MINERAL RESOURCESA PROJECT REPORT AND CASE STUDY ON MINING
Presented By-Manpreet Singh
E&EC12105070
Mineral Resource is defined as a occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic or fossilized organic material in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction.
Mineral Resource
National Mineral Scenario India produces as many as 87 minerals, which includes 4 fuel, 10 metallic, 47 non-metallic, 3 atomic and 23 minor minerals (including building and other materials).
• India possesses a large variety of mineral-ores in fairly huge quantities.• India is rich in coal, manganese, iron, chromites and mica. It is deficient in the gold, silver, nickel etc.
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Major Reserve and important usesMetal Major World Resources Major uses
Aluminium Australia, Guinea, Jamaica Packaging food items, transportations, utensils
Chromium CIS, South Africa For making high strength steel alloys
Copper USA, Canada, CIS, Chile, Zambia Electric and Electronic goods
Iron CIS, South America, Canada, USA
Heavy machinery, steel production transportation means
Lead North America, USA,CIS Leaded gasoline, Car batteries, paints
Manganese South Africa, CIS, Brazil, Gabon High strength, heat resistant steel alloys
Platinum group South Africa , CIS Use in Automobiles, catalytic converters, electronics,
medical uses
Gold South Africa ,CIS, Canada Ornaments, medical use, electronics use
Silver Canada, South Africa, Mexico Photography, electronics, jewelerNickel CIS, Canada, New CaledoniaJuly 22, 2012
Estimated life expiry of minerals depends on two things:
1. the size of the reserve 2. the rate at which we are using it up!
Resource Est. Life Exp. in Yrs. Uses • Coal 200-300 (electricity)• Copper 36 (electric wiring)• Iron 62 (steel prod.)• Lead 25 (batteries)• Natural Gas 125 (fuel; heat)• Oil 50 (gasoline)• Silver 17 (electric wiring)• Tin 31 (cans; industry)• Uranium ??? (electricity)
Distribution of Mineral Resources in India
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IRON
Iron : Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Goa
Copper
Copper : Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim.
Coal
Coal : Bihar-Bengal- Jharkhand coal belt, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh.
Graphitized Petroleum Coke
Petroleum : Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra
Zinc & Lead
Lead and Zinc: Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Gujarat, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim.
Nickel
Nickel : Orissa, Jharkhand .
Manganese
Manganese : Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Orissa, Karnataka, Rajasthan.
Chromium Chromite : Orissa, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Manipur .
Tungsten
Tungsten : Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Haryana, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh.
Gold
Gold :Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.
Pictures of some other minerals
Mica
Aluminium
Platinum
Silver
Uranium
Tin
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Sodium
Potassium
Gypsum
Talc
Thorium
Diamond
Types of Mining
Surface Mining Underground Mining
Placer Mining
Strip Mining
Mountaintop removal
Hydraulic
Open pit
Dredging
Drift Mining
Slope Mining
Shaft Mining
Hard rock
Bore hole
Surface mines are mining operations that delve into rock to extract deposits of mineral resources that are close to the surface . In most forms of surface mining, heavy equipment, such as earthmovers, first remove the overburden (the soil and rock above the deposit). Next, huge machines such as drag line excavators extract the mineral. Once the material has been removed, the land is recovered for safe use on the surface through a process called reclamation.
Surface Mining
Some effects of mining on the environment
•Deforestation and loss of biodiversity are major effects of mining.(It destroys forest and wetlands. It may mean that you have to cut down lots of trees just to get to the spot that has all the gold or iron ore).
•Many mine require tailings dams to prevent waste being washed into the rivers. Unethical miners can dispense with the dams, to save costs, resulting in massive pollution downstream. In other cases, the tailings dam can overflow, and even breach, during periods of heavy rain.
•Underground coal mining can require the removal of almost an entire layer of material deep under the surface. When the timber supports collapse, this can lead to subsidence. The subsidence can mean economic loss to people above or damage to natural areas. It can even cause cracks in river beds, leading to loss of river flow.
•Some mining involves the inadvertent dispersal of heavy metals, such as lead, into the atmosphere. This can have serious health effects, including mental retardation in children.
•Asbestos mining causes the dispersal of asbestos into the environment. This will cause deaths among local residents and workers, often several decades later. Fortunately, the mining and use of asbestos are banned in most parts of the world.
Because these mineral resources are nonrenewable, we must plan for a day when they will disappear. -What can we do? 1. find alternative resources 2. develop efficient and reliable renewable resources 3. reduce our use and avoid waste 4. reuse what we can 5. recycle (collect and reuse materials from waste) what we can Examples: hybrid/electric cars, carpool, walk/ride a bike, turn off unneeded lights/electrical appliances, don’t let H20 run, place recyclables in marked containers
A Case Study-UDAIPUR
Mining and quarrying in UdaipurAbout 200 open cast mining and quarrying centers in Udaipur, about half of which are illegal are involved in stone mining include soapstone, building stone, rock phosphate and dolomite. The mines spread over 15,000 hectares in Udaipur have caused many adverse impacts on environment.
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About 150 tones of explosives are used per month in blasting. The overburden, wash off, discharge of mine water etc. pollute the water.
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The Maton mines have badly polluted the Ahar river. The hills around the mines are devoid of any vegetation except a few scattered patches and the hills are suffering from acute soil erosion.
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The waste water flows towards a big tank of “Bag Dara”. Due to scarcity of water, people are compelled to use this effluent for irrigation purpose.
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The blasting activity has adversely affected the fauna and the animals like tiger, lion, deer and even hare, fox, wild cats and birds have disappeared from the mining area.
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THANK YOU