A Project Report on
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY:
ATUL KUMAR
USN-1PI10EE023
CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the mini project titled
MULTICORE PROCESSORis a result of a bonafide work carried out by.
Atul Kumar,USN-1PI10EE023
During the session Aug’13-Dec’13 and is submitted in fulfillment under the guidance of Prof S. Venkatesh
towards the requirement of mini project course work during 7th Semester of Bachelor of Engineering degree
in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Dr. Keshavan.B.K Prof. S. Venkatesh
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Professor
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DEPARTMENT OF EEE DEPARTMENT OF EEE
PESIT . PESIT.
Table Of Contents
Abstract
Definition of multicore
Moore’s law
Evolution of multicore
Need for multicore
Problem with single core
Multicore solution
Multicore model
Advantages
Multicore problem
Multicore invasion 15
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Future Application
Acknowledgements
Abstract :
Multi-core architectures have a single processor package that contains
two or more processor “execution cores,” or computational engines, and
deliver-with appropriate software- fully parallel execution of multiple
software threads.A multi-core processor can perform more work within
a given clock cycle.A processor equipped with thread-level parallelism
can execute completely separate threads of code.
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Definition of Multi-Core:With Multi-core technology:
Two or more complete computational engines are placed in a single processor .
Computers split the computational work of a threaded application and spread it over multiple execution cores.
More tasks get completed in less time increasing the performance and responsiveness of the system.
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As Moore’s law goes on…
Number of transistor/chip doubles every 18 to 24 mm
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Keeping Moore’s law alive Exploit the immense number of transistors in other ways
Reduce gate sizes while keeping CPU frequency relatively low
Use a higher number of slower logic gates
In other words:
Switch to Multicore processor
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Evolution of Multi-Core
Single-Threading: Only one task processes at one time.
Multitasking and Multithreading:
Two or more tasks execute at one time
by using content switching (Functionality)). HT Technology:
Two single threads execute simultaneously
on the same processor core.
Multi-core Technology:
Computational work of an application is divided and
spread over multiple execution cores (Performance8
Need for multicore
Due to advances in circuit technology and performance limitation in wide-issue, super-speculative processors, Chip-Multiprocessors (CMP) or multi-core technology has become the mainstream in CPU designs.
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Problems with Single Core To execute the tasks faster you must increase the clock time.
Increasing clock times too high drastically increases power consumption and heat dissipation to extremely high levels, making the processor inefficient
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Multi Core solution
Creating two cores or more on the same Die increases processing power while keeping clock speeds at an efficient level.
A processor with 2 cores running at efficient clock speeds can process instructions with similar speed to a single core processor running at twice the clock speed, yet the dual core processor would still consume less energy.
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Multiprocessor models identical multiprocessors:
each processor has the same computing capacity
uniform multiprocessors:
different processors have different computing capacities
heterogeneous multiprocessors:
each (task, processor) pair may have a different computing capacity
Identical vs heterogenous cores
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Multiprocessor Models Heterogeneous multiprocessors: each (task, processor) pair may have a different relative speed, due to specialized processor architectures
Task T2
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Task T1
Multi-Core Advantages While working with many threads, a Multi Core processor with n cores can execute n threads simultaneously by assigning a core to each thread. If it must process more than n threads , say x, it can apply multithreading procedures with each core working with an average of x/n threads.
A Single core processor must multithread with every single thread.
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x/2 x/3x
CPU DSP chipGraphics co-processorGraphics-intensive task:
Number-crunching task:
x/2 x/3
y1.5 y
y
Problems Some of the current problems found with multi core processors include:
Memory/Cache coherence. As mentioned earlier, some implementations have distributed L1 caches but must share an L2 cache. This poses the problem of making sure each core keeps the other updated with changes in the data in its own cache.
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Multi threading is also a problem when the software being run is not designed to take advantage of the multi core processor. This may mean that one core does most of the work which means that the processor is running no more efficiently than a single core
Global vs partitioned scheduling Global scheduling
All ready jobs are kept in a common (global) queue; when selected for execution, a job can be dispatched to an arbitrary processor, even after being preempted
Partitioned scheduling
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Each task may only execute on a specific processor
The Multicore invasion Intel’s Core2, Itanium, Xeon: 2, i3,i5,i7 processors
AMD’s Opteron, Athlon 64 X2, Phenom: 2, 4 cores
IBM-Toshiba-Sony Cell processor: 8 cores (PSX3)
Microsoft’s Xenon: 3 cores (Xbox 360)
ARM’s MPCore: 4 cores
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CPU1
CPU2
CPU3
t1
t2t3
t1t4t5
t2
Sun’s Niagara UltraSPARC: 8 cores
Tilera’s TILE64: 64-cores
Future Application:At present we are using single core processor in electronic warfare system such as radar,electronic jammer. With the introduction of multicore techonology we can achieve high operational speed and high efficiency in the above mentioned system.It can also be used in industries control , automobile control,energy control.
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our teacher Mr. S. Venkatesh as well as our Head of the Department Dr. B.K. Keshavan and our principal Dr. K.N.B. Murthy, who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project.
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