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Merging of Two Rivers
Christianity and Hinduism
Fr. Joseph P. Chacko, M.A., L.P.C, B.C.CChaplain, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Learning ObjectivesThe participants will be able understand
• Who is a Hindu?• The differences between Popular Hinduism and
Scriptural Hinduism• The Great Two Epics: Ramayana & Maha-
Bharatha• Vedas and Vedantas• Inculturation and Eastern attempts• Indianization and Western attempts
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River Ganges and River Jordan
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Water = H2O
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Hinduism and Christianity
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Can HINDUISM merge with CHRISTIANITY?
Can CHRISTIANITY merge with HINDUISM?
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Two Types of Religions
Natural Religions
• Hinduism• Buddhism• Paganism• Tribal Religions• Confucianism
Religions Revealed• Judaism• Christianity• Islam
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A Point Where the Creator and the Creature Meet
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Hinduism
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Other Names for Hinduism
• Sanadhana Dharma = Eternal Religion
• Manava Dharma = Religion of Humanity
• Arya Dharma = Noble Religion
• Vaidiki Dharma = Religion of Knowledge
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Who Is A Hindu?
• Comes from the Persian language. Referred to the people who lived in the other side of River Indus or Sindu (Indus, presently in Pakistan).
• Anyone in India, who is not a Christian, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi (Zoroastrian), and Jew.
• Strictly speaking, though tribels are not Hindus, they are also considered as Hindus.
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Who Is A Hindu?
One who believes in the supremacy of VEDAS and lives in accordance with DHARMA.
(Dharma = righteousness: good moral and ethical practices in accordance with the Vedas/scriptures).
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Major Hindus Scriptures (Texts)• PURANAS – Ancient stories• VEDAS – Knowledge (Four Vedas)• UPANISHADS – END OF VEDAS –
Philosophical Discourses • ITHIHASA - Epics • JOTHISHA- Astrology• CHARAKA SAMHITA – AYURVEDA – Medical
Science
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Two Forms of HinduismPopular Hinduism• Two great epics:
Ramayana & Mahabharatha
• Puranas (Old Stories)• Polytheism• Gods and Goddesses
Scriptural Hinduism• Vedas• Upanishads• Monotheistic • Philosophical
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Popular Hinduism
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Devas (Suras) & Asuras
• Benevolent super human beings
• Shining beings• Live in heaven
• Malevolent super human beings
• Forces of evil• Live in Pathala
(Nether world)
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God Can Appear to Humans in Multiple Names and Forms (Eshwar)
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TRIMOORTHIS: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
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AvatarsWhenever there is decayof righteousness O! BharathaAnd a rise of unrighteousnessthen I manifest Myself!
For the protection of the good,for the destruction of the wicked andfor the establishment of righteousness,I am born in every age (Gita IV:7-8)
The purpose of Avatar is to establish order.
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Brahma & Saraswati
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Vishnu & Lakshmi
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SHIVA & Parvathi (DURGA)
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Two Sects
• SHIVISM (Shivites)
• Worshipers of Lord Shiva
• Mainly in South India
• Vaishavism (Vaishanavites)
• Worshipers of Lord Vishnu
• Mainly in North India
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Two Great Epics
Ramayana Mahabharatha
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Scriptural Hinduism
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Four Vedas
• Rig-veda – Praises • Sama-veda- Melodies • Yajur-veda - Sacrifices• Adarva-veda – Occult?• Ayur-veda = Health (upaveda)
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Upanishids (Vedantas)Brahman & Atman
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Brahman & Atman
• Brahman = God• No Beginning,
No End• Omni Potent• Omni Present
• Atman = Soul • Inside of the
creature• Eternal (body is
mortal, soul is eternal)
• Can enter into other forms (rebirth)
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Advaita Vedanta
• God (Brhaman) is One• If you are experiencing Brahman in
duality, it is because of ignorance (avidya)
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Brahman & Eshwar
• Eshwar is the personification of Brahman• Can come in different forms (The reason for
Polytheism)• Can be a lover, protector, family deity, a holy
man/woman, animal• It is a personal God
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Four Castes
• Brahmins – Priests
• Kshatriyas – Warriors
• Vaisias - Working class/business class
• Shudras – Subservient
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Four Goals of Life
• Dharma ( Righteousness, Duty)• Ardha ( Security)• Kama (Enjoyment)• Moksha (Heaven, Liberation)
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Four Core Principles
• Dharma = Individual ethics, duties and obligations
• Samsara= Life in the world (cycle of action, reaction, birth, death, and rebirth)
• Karma = Personal (right) actions (moral law of cause and effect)
• Moksha= Salvation
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Four Stages of Life
• Brahmacharya = Learning• Gruhastashrama = Household affairs• Vanaprastha = Retirement • Sanyasa = Renunciation
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Four Ways to Attain Moksha (Salvation, Heaven)
• BHAKTI MARGA (Path of devotion)• KARMA MARGA (Path of dutiful actions)• JNANA MARGA (Path of knowledge –
Vedas –ability to know what is real vs. illusion)
• YOGA MARGA (Controlling of mind-consciousness
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Bodhi sathva Enlightened Self
Yogi
Yoga = Practice
Union
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Are we able to see Jesus out of his Semitic identity?
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Jesus: the Bodhisattva (Enlightened Being)
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Inculturation
The word became flesh and dwelt among us. (John 1:14)
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Muslim Attempt
Akbar the Great (1542-1602) His Contribution
• Included Hindus and Christians in his court
• Din-i-illahi = Divine faith : Faith derived form the teachings of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, Jainism and Zoroastrianism.
• Practiced religious tolerance
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Socio-Religious-Political Condition
• Hinduism and Islam• British rule• English education, religion, and philosophy.• Caste system, Sati, situation of women,
Brahmanic supremacy. • Contributions of Christianity to Europe
(Protestant reformation) • Anti-colonial attitude
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• Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772 -1833)
• Father of Modern India
• Founder of Brahmo Samaj
• Assembly of worshipers of Brahman
• The (nameless) unsearchable Eternal, Immutable Being who is the Author and Preserver of the Universe
• To abolish caste system, dowry, sati
• For the emancipation of women
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Indianization (Hindu) Attempts
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• Kesabu Chandra Sen (1838-1884)
• Embraced Christianthinking, ideas and even British rule
• “New Dispensation” (integrating Christian and Hindu religions)
• Jesus Christ, Europe and Asia (1866)
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• Sadhu Sundhar Singh(1889 –ca.1929)
• Converted from Sikhism to Christianity (Anglican) at the age of 16.
• ‘Christianity could not penetrate India unless it was in an Indian way’
• He became a Sadhu (Mendicant).
• Though he joined an Anglican seminary, he left the seminary for not willing to wear western clerical dress
• Indian Christian mysticism
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A J Appaswamy (1891-1971)
• Bishop of Church of South India
• His father converted to Christianity
• Studied yoga and mystical practices and mingled Hindu practices with Christian belief.
• 1915 came to USA –Harvard University
K C Banerjee (1847 – 1902)
• Converted to Anglicanism
• Founder of Christo Samaj
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Manilal C Parekh (1885 – 1967)
• Converted to Anglicanism
• Hindu Church of Christ
• Jesus-Yogi (Born as Yogi)
• A Hindu Disciple of Christ (Christian- Hindu)
• Published in 1943 “A Hindu’s Portrait of Jesus Christ”
P. Chenchiah (1886-1959)
• Converted to Christianity
• Judge in Madras Presidency
• Founded Madras Christo Samaj
• Spoke against Western Christian Theology
• 1938 “Rethinking Christianity in India”
• Influenced by Teilhard de Chardin and Sri Aurobindo Ghosh
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Inculturation (Catholic) Attempts
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• Roberto de Nobili S.J. (1577-1656)
• 1605 Arrived in Goa
• Moved to Madurai and started to live and dress like a Hindu sannyasin
• He used Hindu rituals, Indian customs, local languages for Christian ceremonies
• He was vehemently opposed by fellow missionaries
• Pope Gregory XV sanctioned his reforms
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• Fr. Bede Griffith.OSB (1906 -1993)
• Received the name Swami Dayananda
• Convert from Anglicanism
• Became a Benedictine Monk
• Came to India• One of the founders of
Christian Ashram Movement
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• Henry Le Saux (1910 -1973)
• Benedictine monk• Became Abhishiktananda• Co-founder of
Sachidananda Ashram• Indian-Ashram movement.
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• Fr. Reymondo Panicker. S.J (1918-2010)
• "I left Europe [for India] as a Christian, I discovered I was a Hindu and returned as a Buddhist without ever having ceased to be Christian”.
• The Unknown Christ of Hinduism (1964)
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• Fr. Amalorpavadas (1932 -1990)
• Founder of Anjali Ashram, Mysore
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Some Vedic Prayers
• Om Loka samastha sughino bhavanthu = May all the world be happy
• From the unreal lead me to realFrom darkness lead me to light From death lead me to immortality
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Some Great ThoughtsEvam sathyam vipra bahutha vadanti = The truth is one, wise men talk about it differently.
Aham Brahmasmi = I am God or I am part of God.
Antharayamin = God who is inside.Isavasyam idam Sarvam = God dwells
everywhere.God is Satchidananda = Existence, intellect
and happiness