www.mining.curtin.edu.au
GSFMGSFM AnIntegratedApproachtoAnIntegratedApproachto MineHaulRoadDesignMineHaulRoadDesign
RogerThompsonRogerThompson
WesternAustralianSchoolofMinesWesternAustralianSchoolofMinesCurtinUniversityCurtinUniversity
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
AimofPresentationAimofPresentation
GSFM fourcomponentsof mineroaddesign
GSFMandrollingresistance interactions
Whatdoesroaddesignand constructioninvolve? Geometric Structural Functional Maintenance.Design
components
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IntroductionIntroduction
Poorroaddesignimpacts safety,trafficmanagement,& costpertonne hauled.
Ideally,SHMS/SOP specificationsshouldincludea formalapproachtoroaddesign.
Butwhatshoulddesign considerand;
Howisitspecified? Howisconformance
monitored?
Engineering &Mining Journal, vol 210,n5 June 2009. Mining Media Ltd.
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RollingResistanceRollingResistance
Primarymeasureofmineroadperformance isoftenbasedonrollingresistance Frequentlythebasisofa
costbenefitevaluation,but
whatisrollingresistanceandhowisitgenerated?
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RollingResistanceRollingResistance
Rollingresistanceisthe resistancetotruckmotion duemostlyto: Roaddeformationunder
thetyre,
Tyre penetrationintothe road,
Tyre deformationeffects ontheroadsurface.
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Roaddeformationundertyre pressure
Tyre penetrationintotheroadsurface
Tyre deformationeffectsontheroadsurface
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RollingResistanceRollingResistance
RR%
RR%
GR% (+ve against the load)(-ve with the load)
Totalresistance%=RR% GR%
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PracticalApplicationPracticalApplication
Ramps 1%RR 10%KPH
Surfaceroads 1%RR 26%KPH
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PracticalApplicationPracticalApplication
Ramps 1%RR 10%KPH
Surfaceroads 1%RR 26%KPH
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2% to 3% RR3% to 4% RR4% to 5% RR
Rear dump truck (electric drive) with 4,27kW/t GVM
RR%
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Performance Chart Liebherr T282B 4.32kW(net)/tonne GVM50/80R63 Tyres and 37.33:1 Drive ratio
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HaulRoadDesignHaulRoadDesign
Howdowedeveloparoad designwhich; Maximises safety Maximises utilityof
environment(materialsand equipment),and
Minimises rollingresistance andtotalroaduserscosts?
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HaulRoadDesignHaulRoadDesign
Fromasafetyperspective; Geometricdesign
Excessiveshearforcesand truckinstability.
StructuralDesign Damage totyre andchassis,truck instability,missalignment.
FunctionalDesign wet slipperiness,tractionand skidresistance,dust.
MaintenanceDesign runningsurface.
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HaulRoadDesignHaulRoadDesign
Fromarollingresistance perspective,minimise; deformationundertyre
StructuralDesign
penetrationandtyre deformation Functional Design
roaddeteriorationrate MaintenanceDesign
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ImprovingMineHaulRoadsImprovingMineHaulRoads
Unsprung mass acceleration due to two 100mm road defects374t GVM RDT
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ImprovingMineHaulRoadsImprovingMineHaulRoads
First,youneedtoknowwhat iswrongbeforeyoucan decidedtofixit.
Realtimemonitoringcanbe usedtorecordthetruckand tyreresponsetotheroad, andwhenlinkedwithGPS, givesthefirstindicationof WHEREandWHATthehaul roadproblemsare.
2 6 1 8 0 0 0 .0 0
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start
Defect 0.05 to 0.10m
Defect 0.11 to 0.20m
Defect 0.21 to 0.30m
Defect 0.31 to 0.40mDefect 0.41 to 0.50m
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ImprovingMineHaulRoadsImprovingMineHaulRoads
Thecureisnotnecessarily justmorefrequent maintenance.
Noamountofmaintenance willfixapoorlydesigned road.Eachcomponentofthe roadinfrastructuremustbe correctlyaddressedatthe designstage.
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ImprovingMineHaulRoadsImprovingMineHaulRoads
Investigatetherootcauseof theunder performance before decidingona remediationstrategy.
Followanintegrated approachtoroaddesign, examineeachdesign component.
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BASIC HAUL ROAD DESIGN DATA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
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ROAD-USER COSTS?
MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION
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IntegratedRoadHaulDesignIntegratedRoadHaulDesignBASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES MO
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GeometricDesignGeometricDesign
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IntegratedHaulRoadDesignIntegratedHaulRoadDesignBASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES MO
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StructuralDesignStructuralDesign
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IntegratedRoadHaulDesignIntegratedRoadHaulDesignBASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES MO
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FunctionalDesignFunctionalDesign
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IntegratedHaulRoadDesignIntegratedHaulRoadDesignBASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES MO
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MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES MO
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Maintenance frequency
Rolling resistance
Max
Min
Minimum totalcost solution
Max
Min
Costs
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GeometricDesignGeometricDesign
Geometricdesign; Determinestheroadlayout
oralignment,both horizontallyandvertically.
Practically,weoftenneed tocompromisebetweenan ideallayoutandwhatmine geometryandhauling economicswillallow.
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Establish start and end Establish start and end points of road.points of road. Feasible (mine plan) and Feasible (mine plan) and
economic route (topography) economic route (topography) selection.selection.
Optimise truck performance Optimise truck performance against route grades and against route grades and speeds and construction speeds and construction costs.costs.
Design horizontal and Design horizontal and vertical alignments. Check vertical alignments. Check sight distances throughout.sight distances throughout.
Check additional road Check additional road geometric requirements geometric requirements against ALL roadagainst ALL road--user user vehicles.vehicles.
Survey and peg the route Survey and peg the route centre lines. Test soil centre lines. Test soil properties for Structural properties for Structural Design phaseDesign phase
Check drainage requirements Check drainage requirements with topographic contours in with topographic contours in vicinity of route.vicinity of route.
Assess junction and Assess junction and intersection layouts and intersection layouts and associated safety associated safety components.components.
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GeometricDesignVerticalGeometricDesignVerticalAlignmentAlignment
Alignmentoftheroadin; Thevertical plane here
wedesignforsafeandefficient; Stoppingandsight
distances(howreliablycanwedeterminethesevalues??),
Optimumrampgradientsandverticalcurvetransitions.
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GeometricDesignVerticalGeometricDesignVerticalAlignmentAlignment
Stoppingdistances; Truckmanufacturersand
sitetestingshouldconfirmthedistancesrequiredtobringatrucktoastopundervariousconditionsofload(NBempty),speed,gradeandtraction wet,dry,wearingcourse(s).
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GeometricDesignVerticalGeometricDesignVertical AlignmentAlignment
Sightdistances;precautions shouldbeappliedwhensight distancefallsbelowstopping distance; Benchedgeobstructionsrequire
laybacksorbatter,
Verticalcurves crestsoften requireflatteningtoimprove sightdistances,
Useaminimumverticalcurve lengthof150mandradiusof 1500mfordesignwork.
Applyspeedlimits.
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GeometricDesignVerticalGeometricDesignVertical AlignmentAlignment
Sightdistancesandmachine factors;
Inadditiontosightdistances alsoconsiderdriverblind spots wherethedriverhas limitedornosightofpartsof theroad.
Final Report Blind Area Study Large Mining Equipment, Contract Report 200-2005-M-12695, CDC/NIOSH, USA, 2006.
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GeometricDesignHorizontalGeometricDesignHorizontal AlignmentAlignment
Alignmentoftheroadinthe horizontalplane herewe designforsafeandefficient; Roadwidth, Curvatureandsuper
elevations,
Crownorcrossfall.
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GeometricDesignHorizontalAlignmentGeometricDesignHorizontalAlignment
Ramp W3Ramp W3
Ramp W5Ramp W5
Ramp W4Ramp W4
Ramp W3Ramp W3
Ramp W5Ramp W5
Ramp W4Ramp W4
50m
50m
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GeometricDesignHorizontalAlignmentGeometricDesignHorizontalAlignment
Main haul roadMain haul road
Ramp W1 (E)Ramp W1 (E)Ramp W1 (W)Ramp W1 (W)
Main haul roadMain haul road
Ramp W1 (E)Ramp W1 (E)Ramp W1 (W)Ramp W1 (W)
50m
50m
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GeometricDesignHorizontalGeometricDesignHorizontal AlignmentAlignment
Widthofroad; Sufficientfortherequired
numberoflanes (pavementwidth),and shoulders(carriageway width)andallthe associatedsafetyand drainagefeatures (formationwidth).
3.5W why?Effectof largervehicles.
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GeometricDesignHorizontalAlignmentGeometricDesignHorizontalAlignment
Thewidestvehicles proposeddeterminethe pavementwidth.
TheTablesummarizesthese designroadwaywidths.
Truck images courtesy Caterpillar Inc
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GeometricDesignHorizontalGeometricDesignHorizontalAlignmentAlignment
Curvesandswitchbacks; Designedwiththe
maximumradiuspossibleandbekeptsmoothandconsistent.
Changesincurveradii(compoundcurves)shouldbeavoided.Alargercurveradiusallowsahighersaferoadspeedandincreasedtruckstability >200mminimumradiusideal.
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GeometricDesignHorizontalAlignmentGeometricDesignHorizontalAlignment
Superelevation; Bankingappliedonthe
outsideofacurvetoallow thetrucktomaintain stabilityinthecurveat speed.
Shouldnotexceed5%7%, unlesshighspeedhaulageis maintainedandthe possibilityofsliding minimizedbyusingmedian berms tosplitsuper elevations.ReferTable.
XX
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GeometricDesignHorizontalGeometricDesignHorizontal AlignmentAlignment
Crossfall(usewithextreme caution),crownorcamber; Critical tothedesignand
successfuloperationof mineroads.
Ensureswaterdoesnot gatheronandpenetrate intotheroadsurface.
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GeometricDesignHorizontalGeometricDesignHorizontal AlignmentAlignment
Crossslopeshouldbeused withcaution,possibilityof collisionincreasesorrunoff benchedge.
Largedeflectionberms shouldbeplacedattheroad centerandedge.
Crossslopeeasierto maintain.
Center-line
Drain
2-3% 2-3%
2-3%
Camber (crown) example
Cross-slope example
DrainDrain
DrainDrain
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GeometricDesignGeometricDesign
Safetyberms; A'crest'orroadedgeberm
willnoteffectivelystop trucks(especiallyhigh speedladenorunladen trucks)fromleavingthe road.
Atbest,theywillprovide limiteddeflectionand warningtothedriverthat thetruckpathneeds correcting.
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GeometricDesignGeometricDesign
Berm slopeshouldbeassteep aspossible(1.5V:1Hideally), butensurestabilityand maintenanceofheight.
Forlargehaultrucks,theberm heightshouldbeatleast50% 66%ofthetruckwheel diameter.
Steepberm sideaidsdeflection. Flatterberms allowthetruckto climb andoverturn.
Medianberms considertraffic managementimplications.
Outslope
Bench face
Height
Conventional berm
Median berm
Section A-A
Section on A-A
Downgrade unladenMedian berm Conventional berm
Outslope
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GeometricDesignGeometricDesign
Alsoincludedinthe geometricdesignisdrainage; Nomatterhowgoodthe
design,waterwillalways damageamineroad. Keep waterOFFtheroads orat theveryleastleadwater offtheroadassoonas possible.
Investigategeometry AND localtopographicdrainage patterns.
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IntegratedHaulRoadDesignIntegratedHaulRoadDesignBASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES MO
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StructuralDesignStructuralDesign
Structuraldesignreferstotheloadcarryingcapacityoftheroad;
Betterpavementresponsetoappliedloads,
Reduceddeflectiononsurface,betterwearingcourseperformance
Eliminatedeformationinsubgradeorinsitu.
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StructuralDesignStructuralDesign
Twoapproaches; Mechanisticdesign
approachusingpavementlayerlimitingverticalstraincriteria&
CBRcovercurveapproachusingpavementlayerCBRvalues.
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StructuralDesignStructuralDesign MechanisticMechanistic
Mechanisticdesignapproachusingpavementlayerlimitingverticalstraincriteria; Limitingstraincriteria
tailoredtotrafficvolumes,typeandlifeofmineroad(ramp,pitormainhaul).
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StructuralDesignStructuralDesign MechanisticMechanistic
Wearing course
Selected blasted waste rock
(structural) layer
In-situ
The strains resulting from the truck wheel loads decrease with depth
except where these strain fields overlap. Here, higher
strains are found and if more than 2000 microstrains the in-situ material is liable
to collapse leading to structural failure.
Wearing course
Selected blasted waste rock
(structural) layer
In-situ
The strains resulting from the truck wheel loads decrease with depth
except where these strain fields overlap. Here, higher
strains are found and if more than 2000 microstrains the in-situ material is liable
to collapse leading to structural failure.
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StructuralDesignStructuralDesign MechanisticMechanisticHaul Road Category
Maximum permissible vertical strains can also be determined from (kt/day x performance index).
Where performance index is defined as;1 Adequate but fairly maintenance intensive,2 Good with normal maintenance interventions,3 Outstanding with low maintenance requirements .
CategoryI
Permanentlifeofmine highvolumemainhauling roadsandrampsin and expit.Operatinglife>20 years
CategoryII
Semipermanenthigh volumeramproadsinpit. Operatinglife>10years
CategoryIII
Semipermanentmedium tolowvolumeinpitbench access,expitdump,or ramproads.Operatinglife 50kt/day)or
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StructuralDesignStructuralDesign MechanisticMechanistic
Whenabaselayerofselected blastedwasterockisusedin thestructure,amechanistic approachismoreappropriate.
Theselectedwasterocklayeris locatedunderthewearing course, Roadperformanceis
significantlyimproved, primarilyduetotheload carryingcapacityofthe wasterocklayer.
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PracticalApplicationPracticalApplication MechanisticMechanistic
Designchart(examples)are basedonafullyladenhaul truck,atmaximumGVM,(tons) withstandardradialtyres, inflatedto800kPa.
Theroaddesignincorporates 200mmofsheetingwith CBR=80%,aselectedblasted wasterockbaselayer,builton 3mofinsitumaterialwiththe indicatedEmodulusshownon thecharts.
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CAT789C Base Layer Thickness Design800kPa tyre pressure, fully laden truck at OEM GVM
For limiting strains of 2000
Category I Category II Category III
Wearingcourse200mm
E=350MPa
Baselayerthickness
E=3000MPa
InsituThickness3000mm
Eeff Modulus of In-situ material (MPa)
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CAT789C Base Layer Thickness Design800kPa tyre pressure, fully laden truck at OEM GVM
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Category I Category II Category III
Wearingcourse200mm
E=350MPa
Baselayerthickness
E=3000MPa
InsituThickness3000mm
Eeff Modulus of In-situ material (MPa)
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StructuralDesignStructuralDesign CBRCoverCurveCBRCoverCurve
CBRcovercurvedesign approachusespavement layerCBRvalues; Thicknessofsuccessive
layersbasedonCBR (strength)ofunderlying layerandtruckwheelload (tonnes).
55 40 25 150.0
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2500.0
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3500.0
4000.0
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CoverThickness(mm)
CaliforniaBearingRatioCBR(%)
. 1 2 3 4 6 8 . 10 , 20 40 60 80 100
10 14 21 28 35 41 55 69 104 138 207 276 345 414 . .
CBR (%)
Modulus (Eeff)(MPa) .
TruckTruckwheelGVM(t)load(t)9015
150 25
240 40
320 55
390 65450 75510 85570 95630 105
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In-situ CBR 7%
Sub-base CBR 30%
Base CBR 55%
Wearing course CBR 80%
Compacted In-situ CBR 13%
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IntegratedRoadHaulDesignIntegratedRoadHaulDesignBASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES MO
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OPTIMUM
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ROAD-USER COSTS?
MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION
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LFUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
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FunctionalDesignFunctionalDesign
Wearingcoursematerial selection.Designfor; Improvedtraction,skid
resistance,reduceddust,
Reducedrollingresistance throughreducedwearing coursedefects,
Reduceddeterioration ratesandmaintenance frequency.
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Here,thestonesinthemix or aggregate istoobig thiscant easilybegradedandifitis,the largestoneswillcomeloose seeding potholesanddamaging trucktyres.
Inthiscase thewearing coursehastoomuchfine materialanditformsa slipperysoftlayeronthe road.Carryover?
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FunctionalDesignFunctionalDesign
Thisisprobablyagoodmixofcrushedrocktouse,everythingsmallerthan40mminsizeandnottoomuchfinematerial(
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FunctionalDesignFunctionalDesign
Asmalljawcrushercanbeused toprepareblastedrockasa wearingcourseaggregate, ofteninamixofoneormore othermaterialstoformthe finalproduct.
Itisalsousefulforcreatinga fineaggregatefromwasterock tobeplacedasadressingin loadingareas toreducetyre damageintheseareas.
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FunctionalDesignFunctionalDesign
Correctwearingcourse materialselectionwill; Reduceroadrolling
resistance through reducedwearingcourse defects &
Reduceroaddeterioration ratesandmaintenance frequency.
Wearing Course Selection
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Recommended (1) Recommended (2)
Dustiness Slippery when wet
Loose material
Loose stonesTyre damage Corrugates
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FunctionalDesignFunctionalDesignWearing Course Selection
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Recommended (1) Recommended (2)
Dustiness Slippery w hen w et
Loose material
Loose stonesTyre damage Corrugates
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PracticalApplicationPracticalApplication
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DustinessWet skid resistance
Loosestoniness
Corrugations
Loose material
Dry skid resistance
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PracticalApplicationPracticalApplication
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DustPalliativesDustPalliatives
Dustiscausedthroughloss offines,soconsider specifically; Wearingcoursematerial
selection; Sizedistribution,clay
content,
Restraintoffines, Trafficvolumes, Climaticconditions.
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DustPalliativesDustPalliatives
Allsuppressionsystemsaim tominimise erosivity ofthe wearingcourse.Options include; Improvedwearingcourse
material,
Regularwatering, Useofchemical
suppressants.
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DustPalliativesDustPalliatives
Chemicalpalliativesavailable include; Water/wettingagents,
Hygroscopicsalts, Lignosulphonates, Modifiedwaxes, Polymers, Tar/bitumenproducts, Sulphonated oils, Enzymes.
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DustPalliativesDustPalliatives
Useofchemicaldust suppressants; Shouldbeconsideredonlyas
anadjuncttoother methods,
Chemicaldustsuppressants havealimitedlifeandwill requireregularapplications,
Variousgenerictypesto choosefrom,basedmainly onclimaticconditionsand wearingsurfacematerial.
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DustPalliativesDustPalliatives
Trialachemicaldust suppressantfirstbefore makingafirm commitment,
Carefulattentionshouldbe giventowholeoflife costingbeforeusinga chemicaldustsuppressant.
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DustPalliativesDustPalliatives
Themostappropriate selectionandmanagement strategyshouldconsider; Safetyandhealthbenefits, Roadmanagement
philosophy,
Improvedcostefficiency.
Locality Data
Equipment Data
Water Data
Determine Cost of Establishment
Determine Cost of Water-based Spraying
Summarise Annual Costs (Application and Road Maintenance)
Method selection
Cost ($/kilo-liter) and application rates (l/m2)
Road, Climate, Wearing course parametersHours per day of dust control required
Productivity and operating costs of road (re)-construction, maintenance and (spraying) equipment
Palliative Data
Cost ($/litre) and application rates (establishment and rejuvenation)
Determine Cost of Rejuvenation (re-application) and Interval
Determine Wearing Course Maintenance Interval and Cost with
Palliative Applied
Determine Wearing Course Maintenance Interval and Cost with
Water-based Spraying
Set Maximum Dust Defect Allowable
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Locality Data
Equipment Data
Water Data
Determine Cost of Establishment
Determine Cost of Water-based Spraying
Summarise Annual Costs (Application and Road Maintenance)
Method selection
Cost ($/kilo-liter) and application rates (l/m2)
Road, Climate, Wearing course parametersHours per day of dust control required
Productivity and operating costs of road (re)-construction, maintenance and (spraying) equipment
Palliative Data
Cost ($/litre) and application rates (establishment and rejuvenation)
Determine Cost of Rejuvenation (re-application) and Interval
Determine Wearing Course Maintenance Interval and Cost with
Palliative Applied
Determine Wearing Course Maintenance Interval and Cost with
Water-based Spraying
Set Maximum Dust Defect Allowable
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IntegratedHaulRoadDesignIntegratedHaulRoadDesignBASIC HAUL ROAD
DESIGN DATA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES MO
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MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES MO
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MaintenanceManagementMaintenanceManagement
Maintenancedesignand management; Routineroadmaintenance
asaresultofprogressive wearingcourse deterioration. Asatisfactoryroaddesign
willrequireminimum maintenance.
Toofrequent maintenance?Review designdatatofindrootof problem.
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MaintenanceManagementMaintenanceManagement
Maintenance frequency
Rolling resistance
Max
Min
Minimum totalcost solution
LOW VOLUME SURFACE
ROADS
Max
Min
Costs
Maintenance frequency
Rolling resistance
Max
Min
Minimum total
cost solution - RAMPS
Max
Min
Costs
Maintenance frequency
Rolling resistance
Max
Min
Minimum totalcost solution
Max
Min
Costs
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MaintenanceManagementMaintenanceManagementPercentage increase in total road-user costs with
maintenance interval
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Days between maintenance
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B02 B03 B04B05 S Ramp
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PracticalApplicationsPracticalApplications
Whyisthesegment maintenanceintensive? Poordesignand/orbuild
specs; Geometrics, Structure(layerworks
andmaterials),
Functional(wearing course surfacing materials).
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BenchmarkingRollingBenchmarkingRolling ResistanceResistance
Roadperformance evaluation, Usedefectdegreeand
extenttodetermineRR%.
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Defect extentDefect extent % road area % road area effectedeffected
Extent Extent scorescore
Not seen or isolated onlyNot seen or isolated only 60 55
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PracticalApplicationPracticalApplication
DefectDefect Degree Degree (1(1--5)5)
ExtentExtent(1(1--5)5)
DegreeDegreexx
ExtentExtent
PotholesPotholes 55 11 55CorrugationsCorrugations 33 33 99RuttingRutting 33 55 1515Loose materialLoose material 55 22 1010Stones Stones -- fixedfixed 55 22 1010
Total scoreTotal score 4949
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PracticalApplicationPracticalApplication
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3,25%
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Percentage increase in total road-user costs with maintenance interval
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Days between maintenance
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B02 B03 B04B05 S Ramp
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ResourcesResources
Formoreinformationonissuedraisedtoday; http://mining.curtin.edu.au/people clickonRJTfor
furtherlinkstohaulroadpublications
www.edumine.com searchforhaulroaddesignand construction Uni BritishColumbiaandABET/ISO/IACET accreditedselfstudycourse.
www.smartmines.com/mhroad/guidelines.pdf haul roaddesignguidelines(2000)forOilSandsMines (AlbertaCanada).
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ResourcesResources
www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/pubs searchfor IC8758.pdf 1977USBMhaulroaddesignguidelines
www.mhsa.gov/readroom/handbook searchforph99I 4.pdfdesignandauditguidelinesformineroads
www.smenet.org SMEMiningEngineering Handbook,ThirdEdition,2011,Ch10MineHaulRoads
Copyofpresentationandfullsupportingnotesavailable throughDEEDIMinesSafetyandHealthwebsite.