Hydrologic Modeling of Vernal Pools Hydrologic Modeling of Vernal Pools t S t R t ti D it S t R t ti D ito Support Restoration Designto Support Restoration Design
Review of Existing StudiesReview of Existing Studies
and Model Selectionand Model Selectionand Model Selectionand Model Selection
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview
BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackground
Previous and Current StudiesPrevious and Current Studies
d l C i d S l id l C i d S l iModel Comparison and SelectionModel Comparison and Selection
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
BackgroundBackgroundGeneralGeneral
California vernal poolsCalifornia vernal poolsCalifornia vernal poolsCalifornia vernal poolsHost to a variety of endemic flora and faunaHost to a variety of endemic flora and fauna
More than 60% destroyed (Barbour et al 2003)More than 60% destroyed (Barbour et al 2003)More than 60% destroyed (Barbour et al., 2003)More than 60% destroyed (Barbour et al., 2003)
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
BackgroundBackgroundGeneralGeneral
Vernal pool morphologyVernal pool morphologySmith & Verrill (1998)Smith & Verrill (1998)
Vernal pool morphologyVernal pool morphologyUndulating micro reliefUndulating micro relief
Inundate in the rainy seasonInundate in the rainy season
Smith & Verrill (1998)
Inundate in the rainy seasonInundate in the rainy season
Desiccate in the summerDesiccate in the summer
V i t f l d itiV i t f l d itiVariety of landscape positionsVariety of landscape positions
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Keeler‐Wolf et al. (1998)Hobson & Dahlgren (1998)
BackgroundBackgroundGeneralGeneral
Vernal pool conservation / restorationVernal pool conservation / restorationVernal pool conservation / restorationVernal pool conservation / restorationCompensatory mitigationCompensatory mitigation
Mitigation monitoringMitigation monitoringMitigation monitoringMitigation monitoringCommunity composition and species richnessCommunity composition and species richness
BiBi‐‐weekly water level readingsweekly water level readingsBiBi weekly water level readingsweekly water level readings
No preNo pre‐‐construction monitoringconstruction monitoring
But what do we know about the hydrologic But what do we know about the hydrologic u a do e o abou e yd o og cu a do e o abou e yd o og cregime of vernal pools? Ecological drivers?regime of vernal pools? Ecological drivers?
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
BackgroundBackgroundCampbell’s Butte County SiteCampbell’s Butte County Site
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Previous StudiesPrevious StudiesHanes & Stromberg (1998)Hanes & Stromberg (1998)
How important areHow important areHow important are How important are upland hydrologic upland hydrologic contributions?contributions?
Do constructed pools Do constructed pools impact the hydrologic impact the hydrologic regime of natural regime of natural pools?pools?
l l dl l dConceptual upland Conceptual upland water balance modelwater balance model
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Previous StudiesPrevious StudiesPyke (2002; 2004; 2005)Pyke (2002; 2004; 2005)
What are the hydrologicWhat are the hydrologicWhat are the hydrologic What are the hydrologic variations in rainvariations in rain‐‐fed fed vernal pools?vernal pools?
SeasonalSeasonal
InterInter‐‐annualannual
Climate changeClimate change
Vernal pool hydrologic Vernal pool hydrologic i d l PHYDOi d l PHYDOregime model, PHYDOregime model, PHYDO
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Previous StudiesPrevious StudiesWilliamson et al. (2005); Rains et al. (2006)Williamson et al. (2005); Rains et al. (2006)
Refine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyThree different study sitesThree different study sites
How important are upland hydrologicHow important are upland hydrologicHow important are upland hydrologic How important are upland hydrologic contributions?contributions?
FindingsFindingsFindingsFindingsThe hydrologic regime varies significantly The hydrologic regime varies significantly
P h d t t bl ibl fP h d t t bl ibl fPerched water tables are responsible for Perched water tables are responsible for sustaining the water level regimesustaining the water level regime
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Current StudiesCurrent StudiesMcCarten (in progress)McCarten (in progress)
Refine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyReoccupy Williamson et al. (2005) study sitesReoccupy Williamson et al. (2005) study sites
Collect a lot of field dataCollect a lot of field dataCollect a lot of field dataCollect a lot of field data
Apply HYDRUS 2D/3DApply HYDRUS 2D/3D
D l l ti hi b t l dD l l ti hi b t l dDevelop relationships between ecology and Develop relationships between ecology and hydrologyhydrology
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Current StudiesCurrent StudiesCampbell (in progress)Campbell (in progress)
Refine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyInform VP habitat conservation / restorationInform VP habitat conservation / restoration
What are the potential hydrologic impacts ofWhat are the potential hydrologic impacts ofWhat are the potential hydrologic impacts of What are the potential hydrologic impacts of constructed pools on natural pools?constructed pools on natural pools?Are postAre post‐‐construction monitoring protocols construction monitoring protocols adequate?adequate?
Which numerical model should I use?Which numerical model should I use?HYDRUS 3DHYDRUS 3DFEFLOW F3FEFLOW F3
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonModel ComparisonModel Comparison
HYDRUS 3D vs FEFLOW F3HYDRUS 3D vs FEFLOW F3HYDRUS 3D vs FEFLOW F3HYDRUS 3D vs FEFLOW F3Both are finite element models for simulating 2D Both are finite element models for simulating 2D and 3D flow (plus transport and heat) in variablyand 3D flow (plus transport and heat) in variablyand 3D flow (plus transport and heat) in variably and 3D flow (plus transport and heat) in variably saturated media by numerically solving Richards saturated media by numerically solving Richards equation equation
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonFinite Element MeshFinite Element Mesh
HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSMesh generatorMesh generator
Structured, layered Structured, layered
FEFLOWFEFLOWMesh generatorMesh generator
PrismaticPrismatichexahedralhexahedral
Unstructured, layered Unstructured, layered triangulartriangular
Structured, layered Structured, layered quadrilateralquadrilateral
d l dd l dtriangulartriangular
Horizontal or sloping Horizontal or sloping lower boundarylower boundary
Unstructured, layered Unstructured, layered triangulartriangular
Adaptive mesh andAdaptive mesh andyy Adaptive mesh and Adaptive mesh and BASD BASD
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonConductivity and RetentionConductivity and Retention
HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSvan Genuchtenvan Genuchten‐‐MualemMualem
Modified van GenuchtenModified van Genuchten
FEFLOWFEFLOWvan Genuchtenvan Genuchten‐‐MualemMualem
Modified van GenuchtenModified van Genuchten
BrooksBrooks‐‐CoreyCorey
Kosugi (logKosugi (log‐‐normal)normal)
BrooksBrooks‐‐CoreyCorey
Haverkamp (parametric)Haverkamp (parametric)
DualDual‐‐porosity (immobile porosity (immobile micropores)micropores)
DualDual permeability (micropermeability (micro
SplinesSplines
ExponentialExponential
LiLiDualDual‐‐permeability (micro permeability (micro and macropores mobile) and macropores mobile)
Linear Linear
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonHysteresisHysteresis
HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSNoneNone
van Genuchtenvan Genuchten‐‐Mualem onlyMualem only
FEFLOWFEFLOWNoneNone
In retention curve In retention curve
In retention curveIn retention curve
In retention curve and In retention curve and d i id i iconductivityconductivity
In retention curve (no In retention curve (no pumping)pumping)pumping)pumping)
Select either drying or Select either drying or wetting curvewetting curve
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonSoil Properties for Water FlowSoil Properties for Water Flow
HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSManually specifyManually specify
Soil catalogSoil catalog
FEFLOWFEFLOWManually specifyManually specify
Rosetta Lite v1.1Rosetta Lite v1.1
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonInitial ConditionsInitial Conditions
HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSPressure headPressure head
Moisture content Moisture content
FEFLOWFEFLOWHydraulic headHydraulic head
Pressure headPressure head
Moisture contentMoisture content
Saturation Saturation
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonBoundary ConditionsBoundary Conditions
HYDRUSHYDRUSll
FEFLOWFEFLOWllGeneralGeneral
TransientTransientCross constrainedCross constrained
SpecificSpecific
GeneralGeneralTransientTransientCross constrainedCross constrained
SpecificSpecificppFluxFluxPressure headPressure headSeepage faceSeepage faceF d iF d i
ppFluxFluxHydraulic headHydraulic headPressure headPressure headS fS fFree drainageFree drainage
AtmosphericAtmosphericPrecipitationPrecipitationEvaporationEvaporation
Seepage faceSeepage faceSaturationSaturationMoisture contentMoisture contentFree drainageFree drainage
TranspirationTranspiration AtmosphericAtmosphericPrecipitationPrecipitationEvapotranspiration Evapotranspiration
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonRoot Water UptakeRoot Water Uptake
HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSFeddesFeddes
SS‐‐shapedshaped
FEFLOWFEFLOWNot available Not available
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonOverland Flow and PondingOverland Flow and Ponding
HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSOverland flowOverland flow
2D only, plans for 3D2D only, plans for 3D
FEFLOWFEFLOWOverland flowOverland flow
All water in excess of All water in excess of
All water in excess of All water in excess of infiltration capacity is infiltration capacity is lost to surface runofflost to surface runoff
infiltration capacity is infiltration capacity is lost to surface runofflost to surface runoff
PondingPondinglost to surface runofflost to surface runoff
PondingPonding
Trick it!!Trick it!!
PondingPonding
Trick it!!Trick it!!
Trick it!!Trick it!!
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonGIS / CAD/ASCII IntegrationGIS / CAD/ASCII Integration
HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSText file for geometry Text file for geometry
FEFLOWFEFLOWESRI shapefilesESRI shapefiles
AutoCAD DXF filesAutoCAD DXF files
ASCII filesASCII files
TIFF / JPEGTIFF / JPEG
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonVisuals / Post Processing / Particle TrackingVisuals / Post Processing / Particle Tracking
HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSVisuals / post processingVisuals / post processing
Internal (1D, good 2D, Internal (1D, good 2D,
FEFLOWFEFLOWVisuals / post processingVisuals / post processing
Internal (1D, good 2D, Internal (1D, good 2D, limited 3D)limited 3D)
Particle TrackingParticle Tracking
ll
poor 3D)poor 3D)
FFPLOT (maps / FFPLOT (maps / graphics)graphics)2D only2D only graphics)graphics)
FEFLOW Explorer FEFLOW Explorer (advanced 3D)(advanced 3D)( )( )
Particle trackingParticle tracking
YesYes
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model ComparisonModel ComparisonGraphical User InterfaceGraphical User Interface
HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSWindowsWindows‐‐based lookbased look
UserUser‐‐friendly friendly
FEFLOWFEFLOWOutdated lookOutdated look
NonNon‐‐intuitiveintuitive
Layered functionality Layered functionality
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
Model Selection SummaryModel Selection SummaryModel Selection SummaryModel Selection Summary
HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSSame core featuresSame core features
Better representation of Better representation of
FEFLOWFEFLOWSame core featuresSame core features
FEMFEM
physical processphysical processEvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration
MacroporesMacropores
Richards equationRichards equation
Retention / conductivityRetention / conductivity
Advanced preAdvanced pre‐‐ and postand post‐‐MacroporesMacropores
Root water uptakeRoot water uptake
Overland flow and Overland flow and
Advanced preAdvanced pre and postand postprocessing utilitiesprocessing utilities
Overland flow and Overland flow and ponding an issueponding an issue
UserUser‐‐friendly GUIfriendly GUI
ponding an issueponding an issue
Old school GUIOld school GUI
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558
ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferencesBarbour, M., A. Solomeshch, C. Witham, R. Holland, R. Macdonald, S. Cilliers, J.A. Molina, J. Buck, J. Hillman. 2003. VernalBarbour, M., A. Solomeshch, C. Witham, R. Holland, R. Macdonald, S. Cilliers, J.A. Molina, J. Buck, J. Hillman. 2003. Vernal popool vegetation of ol vegetation of California: variation within pools, 2003, Madrono 50(3):129California: variation within pools, 2003, Madrono 50(3):129‐‐146.146.Diersch HDiersch H J G 2005 WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System Reference ManualJ G 2005 WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System Reference ManualDiersch, H.Diersch, H.‐‐J.G. 2005. WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System Reference Manual.J.G. 2005. WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System Reference Manual.Diersch, H.Diersch, H.‐‐J.G. 2009. WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System User Manual.J.G. 2009. WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System User Manual.Hanes, T. and L. Stromberg. 1998. Hydrology of vernal pools on nonHanes, T. and L. Stromberg. 1998. Hydrology of vernal pools on non‐‐volcanic soils in the Sacramento Valley. In Ecology, Conservvolcanic soils in the Sacramento Valley. In Ecology, Conservation, and ation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems –– Proceedings from a 1996 Conference, eds. C.W. Witham, E.T. Bauder, D. Felk, W.R. Ferren JProceedings from a 1996 Conference, eds. C.W. Witham, E.T. Bauder, D. Felk, W.R. Ferren Jr., and R. r., and R. Ornduff, 38Ornduff, 38‐‐49. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.49. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.Hobson, W.A. and R.A. Dahlgren. 1998. Soil Forming Processes in Vernal Pools of Northern California, Chico Area. In Ecology, Hobson, W.A. and R.A. Dahlgren. 1998. Soil Forming Processes in Vernal Pools of Northern California, Chico Area. In Ecology, ConConservation, and servation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems –– Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.KeelerKeeler Wolf T D Elam K Lewis and S Flint 1998 California Vernal Pool Assessment Preliminary Report CA DFGWolf T D Elam K Lewis and S Flint 1998 California Vernal Pool Assessment Preliminary Report CA DFGKeelerKeeler‐‐Wolf, T., D. Elam, K. Lewis, and S. Flint. 1998. California Vernal Pool Assessment Preliminary Report. CA DFG.Wolf, T., D. Elam, K. Lewis, and S. Flint. 1998. California Vernal Pool Assessment Preliminary Report. CA DFG.Pyke, C.R. 2002. Modeling vernal pool hydrologic regimes and assessing their sensitivity to climatic and landPyke, C.R. 2002. Modeling vernal pool hydrologic regimes and assessing their sensitivity to climatic and land‐‐use change. Ph.D. use change. Ph.D. Dissertation. Dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA.University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA.Pyke, C.R. 2004. Simulating vernal pool hydrologic regimes for tow locations in California, USA. Ecological Modelling 173(2):Pyke, C.R. 2004. Simulating vernal pool hydrologic regimes for tow locations in California, USA. Ecological Modelling 173(2):109109‐‐127.127.Pyke, C.R. 2005. Assessing climate change impacts on vernal pool ecosystems and endemic branchiopods. Ecosystems 8(1):95Pyke, C.R. 2005. Assessing climate change impacts on vernal pool ecosystems and endemic branchiopods. Ecosystems 8(1):95‐‐105.105.Rains, M.C., R.A. Dahlgren, G.E. Fogg, T. Harter, R.J. Williamson. 2008. Geological control of physical and chemical hydrologRains, M.C., R.A. Dahlgren, G.E. Fogg, T. Harter, R.J. Williamson. 2008. Geological control of physical and chemical hydrology iy in California vernal pools. n California vernal pools. Wetlands 28(2):347Wetlands 28(2):347‐‐362.362.R i M C G E F T H R A D hl d R J Willi 2006 Th l f h d if i h d l i lR i M C G E F T H R A D hl d R J Willi 2006 Th l f h d if i h d l i l i i di i dRains, M.C., G.E. Fogg, T. Harter, R.A. Dahlgren, and R.J. Williamson. 2006. The role of perched aquifers in hydrological conRains, M.C., G.E. Fogg, T. Harter, R.A. Dahlgren, and R.J. Williamson. 2006. The role of perched aquifers in hydrological connecnectivity and tivity and biogeochemical processes in vernal pool landscapes, Central Valley, California. Hydrological Processes 20:1157biogeochemical processes in vernal pool landscapes, Central Valley, California. Hydrological Processes 20:1157‐‐1175.1175.Šimůnek, J., M. Th. van Genuchten, and M. Šejna. 2006. The HYDRUS Software Package for Simulating TwoŠimůnek, J., M. Th. van Genuchten, and M. Šejna. 2006. The HYDRUS Software Package for Simulating Two‐‐ and Threeand Three‐‐Dimensional MovDimensional Movement of ement of Water, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in VariablyWater, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in Variably‐‐Saturated Media Technical Manual Version 1.0. PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic.Saturated Media Technical Manual Version 1.0. PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic.Šimůnek, J., M. Th. van Genuchten, and M. Šejna. 2008. Development and applications of the HYDRUS and STANMOD software packagŠimůnek, J., M. Th. van Genuchten, and M. Šejna. 2008. Development and applications of the HYDRUS and STANMOD software packages es and related and related codes. Vadose Zone Journal 7(2):587codes. Vadose Zone Journal 7(2):587‐‐600.600.Šimůnek, J., M. Šejna, and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2007. The HYDRUS Software Package for Simulating TwoŠimůnek, J., M. Šejna, and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2007. The HYDRUS Software Package for Simulating Two‐‐ and Threeand Three‐‐Dimensional MovDimensional Movement of ement of Water Heat and Multiple Solutes in VariablyWater Heat and Multiple Solutes in Variably Saturated Media User Manual Version 1 02 PC Progress Prague Czech RepublicSaturated Media User Manual Version 1 02 PC Progress Prague Czech RepublicWater, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in VariablyWater, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in Variably‐‐Saturated Media User Manual Version 1.02. PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic.Saturated Media User Manual Version 1.02. PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic.Smith, D.W. and W. L Verrill. 1998. Vernal PoolSmith, D.W. and W. L Verrill. 1998. Vernal Pool‐‐SoilSoil‐‐Landform Relationships in the Central Valley, California. In Ecology, ConseLandform Relationships in the Central Valley, California. In Ecology, Conservation, and rvation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems –– Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.Trefry, M.G. and C. Muffels. 2007. FEFLOW: a finiteTrefry, M.G. and C. Muffels. 2007. FEFLOW: a finite‐‐element ground water flow and transport modeling tool. Ground Water 45(5):52element ground water flow and transport modeling tool. Ground Water 45(5):5255‐‐528.528.Williamson, R.J., G.E. Fogg, M.C. Rains, and T. Harter. 2005. Hydrology at Three Sites, Southern Sacramento Valley. Prepared Williamson, R.J., G.E. Fogg, M.C. Rains, and T. Harter. 2005. Hydrology at Three Sites, Southern Sacramento Valley. Prepared forfor the California the California Department of Transportation. Report No. FHWA/CA/IRDepartment of Transportation. Report No. FHWA/CA/IR‐‐2004/08.2004/08.
Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558