of information to the company and its understanding of the company and its understanding of the marketplacemarketplace
• Marketing information systemMarketing information system
• Marketing research processMarketing research process
• How companies analyze and distribute How companies analyze and distribute marketing information.marketing information.
• Special issues some marketing Special issues some marketing researchers face:researchers face:– public policy and ethics issues.public policy and ethics issues.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-66
Customer Relationship Management
• Many companies utilize CRMMany companies utilize CRM– Capture customer information from all sourcesCapture customer information from all sources– Analyze it in depthAnalyze it in depth– Apply the results to build stronger relationships.Apply the results to build stronger relationships.
• Companies look for customer Companies look for customer touch pointstouch points..
• CRM analysts develop CRM analysts develop data warehousesdata warehouses and and use use data miningdata mining techniques to find techniques to find information out about customers.information out about customers.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-67
Distributing and Using Marketing Information
Information Must be Distributed to the Right People at the Right Time
Routine Information for Decision Making
Nonroutine Information for Special Situations
Intranets Extranets
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-68
ROAD MAP: Previewing the Concepts
• Importance of information to the Importance of information to the company and its understanding of the company and its understanding of the marketplacemarketplace
• Marketing information systemMarketing information system
• Marketing research processMarketing research process
• How companies analyze and distribute How companies analyze and distribute marketing information.marketing information.
• Special issues some marketing Special issues some marketing researchers face:researchers face:– public policy and ethics issues.public policy and ethics issues.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-69
Other Marketing Research Considerations
Marketing Research in Small Businesses and NonprofitOrganizations
Marketing Research in Small Businesses and NonprofitOrganizations
International Marketing ResearchInternational Marketing Research
Public Policy and Ethics in Marketing ResearchPublic Policy and Ethics in Marketing Research
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-70
Research Services
Roper ASW, Inc. provides companies with information resources “from Brazil to Eastern Europe; from Cape Town to Beijing—if you are there, Roper ASW, Inc. is there.”
Click Here to Visit RoperASW
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-71
Top 25 Global Research Organizations
2000
1999
Organization
Headquarters
Parent company
Global research Revenues1
(US$ millions)
Percent of global
revenues from outside home
country 1 1 AC Nielsen Corp. Stamford, Conn. U.S. $1,577.0 67.0% 2 2 IMS Health Inc. Westport, Conn. U.S. 1,131.2 62.5 3 3 The Kantar Group Fairfield, Conn. U.K. 928.5 71.4 4 4 Taylor Nelson Sofres plc London U.K. 709.6 75.2 5 5 Information Resources Inc. Chicago U.S. 531.9 25.0 6 — VNU Inc. New York U.S. 526.9 2.6 7 6 NFO WorldGroup Inc. Greenwich, Conn. U.S. 470.5 62.4 8 8 GfK Group Nuremberg Germany 444.0 62.4 9 10 Ipsos Group SA Paris France 304.2 78.3
10 11 Westat Inc. Rockville, Md. U.S. 264.4 0.0 11 9 NOP World London U.K. 246.1 60.0 12 14 Aegis Research London U.K. 232.2 32.2 13 12 Arbitron Inc. New York U.S. 206.8 3.4 14 15 Video Research Ltd. Tokyo Japan 174.3* 0.0 15 13 Maritz Research St. Louis U.S. 172.0 31.5 16 16 The NPD Group Inc. Port Washington, N.Y. U.S. 164.3 17.0 17 18 Opinion Research Corp. Princeton, N.J. U.S. 123.9 28.9 18 17 INTAGE Inc. Tokyo Japan 119.3* 1.8* 19 19 J.D. Power and Associates Agoura Hills, Calif. U.S. 104.0 15.4 20 20 Roper Starch Worldwide Inc. Harrison, N.Y. U.S. 73.9 14.3 21 — Jupiter Media Metrix Inc. New York U.S. 69.1 15.0 22 21 Dentsu Research Inc. Tokyo Japan 67.6 0.3 23 25 IBOPE Group Rio de Janeiro Brazil 60.7 31.8 24 — Harris Interactive Inc. Rochester, N.Y. U.S. 56.0 5.4 25 — MORPACE International Inc. Farmington Hills, Mich. U.S. 54.3 26.1
Total
$8,812.7
49.3%
1Total revenues that include nonresearch activities for some companies are significantly higher. * For fiscal year ending March 31, 2001.
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-72
A Sample of Marketing Research Jobs
Professor TakadaProfessor Takada4-73
Rest Stop: Reviewing the Concepts
• Explain the importance of information to the Explain the importance of information to the company.company.
• Define the marketing information system and Define the marketing information system and discuss its parts.discuss its parts.
• Outline the steps in the marketing research Outline the steps in the marketing research process.process.
• Explain how companies analyze and Explain how companies analyze and distribute marketing information.distribute marketing information.
• Discuss the special issues some marketing Discuss the special issues some marketing researchers face, including public policy and researchers face, including public policy and ethics issues.ethics issues.