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Chapter 1 : MATTER
1.1 Atoms and Molecules1.2 Mole Concept
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1.1 Atoms and Molecules
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Learnin !utcomeLearnin !utcome
At the end o" this topic# students should $e a$le :At the end o" this topic# students should $e a$le :
%a&%a& 'denti"( and descri$e proton# electron and
neutronas su$atomic particle.as su$atomic particle.
%$&%$& )e"ineproton num$er# *# nucleon num$er# Aproton num$er# *# nucleon num$er# A
and isotope.and isotope. +rite isotope notation.
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%c&%c& )e"ine relati-e atomic mass# Arand
relati-e molecular mass# Mr$ased on$ased on
the C12 scale.the C12 scale.
%d&%d& etchandand eplainthe "ollointhe "olloin maincomponentso" a simpleo" a simple mass
spectrometer.
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%e&%e&Anal(se mass spectrumo" an element.o" an element.
Calculate the a-erae atomic mass o"Calculate the a-erae atomic mass o"an element i-en the relati-ean element i-en the relati-e
a$undance o" isotopes or a massa$undance o" isotopes or a mass
spectrum.spectrum.
%"& 4ame%"& 4ame cation# anions and saltaccordinaccordin
to theto the '5AC nomenclature..
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'ntroduction'ntroduction
Matter
An(thin that occupies space and has mass.
e.air# ater# animals# trees# atoms# 7..
Matter ma( consists o" atoms# molecules or ions.
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Three tates o" MatterThree tates o" Matter
SOLID LIQUID GAS
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1.1.1 Atoms
An atom is thesmallest unito" a chemical element/compound. 'n an atom# there are three su$atomic particles:
ro ton %p&
4eutron %n &
E lectron %e&
1.1 Atoms and Molecules1.1 Atoms and Molecules
aced in a small nucleus
Mo-e rapidl( around the nucleus o" an atom
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Modern Model o" the Atom
Electrons mo-e around the reion o" the atom.Electrons mo-e around the reion o" the atom.
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u$atomic articlesu$atomic articles
article Mass
%ram&
Chare
%Coulom$&
Chare
%units&
Electron %e& .1 1029 1.6 101 1
roton %p& 1.68 102, ;1.6 101 ;1
4eutron %n& 1.68 102, 0 0
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ElementsElements
A su$stance thatA su$stance that cannot $e separated intocannot $e separated into
simpler su$stancessimpler su$stances$( chemical reactions.$( chemical reactions.
An element isAn element is composed o" atoms o" onl(composed o" atoms o" onl(
one ind.one ind.
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'sotope'sotope
'sotopes are toor more atomso" the same
elementthat ha-e the same num$er o" protons
in their nucleus $ut di""erent num$er o"
neutrons. Eamples:
Hg20080
H20080
(D)H21
U23592 U238
92
(TH31H1
1
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'sotope 4otation'sotope 4otation
< = element s(m$ol
* = roton 4um$er o"
e ratioare de"lected most
'ons ith lar6e m>e ratioare de"lected least.
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eam o"eam o" 33ClCl;;andand 3838ClCl;;
33ClCl;;3838ClCl;;
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'on )etector'on )etector
The num$ers o" ions and t(pes o" isotopes are recordedas a mass spectrum.
Eample : A mass spectrum o" M
63
9.1.1
2, 2 26
Relati-ea$undance
m/e %amu&
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Mass pectrum o" ManesiumMass pectrum o" Manesium
The mass spectrum o" M
shos that M consists o"
three isoto1es: &(M6, &!M6
an2 &M6.
The hei6ht o each lineis
propartional to the a5un2ance
o each isoto1e.
&(M6is the most a$undant o"the three isotopes
63
9.1.1
2, 2 26
Relati-e
a$undance
m/e %amu&
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o to calculate the relati-e atomico to calculate the relati-e atomic
mass "rom mass spectrumHmass "rom mass spectrumH
( )i i
i
QMAr
Q
=
Q $ therelative a5un2ance > 1ercenta6e a5un2ance
o an isoto1e o the element
M $ therelative isoto1ic masso the element
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Eample 1Eample 1
%. ;i6 %.% sho9s the mass s1ectrum o the
element ru5i2ium, R5?a. hat isoto1es are 1resent in R5@
5. hat is the 1ercenta6e a5un2ance o
each isoto1e@
19
8
9 98
Relati-ea$und
ance
m/e
%amu&
!R5 an2 /R5
B a5un2ance !R5
$ % %''
&!
$ /& B
B a5un2ance /R5
$ / %''
&!
$ & B
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Eample 1 %cont7&Eample 1 %cont7&
c. Calculate the relative atomic mass o R5.
85.56
amux12.00121
amu85.56RbofA
amu85.56
25
8!x!"85x18"
#iRbofmassAvera$e
r
=
=
=
+=
=
QiMi
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Eample 2Eample 2
6'9()#s*#ofmassatom#$!elat#%e
t+#f#soto,eea$+ofa-un.an$e,e!$entaget+e#s/+at
'7'02an.6'01a!e*#73an.*#
63ofmassatom#$!elat#%eT+e
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Assume that,
B a5un2ance o Li $ B
B a5un2ance o/
Li $ %'' - ) B
Ar Li $ EQiMi
EQi
.0( $ .'%) %'' F ) /.'&
%'' F
.0( $ .'% /'& F /.'&
%''
0( - /'& $ -%.'%
$ %.'%
$ /.0& B
So, B a5un2ance o Li $ /.0& B
An2 B a5un2ance o /Li $ 0&.' B
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Eercise 1Eercise 1
35'5)(ns
$+lo!#ne'of!t+eCal$ulate36'9659'Cl37an.
3'968Cl35ofmassatom#$!elat#%et+es$ale"12$a!-ont+eonase.
3'127Cl37
Cl35
folloas#s#soto,es
$+lo!#neofo$$u!#ngnatu!all4ofa-un.an$e!elat#%eof!at#oT+e
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Eercise 2Eercise 2
192'25)(ns#!#.#um'of
massatom#$!elat#%et+eCal$ulatel4'!es,e$t#%e193'025an.191'021
a!e!193an.!191ofmass!elat#%eT+e'85of!at#ot+e#n!193
an.!191#soto,es2of$om,ose.#s!#!#.#um"o$$u!#ng6atu!all4
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'5AC 4omenclature o" 'ons
A& Cations
i& Gor the metals o" roup 1# 2 and 13 :
4ame the metals "olloed $( the ord I ions I
e. : 4a; : sodium ion# Al3; : aluminium ion
ii& Gor the metal ith more oidation states# Roman
numerals are usedto indicate the oidation state.
e. : Cu2;: copper%''& ion# Ge3;: iron%'''& ion
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. Anions
>Monoatomic ions ha-e names that ended ith IideJ
e. : G : "luoride ion# !2 : oide ion
>!ther pol(atomic anions ha-e their on names
e. : C!3: car$onate ion# !,2 : sulphate ion#
Cr2!82 : dichromate ion
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>+hen a metal com$ines ith a nonmetal element# the
metal is named $e"ore the nonmetal
Eample : Ge2%!,&3 'ron%'''& sulphate
GeCl3 'ron%'''& chloride
CuCl2 copper%''& chloride