Microprocessors
Chapter 1
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Objectives
Discuss the working of microprocessor Discuss the various interfaces of microprocessor List the types of microprocessors Discuss the evolution of microprocessors List the different microprocessor designs Install the microprocessor Configure the microprocessor for overclocking Upgrade the microprocessor Identify the problems related to microprocessor
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Microprocessor
Is a chip
Has transistors built into it
Has cache to store information
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Working of the Microprocessor
Accepts data Processes data Stores data Sends output data
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Speed of Microprocessor
Depends on number of instructions it processes
Bandwidth (32/64 bit)Clock speed (GHz)Number of transistors built into it
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Multitasking/Multiprocessing
Multitasking means the processor time is divided into no. of tasks
Enables the processor to run multiple program simultaneously
Reduces the processor idle time Multiprocessing means parallel processing used for
simultaneously running more than one process by multiple processing units
Each processing unit runs independently and may or may not have individual cache memory
Most effective when used with application software
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Question for GD Time Limit – 5 Mins
What is multitasking and multiprocessing?
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Interface of Microprocessor
Explain different types of bus.Steps followed by the microprocessor to
interface with a device:• Checks the status of the device.• Requests the device for transferring data.• The device sends the data request to the
microprocessor.• The microprocessor sends the required data to the
device.
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FSB/BSB
FSB interfaces between the L2 cache on processor to the north bridge of motherboard
Also known as system bus or memory bus Speed at which CPU communicates with RAM BSB interfaces between L1 cache on processor
with L2 cache BSB is faster than FSB
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Operating Voltage of Microprocessor
Lowering the operating voltage decreases the power consumption
Less power consumption, system is less expensive to run and more battery life
Less voltage of the equipment generates less heat Processors that run cooler give better performance Operating voltage range is 1.2 to 2.5V
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Practical
Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no. 1 in the text book:
• To know different specifications of a processor.
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Types of microprocessor - I
Based on the number of instructions built into it, they can be classified as:• Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) –
Many instructions built into it which saves processing time for performing tasks otherwise it has to be retrieved from RAM.
• However it affects the performance of the microprocessor because more time is taken to process the instruction and also the space available on the microprocessor for processing reduces.
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Types of microprocessor - II
Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) – Have limited instructions built into it which requires few transistors to be built into the microprocessor.
Saves the space in the microprocessor and cheaper as compared to CISC processor.
This processor is favorable for scientific purposes where limited instructions are required
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Question for GD Time Limit – 2 Mins
What is the difference between CISC and RISC based processor and what is the application of CISC and RISC based processor?
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Microprocessors Timeline
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Intel Pentium Microprocessor
Designed to work with everyday applications• Word processors• Spreadsheets• Multimedia applications • Games
Versions• Pentium I• Pentium II• Pentium III• Pentium IV
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Pentium I
Released in 1993First chip from the fifth generation of
microprocessorsHas a 5-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions to perform multiple calculations simultaneously
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Pentium II
Released in 1997Available on a daughter card that has L2
cacheHas a 14-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions
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Pentium III
Released in 1999Has a unique Processor Serial Number
(PSN) embedded in the chipHas a 10-stage data pipeline for executing
instructionsHas 70 more instructions built into it which
enhances processing of graphical information
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Pentium IV
Released in 2000 Enables to work with
applications that require a lot of processing such as digital photography
Has a 20-stage data pipeline for executing instructions
Also available in the following editions:• Hyper-Threading (HT)
• HT Extreme
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Intel Celeron
Cheaper and economicalUsed for running applications that do not
require a lot of processingSmaller cache size, clock speed and bus
speed is also lessCeleron D processor has 256 KB L2 cache,
533 MHz FSB and uses LGA775 socket
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Hyper Threading (HT)
Developed by Intel, hyper threading enables a single processor to work as two logically different processors.
A single code of execution is known as thread. In HT technology two threads from different
programs can be executed by the processor at a time.
This technology works only when two processes with high requirement are running, such as a video editing tool and an antivirus.
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Intel’s New Features
Speed Step Technology – Known as Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST) which allows the system to dynamically adjust processor voltage and core frequency.
Execute Disable Bit - An Intel hardware-based security feature that can help reduce system exposure to viruses and malicious code.
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Intel Core2Duo
Deliver faster performance, greater energy efficiency, and more responsive multitasking.
Processors built with Intel's unique 45nm technology offer excellent performance as well as unique energy-saving features that help PCs meet ENERGY STAR requirements.
Get the best overall performance with Intel Core2 Duo processor which includes up to 6MB of shared L2 cache and up to 1333 MHz FSB.
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Difference between Dual Core & Core2Duo - I
Dual core is simply a generic term referring to any processor package with two physical CPUs in one.
Pentium D is simply two Pentium 4 Prescott cpus inefficiently paired together and ran as dual core.
Core Duo is Intel's first generation dual core processor based upon the Pentium M made mostly for laptops and is much more efficiently than Pentium D. Intel Dual Core Processors are just launched striped down version of Core 2 Duos.
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Difference between Dual Core & Core2Duo - II
The Core 2 Duo is Intel's second generation (hence, Core 2) processor made for desktops and laptops designed from the ground up to be fast while not consuming nearly as much power as previous CPUs. The Core 2 Duo has two cores inside a single physical package.
Actual Difference between both Process is about Load Balancing. DUAL CORE have two Processors in Series both working at same time. while CORE 2 DUO have two Parallel Processors which share the load. If one processor heats up then it transfers load to next processor.
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Intel Core2Quad
Latest four-core Intel Core 2 Quad processors are built on 45nm Intel Core microarchitecture enabling faster, cooler, and quieter desktop PC and workstation experiences.
With optional Intel vPro technology, you have the ability to remotely isolate, diagnose, and repair infected desktop and mobile workstations wirelessly even if the PC is off, or the OS is unresponsive.
With four processing cores, up to 12MB of shared L2 cache and 1333 MHz Front Side Bus.
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Intel Centrino Mobile Technology
Released in the year 2003Uses the SSE instruction setHas 2 MB L2 cache and supports USB 2.0The components that constitute this
technology are:• Intel Pentium M Processor• Intel 855 chipset family• Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 Network connection
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Intel Pentium M
Small in sizeConsumes less energy and prolongs the
battery lifeUsed in
• Laptops • Notebook computers
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Intel Atom
Intel's smallest processor, built with the world's smallest transistors and manufactured on Intel's industry-leading 45nm technology.
Was purpose-built for simple, affordable, netbooks and nettops.
Targeted performance for a good online experience. They are rugged and compact in design, and offer
the freedom and flexibility of wireless connectivity.
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Intel’s Nehalem Architecture
Includes a four core design with two separate QPI (Quick Path Interconnect) links and large L3 cache in relation to the rest of the chip.
Now with the Nehalem design, Intel can easily create a range of processors from 1 core to 8 cores depending on the application and market demands.
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Core i3 Processor
Supports hyper threading technology. Include three models for desktop
processors: i3-530, i3-540 and i3-550. Speed of these four models ranges from
2.93 GHz to 3.2 GHz. Consist of two cores with four threads. Includes 4MB of Intel smart cache and
based on 32nm microarchitecture.
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Core i5/i7 Processor
Core i5 processor includes turbo boost technology, which enables processor to adjust with user’s computing need.
Speed of core i5 processor models ranges from 1.06 GHz to 3.46 GHz which includes 4MB and 8MB smart cache.
Intel’s Core i7 processors include a new processor, new CPU socket, new memory architecture, new chipset, new motherboards and new over clocking methods.
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New Intel Features - I
Intel turbo boost technology - Allows processor cores to run faster than the base operating frequency if it's operating below power, current, and temperature specification limits.
Smart cache - A multi-core optimized cache that significantly reduces latency to frequently used data, thus improving performance and efficiency
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New Intel Features - II
Virtualization - Virtualization is a technology used to run multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine. Each virtual machine running on a single physical machine sharing the resources of the same machine which reduces the power and cooling requirements.
Intel 64 Technology - Intel 64 technology allows the processor to run newly written 64 bit code and allows to access large amount of memory. • Used in Pentium 4, Pentium D, Core 2 processors, core i3, i5
and i7 processors etc.
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Group Activity Time Limit – 5 Mins
Draw a window pane on different types of processor covered so far.
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Intel Xeon
Heavy-duty microprocessorsUsed to power servers and workstations on a
networkSupports multiprocessors
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Intel Itanium
Used to power network servers and workstations
Can execute three instructions at a time
Is a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) based microprocessor
Cost is more than Xeon processors
Used in database and e-mail servers
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Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
Created in the year 1969 Developed
• Sempron
• Athlon
• Phenom
Cheaper than Pentium processors Uses socket AM2 to connect the AMD
microprocessor to the motherboard
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Dual Core
Two cores on a single die comprise a dual core CPU
Each of the cores has their own cache, can process independently and provide better performance
To make use of dual core technology, the process must use multiple threads
Well suited for multitasking environment Intel and AMD provide dual core processors for
various segments
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AMD Ratings
MHz = (XP rating/1.5) + (500/1.5) For example, with an Athlon 1600, the math
would break down like this: MHz = (1600/1.5) + (500/1.5) MHz = (1066.66) + (333.33) MHz = 1399.99 which would be equivalent to the last incarnation of the Pentium 3 (at 1400 MHz).
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Microprocessor Design
Specifies the type of the microprocessor that can be installed on the motherboard
Uses socket on which processor is installed.
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Socket 370
370 pins arranged in six rows
Has L2 cache built into the microprocessor
Supports Celeron 2 and Pentium III microprocessors
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Socket 462
Known as Socket AHas 462 pins but 9
pins are blocked Has the L2 cache
built into the microprocessor
Supports the AMD’s Athlon and Duron microprocessors
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Socket 478
Has 478 pinsHas the L2
cache built into the microprocessor
Supports the Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor
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Socket 754
Developed by AMD and used for Athlon 64 or Sempron processors
Supports 64 bit computing processorsHas 754 pins and PGA-ZIF typeVoltage range is 0.8 to 1.55VSupports 800MHz bus speed
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Socket 775
Developed by Intel used with Intel's latest processors such as Pentium D, P4 with HT and P4 extreme edition processors
Also supports 64 bit computing technologyHas 775 pins and LGA-ZIF type
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Socket 940
Is a 940-pin socket for 64-bit AMD server processors.
AMD's Opetron and the older AMD Athlon 64 FX (FX-51) use Socket 940.
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Socket LGA1156 - I
Also known as socket H. LGA 1156 allows following connections from
processor to rest of the system. • PCI Express 2.0x 16 connection for
communication with graphic cards.• Direct media interface (DMI) is used to
communicate between IOH and ICH.• Two memory channels for communication with
DDR3 SDRAM.
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Socket LGA1156 - II
• Intel H55, H57, Q57 and P55 are the desktop chipsets that supports LGA 1156 socket which has Intel i3, i5, and i7 processors installed.
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LGA 1366
Also known as socket B. Support 3 channels of DDR3 memory through the
processor’s internal memory controller. Uses quick path interconnect (QPI) with
frequencies upto 3.2GHz to connect CPU to north bridge.
A direct media access (DMI) is used to connect northbridge and south bridge components.
Core i7 and Xeon processors use these sockets.
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Practical
Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no. 2 in the text book:
• To recognize different types of processor sockets on motherboard.
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Practical
Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no. 3 in the text book:
• To install the processor in the LGA 775 socket.
• Click on the image to run the video
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Heat Sink
A component that is used to lower the temperature of an electronic device which absorbs heat from the electronic device and distributes it to surrounding environment. Two types of heat sinks available namely:
Passive Heat Sink – The passive heat sink is a metal plate with fins attached to surface of the processor.
Active Heat Sink – An active heat sink is an expansion of passive heat sink with a fan attached on top of the plane metal surface.
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Practical
Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no. 4 in the text book:
• To install the heat sink on the top of the processor.
• Click on the image to run the video.
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Configuring the Microprocessor and show P-32 from CBT
Possible by adjusting the jumpers or by changing the system BIOS
Overclocking the microprocessor to perform faster
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Overclocking - I
Overclocking increases the speed of the microprocessor
You can overclock the microprocessor by changing jumper settings on motherboard or by changing appropriate BIOS settings
Additional cooling devices such as CPU fan must be installed to cool down the processor
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Overclocking - II
Must be done with a great care by increasing clock speed as little as possible every time
Must check documentation of the microprocessor and motherboard before overclocking
Overclocking a processor beyond its maximum capacity can permanently damage the microprocessor
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Question for GD Time Limit – 4 Mins
What is overclocking and when it is required?
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Upgrading the Microprocessor
Improves the speed and performance of the system and to keep the system up to date
To upgrade• Replace old microprocessor with new and
better microprocessor• Replace old processor card on the slot with a
new card• New processor should be compatible with
existing motherboard otherwise you have to replace both processor and motherboard
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Troubleshooting the MicroprocessorTroubleshooting microprocessor techniques solve the problems that arise due
to the improper functioning of the microprocessor. General problems are: Overheating Slow Processing or Hanging Issues No display
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Summary - I The microprocessor is the heart of the system. Microprocessors process the data using instructions. CISC microprocessors have many instructions built into the
microprocessor. RISC microprocessors have limited instructions built into the
microprocessor. The speed of the microprocessor depends on various factors, such as
the number of instructions it processes, the bandwidth and the clock speed.
Transistors in the microprocessor boost the data signals on the processor.
Intel Pentium microprocessors are designed to work with everyday applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, multimedia applications, and games.
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Summary - II Intel Pentium M microprocessors are used for laptops and
notebook computers. Intel Celeron microprocessors are cheaper and more
economical than the Pentium microprocessors. Intel Celeron microprocessors have a smaller cache size
than the Pentium microprocessors. Intel Xeon microprocessors power servers and
workstations on a network. Intel Itanium is an RISC microprocessor that powers
network servers and workstations. AMD Duron and Athlon are economical microprocessors. The socket on the motherboard connects the
microprocessor to the motherboard.
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Summary - III The different parts of the microprocessor work together to process the
data and give the user valuable information. Intel Core2 Duo processors deliver faster performance, greater energy
efficiency, and more responsive multitasking. Nehalem Architecture includes a new processor, new CPU socket,
new memory architecture, new chipset, new motherboards and new over clocking methods.
Configuring the microprocessor is possible by adjusting jumpers on the motherboard or using the system BIOS.
Overclocking the microprocessor increases the speed of the processor. To upgrade a microprocessor, we replace the microprocessor in the
system with a new and better microprocessor. By troubleshooting, we can solve the microprocessor problems like
overheating and slow processing.
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Explorative Work
Refer to Internet, reference books or magazine to get the information.
Do not copy the information provided in this text book. Consult your faculty for further guidance.
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Processor
Sl. Make Speed Type Cache Bus Speed Socket No. of Cores Approx. Cost
1
2
3
4
5
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Mind Map
Draw a mind map to summarize this chapter
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