Medicinal Plants to be Used As Veterinary
Medicines By
Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former Director General
Agriculture Extension KPK and Visiting
Professor the University of Agriculture PeshawarDated 7th October 2015
1. ACONITUM VIOLACEUM JACK. EX STAPF.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Ranunculaceae Ln: Patris; Loc: Thandiani; Pu: Rhizome
Ethno-Veterinary uses: The rhizome is grinded and mixed with wheat flour .It is given to cattle for the treatment of lungs diseases
2.ACACIA ARABICA
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family Leguminosae Acacia arabicaAcacia , Babul , wattle
Bark , Indian GumPU . PodsEthno-Veterinary
uses:Antidiarrhoeal
3. ADHATODA VASICA NEES.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Acanthaceae Ln: Bhaikar; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: A poultice of leaves is used for fresh wounds healing and inflammatory swellings
4. AESCULUS INDICA (WALL. EX CAMB.) HK.F.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Hippocastanaceae Ln: Bankhor; L oc: Nathia Galli; Pu: Seeds; Habit: Tree
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Seeds are grinded to powder form, mixed with maize flour and tablets are formed. One tablet is given daily to goats and hoarses in stomach troubles and colic
5. AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA (MILL.) SWINGLE
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
. Family-Simarubaceae Ln: Darawa; L oc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves Habit: Tree
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves are used as fodder to bring the cattle into heat but milking cattles are not given. Also used as purgative
6. ALLIUM SEPA LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary Family-Liliaceae Ln: Piaz;
L oc: Sherwan; Pu: Tubers and seeds; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Seeds are given to hens in case of Rani Khait disease. Crushed bulbs are given to cattle to remove external parasites and maggots from wounds and given to buffaloes in fever.
7. AMRANTHUS VIRIDIS LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Amaranthaceae Ln: Chalvera; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Whole plant; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Fresh plants are given to cattle as purgative in case of constipation.
8.ANNONA SQUAMOSA Family-
AnnonaceaeLn: Sharifa L Pu: Fruit ; Habit: Tree
Ethno-Veterinary uses:Wound healing; foot and mouth diseases
9. ARISAEMA FLAVUM (FORSSKA.)SCHOTT
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Araceae Ln: Soorganda; Loc: Nathiagali; Pu: Seeds; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Seeds are given to poultry against “Rani Khait” disease
10. ARTEMISIA MARITIMA LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Asteraceae Ln: Chaow; L oc: Sherwan; Pu: Whole plant; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: The flowering heads and young branches are given for expelling round worms
11. ARTEMISIA VULGARIS LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Asteraceae Ln: Chaow; L oc: Sherwan; Pu: Whole plant; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: The whole plant is dried and crushed into powder form and given to horses in colic. Dried leaves are given as anthelmintic
12.ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Asparagaceae
Ln: Shatavar Pu: Whole plant; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses:
Galactogague immunemodulator
13.AZADIRACTA INDICA
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family :Meliaceae LN NeemPu: Leaves , Fruit Habit : Tree Ethno-Veterinary
uses: Wound Healing ,
Skin Diseases
14. BACOPA MONNIERI
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family : Plantaginaceae
LN : ThymePU RootsEthno-Veterinary
usesAnxiolutic
15. BERBERIS LYCIUM ROYLE.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Berberidaceae Ln: Sumbal; Loc: Sherwan/Thandiani; Pu: Root barks; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Dried root bark is mixed with Ghee and heated. This is used as bandage on the broken organs. Powdered root bark is used as antiseptic and for healing of wounds. It is also given for internal injury.
16. BERGENIA CILIATA (HAW.) STERNB.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Saxifragaceae Ln: Butpewa; Loc: Nathia Galli; Pu: Rhizome; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Powdered rhizome is mixed with gur (Raw sugar) and wheat flour. Tablets are made and given in case of internal injury .Powder of rhizome is used as antiseptic on wounds
17. BRASSICA COMPESTRIS LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Crucifeae Ln: Sarsoon; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Seeds/Oil; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Seeds oil is mixed with curd and is given to ploughing bulls. It is considered that this gives strength to their legs. Seed cakes locally known as “khal” are obtained after extracting oil and used as tonic and fodder for milking cattle
18. BUDDLEJA ASIATICA LOUR.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family- Buddlejaceae Ln: Chitti Bui; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Dried leaves are applied on the body of animals to prevent mites
19. BUTEA MONOSPERMA (LAM.)
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Taub. Family- Leguminosae Ln: Chamkat; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Seeds; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Seeds are used to expel worms from stomach. Seeds powder is used to expel larvae from ulcers
20. CANNABIS SATIVA LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Cannabinaceae Ln: Bhang; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Fresh leaves are given to increase appetite
21. CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family- Apocynaceae Ln: Sadabahar; Loc: Abbottabad; Pu: Whole plant; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Whole plant is poisonous, used to remove maggots from wounds in animals.
22. CEDRELLA SERRATA ROYLE
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family - Meliaceae Ln: Tun; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves Habit: Tree
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves are given to cattle as purgative
23. CISSAMPELOS PARIERA LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family - Menispermaceae Ln: Ghora sum; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves; Habit: Climber
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Fresh leaves are crushed and water is mixed and placed open in dew for a night. The colour is changed from green to red. This is given to sheep as tonic and in many other diseases.
24. COLEBROOKEA
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
oppositifolia Smith. Family - Lamiaceae Ln: Palpudar; Loc: Kuthiala; Pu: Leaves; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: The leaves are applied to wounds to remove maggots
25. COMMELINA BENGHALENSIS LINN
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family - Commelinaceae Ln: Angalra; Loc: Kuthiala; Pu: Leaves; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: In soreness and redness of eyes juice of the plant is applied in the eyes.
26. CRONOPUS DIDYMUS LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family- Crucifeae Ln: Ghandi booti; Loc: Richh Behn; Pu: Whole plant; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Paste of the plant is used to remove maggots from wounds in animals
27. CROTALARIA JUNCEA LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family- Leguminosae Ln: Butpewa; Loc: Nathia Galli; Pu: Seeds; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Seeds are given to cattle to increase milk.
28. CURCUMA LONGA LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Zingiberaceae Ln: Haldar; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Rhizome; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: The powder of rhizome is mixed in” Ghee” warmed and applied as a bandage on the broken organs and healing of wounds.
29. DAPHNE MUCRONATA SCHREB
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
. Family-Thymelaeaceae Ln: Kuttilal; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Bark; Habit: Shrub Ethno-Veterinary uses: Bark is peeled off from branches and tied around the neck of dogs to repell flies
30. DODONAEA VISCOSA (LINN.)
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Jacq. Family-Sapindaceae. Ln: Sanatha; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves are used in the treatment of wounds
31. FICUS PALMATA LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Moraceae Ln: Phagwara; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves are given to cattle to ease delivery and to remove placenta. ee
32. GREWIA OPTIVA DRUM. EX BURRET
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
. Family-Tiliaceae. Ln: Dhaman; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves Habit: Tree
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves are used as fodder. Bark is peeled off from branches and given to cattle as galactagogue.
33. LEPEDIUM SATIVUM LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family- Crucifeae Ln: Haloon; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Seeds; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: The seeds are given orally as a decoction in fever and flatulence
34. MELIA AZEDARACH LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Meliaceae Ln: Derek; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves and seeds; Habit: Tree
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves are used as fodder. Ripe seeds are grinded and mixed with animal cake and given to cattle as galactagogu
35. MENTHA ARVENSIS LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Lamiaceae Ln: Pudina; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves are given internally to remove external parasites e.g. lices
36. MENTHA LONGIFOLIA (LINN.)
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
L. Family-Lamiaceae Ln: Chitta Pudina; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Roots; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: The roots are boiled in water and decoction is given to cattle for fever and for increasing their milk.
37. ORYZA SATIVA LINN.
Ethno Botany ad Ethnovetrinary
Family- Poaceae Ln: Chawal/Tahain; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Seeds; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Seeds along with husk are grinded and given to ease delivery and to release placenta and also in prnolapse
38. OTOSTEGIA LIMBATA (BENTH)
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Baiss Family-Lamiaceae Ln: Bui; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves and flowers are used for curing of wounds
39.PAEONIA EMODI WALL EX ROYLE
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Paeoniaceae Ln: Mamekh; Loc: Thandiani; Pu: Tubers; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Dried tubers grinded into fine powder, mixed with flour and used as tonic for cattle
40. PEGANUM HARMALA LINN
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Zygophyllaceae Ln: Harmal; Loc: Havelian; Pu: Whole plant; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Extract of the plant is applied on the body of animal to kill lices.
41. POLYGONATUM VERTICILATUM ALL
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Liliaceae Loc: Nathiagali; Pu: Rhizome; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: the rhizome is crushed and given to cattle for increasing milk
42. QUERCUS INCANA ROXB.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Fagaceae Ln: Rhin; Loc: Thandiani; Pu: Leaves and seeds; Habit: Tree
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves are considered highly nutritive. Seeds are crushed into powder mixed with animal cake and given to cattle to increase milk production
43. RANUNCULUS MURICATUS LINN
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
. Family-Ranunculaceae Ln: Chachumba; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Whole plant; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: A decoction of plant is used as a purgative for goats
44. RHEUM AUSTRALE D.DON
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Polygonaceae Ln: Chutial; Loc: Thandiani; Pu: Rhizome; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: The rhizome is crushed to powder form and is used for healing of wounds and given orally for curing constipation
45. RUMEX HASTATUS D. DON
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Polygonaceae Ln: Khitambal; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Whole plant; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves are given internally to remove external parasites. Whole plant is given to cure internal wounds in case of injury
46. RUMEX NEPALENSIS LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family: Polygonaceae Ln: Hulla, Loc: Thandiani; Pu: Root; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Roots are crushed and given as toni
47. SALVIA MOORCOFTIANA WALLICH EX BENTH.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Lamiaceae Ln: Kali Jarri; Loc: Thandiani; Pu: Rhizome; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Rhizomes are crushed and mixed with the crushed leaves of Vitex negundo and Zanthoxylum armatum and is given to buffalos in colic and other diseases. Rhizomes are washed and crushed; gur and wheat flour is mixed and given to buffaloes to increase milk. It is also considered a good remedy against fever”takun” in buffalos.
48. SAUSSUREA COSTUS (FALC.)LIPSCH
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Asteraceae Ln: Kuth, Pu: Rhizome; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: The dried rhizome is grinded in to powder form and mixed with maize flour. Tablets of larger size are formed and given to goats in a disease locally called as “Bagri” and after delivery weakness
49. SAUSSUREA HETEROMALLA (D.DON) HAND-MAZZ
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Asteraceae Ln: Gajarmula, Pu: Rhizome; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses Rhizomes crushed and given ti increase milk flow.
50. SKIMMIA LAUREOLA (DC.) SIEB
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
. Family-Rutaceae. Ln: Nair; Loc: Thandiani; Pu: Whole plant; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Whole plant is given to milking cattle as nutritive fodder
51. THUJA ORIENTALIS LINN
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Cupressaceae Ln: Morpunkh; Loc: Abbottabad; Pu: Fruit; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: The ripe fruits are roasted in mustard oil and mixed with powdered black salt.The mixture is given in the vetrinary saibrea of cow and sheep
52. THYMUS LINEARIS LINN
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Lamiaceae Ln: Chikan; Loc: Abbottabad; Pu: Whole plant; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: The dried plant is crushed to poder and mixed with flour.It is given to cows, goats and sheep for increasing milk.
53. VERBASCUM THAPSUS LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Scrophulariaceae. Ln: Giddar Tambaku; Loc: Kuthiala; Pu: Leaves; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves are given to cattle to cure diarrhoea.
54. VITEX NEGUNDO LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Verbenaceae Ln: Marvani; Loc: Kuthiala; Pu: Leaves; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Juice of the leaves used for removing foetid discharge and worms from ulcers .Leaves are crushed and salt is mixed and given to buffalos in fever and stomach problems
55. VIBURNUM COTINIFOLIUM D.DON
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Caprifoliaceae Ln: Guch; Loc: Bagnotar; Pu: Fruit; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Fruits are given to cattle to release placenta
56. XANTHIUM STRUMARIUM LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Asteraceae Ln: Kandiari; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Leaves; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Leaves juice is used externally for maggots in wounds and healing
57. ZANTHOXYLUM ARMATUM D.C.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family-Rutaceae. Ln: Timbar; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Seeds; Habit: Shrub
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Seeds are given to give warmth to body. Seeds paste is applied on the affected parts in foot and mouth disease locally called “Monh Khur”.Seeds are crushed and mixed wit maize flour and given to cattle in fever
58. ZEA MAYS LINN.
Ethno Botany and Ethnovetrinary
Family- Poaceae Ln: Makai; Loc: Sherwan; Pu: Seeds; Habit: Herb
Ethno-Veterinary uses: Maize flour in the form of paste is given to goats to cure blood in urine.
42.ZIZYPHUS
Ethno Botany and Ethno Veterinary
Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk
Rhamnaceae
Ethno Veterinary Bark is used to heal
scorpion bite
HERBS USED FOR AILMENT AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT DISEASES OF CATTLE S.no Latin Name English Name Vet Use Urdu
Name Part Used
1 Acacia Catechu Catechu Tree Antidiarrhoeal Khair Bark
2. Woodforida fructicosa
Fire Flame Bush Antidiarrhoeal
3. Cyperus Rotandus Nutgrass Antidiarrhoeal Nagar Motha
Rhizome
4. Holarrhena Kurchi, Ester antidysentrica
Kurchi, Ester antidysentrica tree, Tellicherry tree
Antidiarrhoeal Kuda Bark
5. Cissus quadra angularis
Bone Setter Adamant Creeper
Fracture healing
Hadjod Stem
6. Butea monosperma
The Forest flame, Bastared tree
Fracture healing
Khakhara
Bark
7. Withania somnifera Winter Cherry Immunomodulator, antistresser; weight gain
Asgandh
Roots
HERBS USED FOR AILMENT AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT DISEASES OF CATTLE CONTD S.no Latin Name English
NameVet Use Urdu
Name Part Used
8. Terminalia chebula Myrobalan Immunomodulator Harad Fruit
9. Acorus calamus Sweet Flag Anxiolytic, memory enhance
Vacha Root
10. Bacopa monnieri Thyme Anxiolytic, memory enhancer
Brahm Brahm
11. Asparagus racemosus
Asparagus Galactogague, immunomodulator
Shatavar
Root
12. Foeniculum vulgare
Fennel Galactogague Souf Roots
13. Leptadeniareticulata
Galactogague ( Increase Milk Production)
Dodi Whole Plant
14. Ferula foetida Asafoetida Relives gastroenteritis Heeng Exduate
15. Embelia ribs Babreng Antiflatulence; appetizer; digestant
Vayvidang
Fruits
16. Cuminum cyminum Cumin Antiflatulence; appetizer; digestant
Jeera Fruits
HERBS USED FOR AILMENT AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT DISEASES OF CATTLE CONTD S.no Latin Name English
NameVet Use Urdu
Name Part Used
17. Tinospora cardifolia Tinospora Aphrodisiac; appetizer; digestant
Gudachi Stem
18. Zingiber officinale Ginger Antiflatulence; appetizer; digestant
Adrak Rhizome
19. Terminalia bellerica Beleric my robalan
Antiflatulence; appetizer; digestant
Baheda Fruit Pulp
20. Emblica officinalis Indian Gooseberry
Antiflatulence; appetizer; digestant Immuno-modulator
Amla Fruit Pulp
21 Tribulus terrestris Calotrops root
Antiflatulence; appetizer; digestant
Gokhru Root
22. Piper longum Long Pepper
Antiflatulence; appetizer; digestant
Lindi Pepper
Fruit
23. Allium sativum Garlic Wound Healing Lehsun Tuber
24. Centella Asiatica Indian Penny Wort
Wound healing; anxiolytic; memory enhancer
Brahmibuti
Whole Plant
25. Annona squamosa Custard apple
Wound healing; foot and mouth diseases
Sitafal Leaves
HERBS USED FOR AILMENT AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT DISEASES OF CATTLE CONTD S.no Latin Name English
NameVet Use Urdu
Name Part Used
26. Adhatoda vasica Malabar nut
Wound healing; pneumonia
Adusa Leaves andWhole Plant
27. Moringa oleifera Drumstick tree
Wound healing; antiinflammatory; antipyretic
Sahjana
Seeds
28. Aloe Vera Aloe Wound healing; gastritis Guar Patha
Leaf Pulp
29. Curcma longa Turmeric Wound Healing Haldi Rihizom
30. Aegle marmelos Bael, Bengal quince
Wound healing; antinflammatory; antipyretic; antidiarrhoea
Bael Leaves
31. Ocimum sanctum Holi basil Wound healing; anxiolytic; immuomodulator; adaptogen (antistressor)
Tulsi Leaves
32. Azadiracta indica Margosa tree
Wound healing; lice killing; skin disease
Neem Leaves
33. Acacia Arabica Gum ArabicTree
Foot and Mouth disease Kikar Pod
HERBS USED FOR AILMENT AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT DISEASES OF CATTLE CONTD
S.no Latin Name English Name
Vet Use Urdu Name
Part Used
34. Coriandrum satvum L
Coriander Foot and Mouth Disease Dhania
Whole Plant
35. Momordica chanantia L
Bitter Gourd
Maggotted Wounds Karela Fruit Juice
36. Sesamum indicum L
Sesame Retention of Placenta Till Seed
37. Morinda tomentosa Heynees Roth
Indian Mulberry Tree
Timpany Toot Bark Infusion
38. Luffa acutangula (l) Ridge Gourd
Unripe fruit is used against bowel diseas of domestic fowl
Kalitori
Fruit
39. Luffa aegyptiaca Sponge Gourd
Unripe fruit is used against bowel diseas of domestic fowl
Ghia tori
Fruit
40. Mentha longifolia (L.
Mint Crushed roots are boiled in water and then given to cattle in case diarrhea and for low body temperature (charmaikh)
Pudina
Roots
HERBS USED FOR AILMENT AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT DISEASES OF CATTLE CONTD
S.no Latin Name English Name Vet Use Urdu Name
Part Used
41. Nicotiana rustica L. Tobacco The extract of leaves is externally rubbed on the body to remove the ticks and ectoparasites found in cattle
Tamako Leaves
42. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb Delbegia Crushed bark formula given along with paste of flour as remedy for the abdominal pain.
Sheesham
Bark
43. Mallotus philippensis -- The crushed fruits are used to increase body temperature (charmaikh)
Kambela
Fruits
44. Ziziphus marutiana Jujuba Sunburn Beer Leaf
45.
46.
47.