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Receiving my award as research presenterin Mahidol University, Thailand
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Descriptive research • about the description and
characteristics of an existing
phenomenon, a problem,
issue or certain situation,designed to provide
systematic information
regarding them
•
in a descriptive research, thehypotheses is not indicated ,
but is likely develop after
collecting data (Friedmann,
!!"# $outhwold, !!"%
• the collected data are often&uantitative and some
statistical techni&ues are
usually used to summarise
the information'
Ma)or Research Designs
GI Forest!
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*+ploratory research
• the researcher e+plores a setting,
a social phenomenon, an issue or acertain social situation' t is
conducted when there are few or
no earlier studies to which
references can be made for
information
• aims to look for patterns, ideas or
hypotheses rather than testing or
confirming a hypothesis' Therefore,
the researcher does not begin with
a hypothesis in his design
(Friedmann, !!"# $outhwold, !!"%
• focus on gaining insights and
familiarity with the sub)ect area for
more rigorous investigation later
On the issue of herbal
medicine
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*+planatory or analytical research• begins with ideas about the
possible causes of a certain
phenomenon, e' g', the researcher
develops hypotheses beforecollecting any data' The researcher
then plans a study that can provide
systematic evidence supporting (or
not supporting% these initial ideas
about cause'
• a continuation of descriptive
research where the researcher
goes beyond merely describing the
characteristics, to analyse and
e+plain why or how something is
happening' Thus, analytical
research aims to understand
phenomena by discovering and
measuring causal relations among
them'
Find out the efectivity o thedrug.
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-redictive research
•
goes further by forecasting thelikelihood of a similar situation
occurring elsewhere' t aims to
generalise from the analysis by
predicting certain phenomenon on
the basis of hypothesised general
relationships
• provides .how/, .why/, and .where/
answers to current events as well
as to similar events in the future' t
is also helpful in situations where.0hat if1/ &uestions are being
asked'
Market trend ater the bombingincidence
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$trategies can be further defined and differentiated based on these
three conditions2• type of the research &uestion posed• e+tent of control of the researcher over the behavioural
situation of the study, and• degree of focus whether contemporary or not
Strategy Form of
research
question
Researcher’s
control over
behavioural
event
Focus
whether
contemporary
or not
Experiment How, why yes yes
Survey Who, what,
where, how
much, how many
no yes
Document /archival analysis
Who, what,where, how
much, how many
no yes or no
History How, why no no
ase stu!y How, why no yes
Note: The ‘what’ question when asked as part of the exploratory, pertains to all five strategies.
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f the research &uestion focuses more on .what/ &uestion, either of the
two possibilities arise, that .what/ &uestions are e+ploratory, such as,.0hat are the best ways in which an effective school is operated1/ The
goal here is to come up with pertinent hypothesis and propositions
for further in&uiry' 3ut, in an e+ploratory design, any of the five
strategies can be used4for e+ample, an e+ploratory survey, an
e+ploratory e+periment, or an e+ploratory case study'
The second type of .what/ &uestion is usually a form of a .how many/
or .how much/ line of in&uiry' For e+ample2 .0hat have been the
outcomes of a particular supervisory strategy that was implemented
by Dep*d1/ or .0hat have been the results of the application of anti5
malarial measures to the communities in the hinterlands1/ dentifyingthe outcomes more likely favour a survey type of strategy or an
archival strategy'
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n contrast, .how/ and .why/ &uestions can be more explanatory and
likely lead to the use of case studies, histories and e+perimental
strategies, when such &uestions deals with operational links that needto be traced over time' $ay for e+ample2
6ow the people in the marginalised sectors cope with the increasing
prices of basic commodities1 6ere, you can look on their strategies or
their coping mechanisms to meet both ends'
7nother e+ample is2 0hy do the people in the hinterlands ofMarindu&ue have lower incidence of heart diseases1
The two given &uestions above can also lead to exploratory case
studies or historical analysis'
$imilarly, if you wanted to know .what/ would be the outcomes of a new
agricultural policy, you may engage in a predictive survey with the
farmers'
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8evels of understanding theresearch work to be pursued
-hilosophical level
-urpose and categorical level
-rocess or approach level
Methodological level
Design 9
strategical levels
What is yourguidingphilosophy? o
do youunderstand" #
What is your researchgoal$ your researchproblem? What is thepresent understandinglevel about yourresearch idea?
What is the right approachin pursuing the posted%uestion in relation to yourguiding principle and goal?
With the posted %uestion$ hatis the best researchmethodology you ill ollo?
&o that you decided on themethodology that you ill ollo$ hat speci'c designs and strategies you ill apply in doing the research
pro(ect?
$pecific
steps
)elineate the steps based onthe cited design and strategies
-ositivism, -ost5-ositivism, -ost5Modernism, nterpretivism, etc'
3asic, 7pplied, *valuation, :rientational, 7ction
;ualitative, ;uantitative, Mi+ed
Descriptive, *+planatory, etc'
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Let us go through the discussed topics before going to the
next one! Here are some of the realities where you canlink the concepts that we discussed. This is my style of
doing a ‘braincheck to my students. "ome up with a
research #uestion on the given pictures and discuss the
philosophical, categorical, process or approach and
design and strategical levels needed to do the researchwork.
8/16/2019 Methods of Research Chapter 5 Research Designs
11/20$nvasion of the %th kind&The Homo computeros!
8/16/2019 Methods of Research Chapter 5 Research Designs
12/20Home is where life is!
8/16/2019 Methods of Research Chapter 5 Research Designs
13/20'triving to learn despite of humiliation!
8/16/2019 Methods of Research Chapter 5 Research Designs
14/20(o play, no school!
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"aught in the web of
war) $n search for
parents
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*rief and tears!
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+aith or
restige-
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The rise of the
bullies!
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(o home, no parents) The nobodys child
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Thank you for
your
:uch< These .brain checks/
give me headache