M I N E R A L S
• Substances that occur naturally in nonliving things such as rocks and metal ores
• Have names reflecting the place where they’re found or characteristics such as their color
• ELEMENTS, substances composed of only one kind of atom
• INORGANICS, do not contain the C, H and O atoms
• By the end of the 19th century, scientists knew the names and chemical properties of 82 elements → Today, 109 elements have been identified.
• 16 MINERALS are ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS for human beings
-Major Minerals : 100 mg/hr
-Trace Elements : < 100 mg/hr
How much human have in their body
How much human need to take in to maintain a steady supply
-½ : Calcium
-¼ : Phosphorus
-¼ : Other Major Minerals : Magnesium, Sulfur, Sodium,
Potassium, Chloride
Trace Element : Iron, Zinc, Iodide, Selenium, Copper,
Manganese, Fluoride, Chromium,
Molybdenum, Cobalt, Tin, Nickel ,
Vanadium and Silicon
Work together
MINERAL MADNESS
If you get too much of this mineral
Your body may not be able to absorb or use this one
Ca
Cu
Fe
Mg
Mo
P
S
Zn
Mg, Fe, Zn
Zn
P, Zn
Fe
Zn, Cu
Ca
Mo
Cu
An alkaline earth metal with valence 2
Packed into BONES AND TEETH
Present in EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (the liquid
around body cells) and WITHIN THE CELLS OF
SOFT TISSUES
Regulating fluid balance by controlling the flow
of water in and out of cells
Making it possible for cells to send massages
back and forth from one to another
Keeping muscles moving smoothly and
preventing cramping
Ca is needed for :
• Intracellular and hormone-like signaling
• Neurotransmitter
• Muscle contraction
• For the regulation of cell growth and differentiation
• Blood clotting
Absorption depend on :
• Vitamin D status
• Phosphate
• Sodium
• Animal protein intake
• Vitamin C
• Slows bone growth and mineralization in
childhood and adolescence
• Bone mineral loss in adults → increases the
risk of fractures
• Elevated blood pressure
• Essential for strong bones and teeth
• Need PHOSPHORUS to transmit the genetic code (genes and chromosomes that carry
information about human characteristic) from one cell to another when cells divide and reproduce
In addition :
• Helps maintain the pH balance
• Vital for metabolizing carbohydrates, synthesizing proteins, and carrying fats and fatty acids among tissue and organs
• Part of myelin, the fatty sheath that surrounds and protects each nerve cell
Participates in energy metabolism and storage (as ATP, GTP, creatine phosphate,
arginine phosphate, etc)
D e f i c i e n c y
• Phosphate inadequacy ~ low food consumption or starvation → OLD PEOPLE
• Accelerated bone mineral loss → osteoporosis and increase fracture risk
Excessive Intake
• Phosphate intake ~ exceed Ca intake induce :– parathyroid gland hyperplasia and parathyroid hormone
(PTH) secretion,
– impair vitamin D activation,
– accelerate bone mineral loss and fracture risk
• Extremely high intake → calcification of extraosseous (non-bone) tissues, including arteries, kidneys, muscles and tendons
• An alkaline earth metal with valence 2
• An essential cofactor for a large number reactions ~ ATP, GTP
• Part of > 300 different enzyme that trigger chemichal reactions throughout
human body
• Participates in muscle and nerve depolarization
• Stabilizes DNA and RNA
• A component of the mineral in bone
ADEQUATE SUPPLY → HEART HEALTHY, because enables to
convert food to energy using less oxygen
DEFICIENCY
• SIGN– Confusion, disorientation, personality changes, loss of
appetite, depression, muscle contractions and cramps, tingling, numbness, hypertension, abnormal heart rhythms, coronary spasm and seizure
• Induced by :
– diarrhea, malabsorption, vomiting, overuse of laxative or diuretics medications, alcohol abuse, diabetes or hyperparathyroidism
• > 350 mg from supplements and other nonfood sources → diarrhea, nausea, appetite loss, muscle weakness, mental impairment, difficulty breathing, extremely low blood pressure and irregular heartbeat
• Risk of toxicity is greater with impaired kidney function
Excessive Intake
F U N C T I O N
• The main cationic osmolyte in blood and extracellular fluid
• Mediates active transport of numerous nutrients and metabolites in intestines, kidney and many other tissues
• Enzyme cofactor
• Co-transport
• Signaling
• Intakes have to macth sodium losses
sweating and diuresis >>> → sodium needs ↑↑
• Low intake → dizziness and weakness due to hypotension
Deficiency
• Excessive intake :– Increase blood pressure, especially in
genetically susceptible individuals and when other hypertensive factors (obesity) are present
FUNCTION :
- Electrolyte balance
- Transport
- Acid production
hydrochloric acid in stomach contributes to protein digestion and inactivation of ingested microorganism
- Enzyme activation
- Immune defense
Immune cells use directed release hypochlorous acid to combat pathogens in blood and tissues
• Intakes have to macth sodium losses
sweating and diuresis >>> → sodium needs ↑↑
• Low intake → dizziness and weakness due to hypotension
Deficiency
• Excessive intake :– Increase blood pressure, especially in
genetically susceptible individuals and when other hypertensive factors (obesity) are present
A constituents of 3 amino acids : CYSTINE, CYSTEINE, THIONINE
Most prevalent in insulin and in the keratin of skin, hair and nails
The tertiary structure of proteins is due in part to covalent bonding between cysteine residues where the –SH groups are oxidized to form disulfide bridges → important in the activity of some enzyme
Occurs in carbohydrate ~ a component of heparin (an anticoagulant found in liver and some other tissues), and of chondroitin sulfate (found in bone and cartilage)
An essential component of 3 vitamins : thiamin, biotin and pantothenic acid
Food Sources :meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried beans, broccoli and
cauliflower
- Kalium, an alkali metal with valence 1
- The main cationic osmolyte within cells
- The element plays a major role in body electricity
maintenance of cellular polarity, neuronal signaling, heart impulse transmission and muscle contraction
- Nutrient and metabolite transport
- Enzyme activation
R E Q U I R E M E N T :
Increased losses often due to use of certain diuretics and laxatives
Inadequate intake (hypokalemia) → increased risk of heart arrhytmia, muscle weakness, paralysis, alkalosis (increased blood pH) and eventually death
Higher than minimal intake → lowering the risk of hypertension
Excessive Intake
• Rising plasma concentration (hyperkalemia) → muscle weakness, arrhytmia and eventually death due to cardiac arrest
• The risk of hyperkalemia ~ high in patients with renal failure
