Types of Memory
• Declarative Memory Facts & Events Memories can be talked about Demonstrated by recall or recognition
• Procedural Memory Skilled behavior Memories can not be talked about Demonstrated by action
Types of Declarative Memory
• Episodic Memory Memory for events Events that occur at a specific time and place Autobiographical memories
• Semantic Memory Knowledge Meanings of words, math facts, geography facts Abstract – not tied to personal experiences
Memory ProcessesMemory Processes
SensoryMemory
Working Memory(includes short-term memory)
Long-TermMemory
Sensory Memory
• Iconic Memory Memory for visual information
• Echoic Memory Memory for auditory information
Performance on Whole and Partial Report Tasks
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Working Memory
• Central Executive similar to Short-Term Memory
• Phonological Loop acoustic, speech-based information disrupted by speaking disrupted by listening to irrelevant speech
• Visuospatial Sketchpad representation of images disrupted by visual processing
Long Term Memory
• “Permanent” or very long duration memories
• Importance of encoding & retrieval processes for storage in LTM levels of processingencoding specificity importance of distinctive retrieval cues
Application: Improving Study Skills
• Depth of processingProcess Deeply Use elaborative rehearsal instead of rote rehearsal
• Organize the material Form connections among to-be-remembered information Organization can act as a retrieval cue Form connections to existing knowledge
• Metamemory Evaluate your knowledge with self-tests Give additional study to items you have trouble recalling
Application: Eyewitness Memory
• Memory as a reconstruction Memory is not like a video or photograph
• Influence of prior knowledge Role of schemas and scripts in eyewitness recall
• Influence of postevent information Distortions introduced by biased wording of questions Distortion introduced by exposure to new information
• Influence of inferences Distortions introduced by leading questions