Metabolism of lipids - exercise -
Vladimra Kvasnicov Choose compounds counting among lipids
fatty acids and glycerol triacylglycerols and phospholipids ketone
bodies cholesterol Choose compounds counting among lipids
fatty acids and glycerol TAG and phospholipids ketone bodies
cholesterol Aceton The fiugure is from the book: Devlin, T. M.
(editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th
ed. WileyLiss, Inc., NewYork, ISBN0471154512 Free Fatty Acids = FFA
a hydrophobic hydrocarbon sceleton predominates
The figure is found at(Jan 2007) a hydrophobic hydrocarbon sceleton
predominates
The figure is found at(Jan 2007) Lipoproteins contain a
phospholipid bilayer on their surface
free cholesterol in their core triacylglycerols in their core
surface proteins having a role of ligands,which can bind to
receptors of target cells Lipoproteins contain a phospholipid
bilayer on their surface
free cholesterol in their core triacylglycerols in their core
surface proteins having a role of ligands,which can bind to
receptors of target cellsother functions: apoproteins activate
enzymes metabolizinglipoproteins, or they have a structural
function lipids are transported in a form of lipoproteins in
blood
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid
disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990. Choose
correct statements about a transport of lipids in blood
triacylglycerols are transfered mainly bychylomicrons and VLDL free
fatty acids are bound to albumin cholesterol is transfered mainly
by HDLand LDL ketone bodies do not need a transportprotein Choose
correct statements about a transport of lipids in blood
triacylglycerols are transfered mainly bychylomicrons and VLDL free
fatty acids are bound to albumin cholesterol is transfered mainly
by HDLand LDL ketone bodies do not need a transportprotein The
figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid
disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990. The
figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid
disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990. The
figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid
disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990. The
figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid
disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990. The
figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid
disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990. The
figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid
disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990. The
figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S. M
The figure was accepted from the book: Grundy, S.M.: Atlas of lipid
disorders, unit 1. Gower Medical Publishing, New York, 1990.
Releasing of free fatty acids from TAG of fatty tissue
and their followed transport to target cells The figure is found
at(Jan 2007) Choose correct statements about properties of
lipoproteins
chylomicrons are formed in enterocytes VLDL conteins the apoC-II -
an activatorof a lipoprotein lipase apoproteins A (apoA) are
specific for LDL HDL transfers cholesterol from the liverto
extrahepatic tissues Choose correct statements about properties of
lipoproteins
chylomicrons are formed in enterocytes VLDL conteins the apoC-II -
an activatorof a lipoprotein lipase apoproteins A (apoA) are
specific for LDL HDL transfers cholesterol from the liverto
extrahepatic tissues important apoproteins
Lipoproteins type source principal lipids important apoproteins
they transport: chylo- microns intestine TAG B-48, C-II, E TAG from
a diet to various tissues CHM remnants chylo- microns (CHM)
cholesterol, TAG, phospholipids B-48, E remnants of chylomicrons to
the liver VLDL liver C-II, B-100 newly synthetized TAG to other
tissues IDL cholesterol, TAG, phospholip. B-100 VLDL remnants to
other tissues LDL cholesterol cholesterol to extrahepat. tissues
HDL cholesterol, phospholipids, store of apoprot. A-I, E, C-II
cholesterol from tissues back to the liver Lipases catalyze
cleavage of fatty acids
catalyze cleavage of cholesterol esters are found on the inner
surface of bloodvessels are found in the adipose tissue Lipases
catalyze cleavage of fatty acids
catalyze cleavage of cholesterol esters are found on the inner
surface of bloodvessels= lipoprotein lipase are found in the
adipose tissue = hormone sensitive lipase Lipases name source
location of its action function properties
acid stable lipase stomach hydrolysis of TAG composed of short
chain fatty acids stability in low pH pancreatic lipase pancreas
small intestine hydrolysis of TAG to 2 fatty acids
and2-monoacylglycerol needs pancreatic colipase lipoprotein lipase
extra- hepatic tissues inner surface of blood vessels hydrolysis of
TAGfound in VLDL and chylomicrons activated byapoC-II hormon
sensitive lipase adipocytes cytoplasm of adipocytes hydrolysis of
reserve triacylglycerols activated by phosphory-lation acidic
lipase various tissues lysosomes acidic pH-optimum Regulation of
lipolysis
regulatory enzyme activation inhibition hormone sensitive lipase
(in adipocytes) catecholamines, glucagon (phosphorylation) insulin
prostaglandins lipoprotein lipase (inner surface of blood vessels)
apolipoprotein C-II(apoC-II) Fatty acids can contain double
bonds
are found in the fatty tissue in theiresterified form are found in
membrane phospholipids can be converted to ketone bodies Fatty
acids can contain double bonds
are found in the fatty tissue in theiresterified form as
triacylglycerols (TAG) are found in membrane phospholipids can be
converted to ketone bodies -oxidation of fatty acids
proceeds in a mitochondrion produces oxidized forms of coenzymes
proceeds in a nervous tissue as well is regulated on the level of
FFA transportinto the mitochondrion -oxidation of fatty acids
proceeds in a mitochondrion produces oxidized forms of coenzymes
proceeds in a nervous tissue as well is regulated on the level of
FFA transportinto the mitochondrion carnitine transporter
-oxidation of fatty acids (1 cycle)
The figure is found at(Jan 2007) Carnitine acyltransferase
is activated by malonyl-CoA transfers the molecule of acyl-CoA into
themitochondrion transfers acyls of the maximal length of 18carbons
transfers carnitin out of the mitoch. matrix Carnitine
acyltransferase
is activated by malonyl-CoA transfers the molecule of acyl-CoA into
themitochondrion transfers acyls of the maximal length of 18carbons
transfers carnitin out of the mitoch. matrix regulatory enzyme
activation inhibition carnitin palmitoyltransferase I (carnitin
acyltransferase) malonyl-CoA (= intermediate of FA synthesis)
Transport of fatty acids into a mitochondrion CARNITINE
TRANSPORTER
cytoplasm Transport of fatty acids into a mitochondrion CARNITINE
TRANSPORTER The figure was adopted from the book: Devlin, T. M.
(editor): Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 4th
ed. WileyLiss, Inc., NewYork, ISBN0471154512 Acetyl-CoA generated
by -oxidation can be
oxidized in a citrate cycle transformed to ketone bodies
transformed to glucose used in a cholesterol synthesis Acetyl-CoA
generated by -oxidation can be
oxidized in a citrate cycle transformed to ketone bodies
transformed to glucose !!! used in a cholesterol synthesis
Acetyl-CoA can not be converted to pyruvate:pyruvate dehydrogenase
reaction is irreversible. Ketone bodies can be used as an energy
substrate for the liver
are formed in various tissues can be transformed to glucose can be
oxidized to CO2 and water Ketone bodies can be used as an energy
substrate for the liver
are formed in various tissues can be transformed to glucose !!! can
be oxidized to CO2 and water Ketone bodies synthesis (=
ketogenesis)
proceeds if -oxidation is ounly in the liver: mitochondria
Acetyl-CoA OH The figure is found at(Jan 2007) Regulation of
ketogenesis
regulatory enzyme activation inhibition hormon sensitive lipase
(lipolysis in fatty tissue) ratio glucagon / insulin catecholamines
ratio insulin / glucagon carnitine acyltransferase I (transfer of
fatty acids into mitochondria) malonyl-Co A ratioinsulin / glucagon
Ketone bodies degradation (oxidation)
proceeds during starvation in extrahepatic tissues as an
alternative energy source (in a brain as well) Citrate cycle The
figure is found at(Jan 2007) Fatty acid synthesis proceeds in a
mitochondrion
starts by the reaction:acetyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA acatoacetyl-CoA +
CoA needs NADPH+H+ as a coenzyme includes the reaction order:
dehydrogenation,hydration, dehydrogenation, cleavage Fatty acid
synthesis proceeds in a mitochondrion
starts by the reaction:acetyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA acatoacetyl-CoA +
CoA needs NADPH+H+ as a coenzyme includes the reaction order:
dehydrogenation,hydration, dehydrogenation, cleavageit is the
reaction order of -oxidation in a cytoplasm: = key regulatory
enzyme activated carbon catalyzed by fatty acid synthase
(cytoplasm)
Fatty acid synthesis (1 cycle) catalyzed by fatty acid synthase
(cytoplasm) The figure is found at(Jan 2007) Transport of
acetyl-CoA from a mitochondrion to the cytoplasm
FA synthesis NADPH from pentose cycle The figure is found at(Jan
2007) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
is found in a cytoplasm catalyzes conversion of acetyl-CoA
tooxaloacetate is activated by citrate is activated by insulin
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
is found in a cytoplasm catalyzes conversion of acetyl-CoA
tooxaloacetate is activated by citrate is activated by insulin
Regulation of fatty acid synthesis
regulatory enzyme activation inhibition acetyl CoA carboxylase (key
enzyme) citrate insulin low-fat, energy rich high saccharide diet
(induction) acyl-CoA (C16- C18) glucagon(phosphorylation,
repression) lipid rich diet, starvation(repression) fatty acid
synthase phosphorylated saccharides glucagon (phosphorylation,
repression) Triacylglycerol synthesis
proceeds in a mitochondrion is catalyzed by lipase starts from
glycerol-3-phosphate includes phosphatidic acid as an intermediate
Triacylglycerol synthesis
proceeds in a mitochondrion is catalyzed by lipase starts from
glycerol-3-phosphate includes phosphatidic acid as an intermediate
Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols
The figure is found at(Jan 2007) Regulation of TAG metabolism
regulatory enzyme activation inhibition phosphatidic acid
phosphatase steroid hormones (induction) lipoprotein lipase
(important for storage of TAG in a fatty tissue) insulin
apolipoprotein C-II Cholesterol synthesis
starts from acetyl-CoA includes the same intermediate
asketogenesis: HMG-CoA includes phosphoderivatives of isoprene
asintermediates is inhibited by cholesterol Cholesterol
synthesis
starts from acetyl-CoA includes the same intermediate
asketogenesis: HMG-CoA includes phosphoderivatives of isoprene
asintermediates is inhibited by cholesterol Biosynthesis of
cholesterol
regulatory enzyme The figure is found at(Jan 2007) activated
isoprene: two frorms
The figure is found at(Jan 2007) cholesterol synthesis
ketone bodies The figure is found at(Jan 2007) Regulation of
cholesterol synthesis
regulatory enzyme activation inhibition HMG-CoA reductase insulin,
thyroxine (induction) cholesterol glucagon (repression) oxosterols
(repression) Cholesterol can be degraded to acetyl-CoA
incorporated to cellular membrane esterified by a fatty acid
transformed to bile acids Cholesterol can be degraded to acetyl-CoA
!!! it is not degraded
incorporated to cellular membrane esterified by a fatty acid
transformed to bile acids Phospholipids have an amphipatic
structure are found in lipoproteins
contain saturated fatty acids only always contain glycerol
Phospholipids have an amphipatic structure are found in
lipoproteins
contain saturated fatty acids only always contain glycerol
Structure of phospholipid
often unsaturated The figure is found at(Jan 2007) Structure of
lipids The figure is found at(Jan 2007) sphingosine ceramide =
amide formed from sphingosine and fatty acid
The figure is found at(Jan 2007) Degradation of phospholipids
(hydrolysis) The figure is found at(Jan 2007) Glycolipids always
contein a ceramide are found on the cell surface
have an amphipatic structure are synthetized in a cytoplasm
Glycolipids always contein a ceramide are found on the cell
surface
have an amphipatic structure are synthetized in a cytoplasm