LEVEL LEVEL
ON
OFF
30
27
24
21
1815
12
9
6
3
0 ENABLECH1 CH2
ODEP
30
27
24
219
6
3
0
SIGNAL/ IOC
1815
12
LEVEL LEVEL
ON
OFF
30
27
24
21
1815
12
9
6
3
0 ENABLECH1 CH2
ODEP
30
27
24
219
6
3
0
SIGNAL/ IOC
1815
12
LEVEL LEVEL
ON
OFF
30
27
24
21
1815
12
9
6
3
0 ENABLECH1 CH2
ODEP
30
27
24
219
6
3
0
SIGNAL/ IOC
1815
12
Models:Macro-Tech 600, 1200 & 2400Macro-Tech 601, 1201 & 2401
Some models may be exported under the name Amcron.®
102989-17/97
© 1997 by Crown International, Inc., P.O. Box 1000, Elkhart, IN 46515-1000 U.S.A. Telephone: 219-294-8000.Fax: 219-294-8329. Macro-Tech amplifiers are produced by the Professional Audio Division of CrownInternational, Inc. Trademark Notice: SmartAmp™ and Grounded bridge™ are trademarks and Amcron,®
Crown,® Macro-Tech,® IOC,® ODEP,® IQ System,® P.I.P.® and TEF ® are registered trademarks of CrownInternational, Inc. Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
®
®CommercialAudioLL 32521C
120 VAC NorthAmerican
Units Only:
CommercialAudioE106377
Approved forTHX TheatreSystems
WORLDWIDESUMMARY OF WARRANTY
The Crown Audio Division of Crown International, Inc., 1718 WestMishawaka Road, Elkhart, Indiana 46517-4095 U.S.A. warrants to you,the ORIGINAL PURCHASER and ANY SUBSEQUENT OWNER of eachNEW Crown1 product, for a period of three (3) years from the date ofpurchase by the original purchaser (the “warranty period”) that the newCrown product is free of defects in materials and workmanship, and wefurther warrant the new Crown product regardless of the reason forfailure, except as excluded in this Crown Warranty.1 Note: If your unit bears the name “Amcron,” please substitute it for thename “Crown” in this warranty.
ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTYThis Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown productwhich occurred within the Warranty Period. It does not cover any productwhich has been damaged because of any intentional misuse, accident,negligence, or loss which is covered under any of your insurancecontracts. This Crown Warranty also does not extend to the new Crownproduct if the serial number has been defaced, altered, or removed.
WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DOWe will remedy any defect, regardless of the reason for failure (exceptas excluded), by repair, replacement, or refund. We may not elect refundunless you agree, or unless we are unable to provide replacement, andrepair is not practical or cannot be timely made. If a refund is elected,then you must make the defective or malfunctioning product availableto us free and clear of all liens or other encumbrances. The refund willbe equal to the actual purchase price, not including interest, insurance,closing costs, and other finance charges less a reasonabledepreciation on the product from the date of original purchase. Warrantywork can only be performed at our authorized service centers. We willremedy the defect and ship the product from the service center withina reasonable time after receipt of the defective product at our authorizedservice center.
HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICEYou must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety(90) days after expiration of the warranty period. All components must beshipped in a factory pack. Corrective action will be taken within areasonable time of the date of receipt of the defective product by ourauthorized service center. If the repairs made by our authorized servicecenter are not satisfactory, notify our authorized service centerimmediately.
DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL DAMAGESYOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY INCIDENTALDAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE NEW CROWNPRODUCT. THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO ANOTHER PRODUCTOR PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A DEFECT.
WARRANTY ALTERATIONSNo person has the authority to enlarge, amend, or modify this CrownWarranty. This Crown Warranty is not extended by the length of timewhich you are deprived of the use of the new Crown product. Repairsand replacement parts provided under the terms of this Crown Warrantyshall carry only the unexpired portion of this Crown Warranty.
DESIGN CHANGESWe reserve the right to change the design of any product from time totime without notice and with no obligation to make correspondingchanges in products previously manufactured.
LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASERNo action to enforce this Crown Warranty shall be commenced laterthan ninety (90) days after expiration of the warranty period.
THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERSCONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS.
9/90
NORTH AMERICASUMMARY OF WARRANTY
The Crown Audio Division of Crown International, Inc., 1718 West MishawakaRoad, Elkhart, Indiana 46517-4095 U.S.A. warrants to you, the ORIGINALPURCHASER and ANY SUBSEQUENT OWNER of each NEW Crown prod-uct, for a period of three (3) years from the date of purchase by the originalpurchaser (the “warranty period”) that the new Crown product is free of defectsin materials and workmanship. We further warrant the new Crown productregardless of the reason for failure, except as excluded in this Warranty.
ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTYThis Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown product whichoccurred within the Warranty Period. It does not cover any product which hasbeen damaged because of any intentional misuse, accident, negligence, orloss which is covered under any of your insurance contracts. This CrownWarranty also does not extend to the new Crown product if the serial numberhas been defaced, altered, or removed.
WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DOWe will remedy any defect, regardless of the reason for failure (except asexcluded), by repair, replacement, or refund. We may not elect refund unlessyou agree, or unless we are unable to provide replacement, and repair is notpractical or cannot be timely made. If a refund is elected, then you must makethe defective or malfunctioning product available to us free and clear of all liensor other encumbrances. The refund will be equal to the actual purchase price,not including interest, insurance, closing costs, and other finance charges lessa reasonable depreciation on the product from the date of original purchase.Warranty work can only be performed at our authorized service centers or atthe factory. We will remedy the defect and ship the product from the servicecenter or our factory within a reasonable time after receipt of the defectiveproduct at our authorized service center or our factory. All expenses inremedying the defect, including surface shipping costs in the United States,will be borne by us. (You must bear the expense of shipping the productbetween any foreign country and the port of entry in the United States and alltaxes, duties, and other customs fees for such foreign shipments.)
HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICEYou must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety (90)days after expiration of the warranty period. All components must be shippedin a factory pack, which, if needed, may be obtained from us free of charge.Corrective action will be taken within a reasonable time of the date of receiptof the defective product by us or our authorized service center. If the repairsmade by us or our authorized service center are not satisfactory, notify us orour authorized service center immediately.
DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL DAMAGESYOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY INCIDENTALDAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE NEW CROWNPRODUCT. THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO ANOTHER PRODUCT ORPRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A DEFECT. SOME STATES DONOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATIONS OF INCIDENTAL ORCONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OREXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
WARRANTY ALTERATIONSNo person has the authority to enlarge, amend, or modify this Crown Warranty.This Crown Warranty is not extended by the length of time which you aredeprived of the use of the new Crown product. Repairs and replacement partsprovided under the terms of this Crown Warranty shall carry only the unexpiredportion of this Crown Warranty.
DESIGN CHANGESWe reserve the right to change the design of any product from time to timewithout notice and with no obligation to make corresponding changes inproducts previously manufactured.
LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASERTHIS CROWN WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, YOUMAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO STATE.No action to enforce this Crown Warranty shall be commenced later thanninety (90) days after expiration of the warranty period.
THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERSCONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS.
9/90Telephone: 219-294-8200. Facsimile: 219-294-8301Telephone: 219-294-8200. Facsimile: 219-294-8301
THREE YEARFULL WARRANTY YEAR
3YEAR3
The information furnished in this manual does not include all of the details of design, production, or variations ofthe equipment. Nor does it cover every possible situation which may arise during installation, operation or main-tenance. If your unit bears the name “Amcron,” please substitute it for the name “Crown” in this manual. If youneed special assistance beyond the scope of this manual, please contact our Technical Support Group.
Crown Audio Division Technical Support GroupPlant 2 SW, 1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart, Indiana 46517 U.S.A.
Phone: 800-342-6939 (North America, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) or 219-294-8200Fax: 219-294-8301 Fax Back (North America only): 800-294-4094 or 219-293-9200
Fax Back (International): 219-294-8100 Internet: http://www.crownintl.com
IMPORTANTTHE MACRO-TECH 2400 REQUIRES CLASS 1OUTPUT WIRING. THE MACRO-TECH 600 &1200 REQUIRE CLASS 2 OUTPUT WIRING.
Printed onrecycled paper.
The lightning bolttriangle is used toalert the user to therisk of electric shock.
The exclamation pointtriangle is used to alert theuser to important operating ormaintenance instructions.
WARNINGTO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC
SHOCK, DO NOT EXPOSE THISEQUIPMENT TO RAIN OR MOISTURE!
Magnetic FieldCAUTION! Do not locate sensitive high-gain equip-ment such as preamplifiers or tape decks directlyabove or below the unit. Because this amplifier hasa high power density, it has a strong magnetic fieldwhich can induce hum into unshielded devices thatare located nearby. The field is strongest just aboveand below the unit.
If an equipment rack is used, we recommend locatingthe amplifier(s) in the bottom of the rack and thepreamplifier or other sensitive equipment at the top.
C A U T I O NRISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
DO NOT OPEN
TO PREVENT ELECTRIC SHOCK DONOT REMOVE TOP OR BOTTOM
COVERS. NO USER SERVICEABLEPARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICINGTO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSON-NEL. DISCONNECT POWER CORDBEFORE REMOVING REAR INPUT
MODULE TO ACCESS GAIN SWITCH.
A V I SRISQUE DE CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE
N’OUVREZ PAS
À PRÉVENIR LE CHOC ÉLECTRIQUEN’ENLEVEZ PAS LES COUVERCLES.
IL N’Y A PAS DES PARTIESSERVICEABLE À L’INTÉRIEUR. TOUSREPARATIONS DOIT ETRE FAIRE PAR
PERSONNEL QUALIFIÉ SEULMENT.DÉBRANCHER LA BORNE AVANT
D’OUVRIR LA MODULE EN ARRIÈRE.
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 4
CONTENTS1 Welcome ............................................................................ 7
1.1 Unpacking ................................................................... 71.2 Features ...................................................................... 7
2 Facilities ............................................................................ 8
3 Installation ....................................................................... 103.1 Mounting ................................................................... 103.2 Cooling ...................................................................... 103.3 Wiring ........................................................................ 11
3.3.1 Stereo (Two-Channel) Operation ..................... 113.3.2 Bridge-Mono Operation .................................. 123.3.3 Parallel-Mono Operation .................................. 133.3.4 Input Connection............................................. 143.3.5 Output Connection .......................................... 163.3.6 Additional Load Protection .............................. 18
3.4 AC Power Requirements ............................................ 18
4 Operation ......................................................................... 194.1 Precautions ............................................................... 194.2 Indicators .................................................................. 194.3 Protection Systems .................................................... 21
4.3.1 ODEP .............................................................. 214.3.2 Standby Mode ................................................ 214.3.3 Transformer Thermal Protection ...................... 214.3.4 Fuses and Circuit Breakers ............................. 22
4.4 Controls ..................................................................... 224.5 Filter Cleaning............................................................ 23
5 Technical Information ..................................................... 245.1 Overview ................................................................... 245.2 Circuit Theory ............................................................ 24
5.2.1 Stereo Operation ............................................. 245.2.2 Bridge-Mono Operation .................................. 265.2.3 Parallel-Mono Operation .................................. 26
6 Specifications ................................................................. 27
7 AC Power Draw & Thermal Dissipation .......................... 36
8 Accessories .................................................................... 389.1 P.I.P. Modules ............................................................ 389.2 Cooling Fan Options .................................................. 409.3 Level Control Security Kit ........................................... 40
9 Service ............................................................................. 419.1 Worldwide Service ..................................................... 419.2 North American Service ............................................. 41
9.2.1 Service at a N. American Service Center ........ 419.2.2 Factory Service ............................................... 41
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 5
ILLUSTRATIONS1.1 Macro-Tech Amplifier ................................................................ 72.1 Front Facilities ........................................................................... 82.2 Rear Facilities ........................................................................... 93.1 Mounting Dimensions ............................................................. 103.2 Top View of a Rack-Mounted Unit ........................................... 103.3 Proper Air Flow in a Rack Cabinet ........................................... 103.4 Stereo Wiring .......................................................................... 113.5 Bridge-Mono Wiring ................................................................ 123.6 Parallel-Mono Wiring ............................................................... 133.7 Unbalanced Input Wiring ........................................................ 143.8 Balanced Input Wiring ............................................................ 143.9 Balanced and Unbalanced Phone Plugs ................................ 143.10 Subsonic Filter Capacitors ...................................................... 153.11 Unbalanced RFI Filters ........................................................... 153.12 Balanced RFI Filters ................................................................ 153.13 Wire Size Nomograph ............................................................. 163.14 Inductive Load (Transformer) Network .................................... 173.15 Loudspeaker Fuse Nomograph .............................................. 184.1 Indicators................................................................................ 194.2 Macro-Tech ODEP and Signal/IOC Indicator States ................ 204.3 Input Sensitivity and Ground Lift Switches .............................. 225.1 Circuit Block Diagram ............................................................. 256.1 Macro-Tech 600 Minimum Power Matrix ................................. 296.2 Macro-Tech 1200 Minimum Power Matrix ................................ 306.3 Macro-Tech 2400 Minimum Power Matrix ................................ 306.4 Macro-Tech 600 Maximum Power Matrix ................................ 316.5 Macro-Tech 1200 Maximum Power Matrix .............................. 326.6 Macro-Tech 2400 Maximum Power Matrix .............................. 326.7 Typical Frequency Response .................................................. 336.8 Typical Damping Factor .......................................................... 336.9 Typical Output Impedance ...................................................... 336.10 Typical Phase Response ......................................................... 346.11 Typical Crosstalk for the Macro-Tech 600 ................................ 346.12 Typical Crosstalk for the Macro-Tech 1200 .............................. 356.13 Typical Crosstalk for the Macro-Tech 2400 .............................. 357.1 Macro-Tech 600 Power Draw, Current Draw and
Thermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles ............................ 367.2 Macro-Tech 1200 Power Draw, Current Draw and
Thermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles ............................ 377.3 Macro-Tech 2400 Power Draw, Current Draw and
Thermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles ............................ 378.1 Installing a P.I.P. Module .......................................................... 388.2 Installing an MA-LOCK Level Control Shaft Lock .................... 40
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 7
1 WelcomeCongratulations on your purchase of the renownedMacro-Tech® professional power amplifier. Macro-Techamplifiers are designed to provide enormous levels ofpure, undistorted power in a rugged low-profile pack-age—making them the choice for pro sound reinforce-ment. They utilize our patented ODEP® protectioncircuitry to keep the show going long after other ampli-fiers have shut down. And with their P.I.P.®
expandability, Macro-Tech amplifiers can be easily cus-tomized with one of our many optional input modules(see Section 8 for a list of available P.I.P.s.).
This manual will help you successfully install and useyour new amplifier. Please read all instructions, warn-ings and cautions. Be sure to read Sections 3.3.2 and3.3.3 if you plan to use one of the amplifier’s two monomodes. Also for your protection, please send in yourwarranty registration card today and save your bill ofsale because it is your official proof of purchase .
1.1 UnpackingPlease unpack and inspect your new amplifier for anydamage that may have occurred during transit. If dam-age is found, notify the transportation company imme-diately. Only you, the consignee, may initiate a claimfor shipping damage. Crown will be happy to cooper-ate fully as needed. Save the shipping carton as evi-dence of damage for the shipper’s inspection.
Even if the unit arrived in perfect condition, as most do,save all packing materials so you will have them if youever need to transport the unit. NEVER SHIP THE UNITWITHOUT THE FACTORY PACK.
1.2 FeaturesMacro-Tech amplifiers use cutting edge technology todeliver the ultimate in power and value for their size,weight and price. They offer numerous advantagesover conventional designs and provide benefits youcan’t get in amplifiers from any other manufacturer.
Here are some of their many features:
Crown’s grounded bridge design delivers large voltageswings without using easily stressed output transistorconfigurations like conventional amplifiers. The resultsare lower distortion and superior reliability.
Patented ODEP (Output Device Emulation Protection) cir-cuitry compensates for overheating and overload to keepthe amplifier working when others would fail.
IOC ® (Input/Output Comparator) circuitry immediatelyalerts of any distortion exceeding 0.05%, providing dy-namic proof of distortion-free performance.
P.I.P. (Programmable Input Processor) connector acceptsaccessories that tailor the amplifier to suit specific appli-cations.
Two mono modes (Bridge-Mono and Parallel-Mono) fordriving a wide range of load impedances.
Very low harmonic and intermodulation distortion result inthe best dynamic transfer function in the industry.
High damping factor provides superior control over lowfrequency drivers for a clean, accurate low end.
Full protection against shorted outputs, mismatchedloads, input/output DC, general overheating, high-fre-quency overloads and internal faults.
Dedicated power supply transformers isolate channels inStereo mode for superb crosstalk characteristics and reli-ability—each channel is virtually a separate amplifier.
Balanced inputs with internal three-position sensitivityswitch and adjustable front panel level controls.
Versatile 5-way binding posts make it easy to connectoutput wiring.
Ground lift switch isolates the AC power and phone jackaudio grounds.
Efficient heat sinks and a self-contained forced-air cool-ing system dissipate heat quickly and evenly for extraamplifier protection and greater power output.
Extra rugged, extruded aluminum front panel with ODEPand signal presence/IOC indicators for each channel,and an Enable Indicator.
Mounts in a standard 19 inch (48.3 cm) equipment rack(units can also be stacked).
Three year “No-Fault” full warranty completely protectsyour investment and guarantees its specifications.
LEVEL LEVEL
ON
OFF
30
27
24
21
1815
12
9
6
3
0 ENABLECH1 CH2
ODEP
30
27
24
219
6
3
0
SIGNAL/ IOC
1815
12
Fig. 1.1 Macro-Tech Amplifier
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 8
Fig. 2.1 Front Facilities
LEVEL LEVEL
ON
OFF
30
27
24
21
1815
12
9
6
3
0 ENABLECH1 CH2
ODEP
30
27
24
219
6
3
0
SIGNAL/ IOC
1815
12
A B C D D C B E F
2 FacilitiesA. Dust FiltersThe dust filters remove large particles from the airdrawn in by the cooling fan. Check the filters regularlyto prevent clogging. The filter elements can be easilyremoved for cleaning by gently pulling them away fromthe front panel (see Sections 3.2 and 4.5).
B. Level ControlsThe output level for each channel is set with these con-venient level controls mounted on the front panel. Eachlevel control has 31 detents for precise adjustment (seeSection 4.4). A security option is available to preventtampering (see Section 8.3).
C. Signal/IOC IndicatorsThese green multifunction indicators show signal pres-ence and distortion for each channel. As signal pres-ence indicators, they flash synchronously with theoutput audio signals to show their presence. As IOC(Input/Output Comparator) indicators, they flashbrightly with a 0.1 second hold delay if there is a differ-ence of 0.05% or more between the input and outputsignal waveforms. This provides proof of distortion-freeperformance. Another IOC function is to indicate inputoverload. If an input signal is too large, the indicator forthe affected channel flashes brightly with a 0.5 secondhold delay to show clipping distortion. Note: The Chan-nel 2 IOC indicator stays on in Parallel-Mono mode (seeSection 4.2).
D. ODEP IndicatorsDuring normal operation of the ODEP (Output DeviceEmulation Protection) circuitry, these amber indicatorsglow brightly to show the presence of reserve thermal-
dynamic energy. They dim proportionally as energy re-serves decrease. In the rare event that energy reservesare depleted, the indicators turn off and ODEP propor-tionally limits output drive so the amplifier can safelycontinue operating even under severe conditions.These indicators can also help identify more unusualoperating conditions (see Section 4.2).
E. Enable IndicatorThis indicator lights when the amplifier has been “en-abled” or turned on, and AC power is available (seeSection 4.2).
F. Enable SwitchThis push button is used to turn the amplifier on andoff. When turned on, the output is muted for approxi-mately four seconds to protect your system from start-up transients. (This delay can be changed. ContactCrown’s Technical Support Group for details.)
G. Power CordThe power cord has an appropriate plug for the re-quired voltage. 120 VAC, 60 Hz North American Macro-Tech 600s and 1200s have 14 AWG line cords andNEMA 5-15P plugs. Macro-Tech 2400s have 12 AWGline cords and NEMA 5-20P plugs. International unitsare shipped with an appropriate line cord and plug.See Section 7 for AC power usage.
H. Stereo/Mono SwitchThe three operating modes of a Macro-Tech amplifierare controlled by this switch. Stereo mode is used fornormal two-channel operation, Bridge-Mono mode is
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 9
Fig. 2.2 Rear Facilities
UNBALANCEDINPUT WIRING
BALANCEDINPUT WIRING
THIS AMPLIFIER IS EQUIPPED WITH SELECTABLE INPUT SENSITIVITY. REMOVE P.I.P. MODULE TO ACCESS SENSITIVITY SWITCH.
BRIDGE-MONO WIRINGTURN AMPLIFIER OFF.
SET STEREO/MONOSWITCH TOBRIDGE-MONO.
OUTPUT ACROSSRED TERMINALSONLY. (CH-1IS POSITIVE.)
PARALLEL-MONO WIRINGTURN AMPLIFIER OFF.
SET STEREO/MONOSWITCH TOPARALLEL-MONO.
ADD JUMPER (14GAGE OR LARGER)ACROSS REDTERMINALS.
OUTPUT ACROSS CH-1TERMINALS ONLY.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
CH-2 CH-1
+
–
CH-2 CH-1 –
+
+–
TIP
RING
SLEEVEGND
INPUT GROUND LIFT
+ TIP
SLEEVEGND
(AFFECTS PHONE INPUTS ONLY.)CAUTION: TURN OFF AMPLIFIER
BEFORE CHANGING THIS SWITCH!
STEREO
BRIDGEMONO
PARALLELMONO
INPUTS
PUSH TO RESET
CLASS 1OUTPUTWIRING
REQUIRED.
WARNING: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE ORELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT EXPOSE THIS EQUIPMENTTO RAIN OR MOISTURE.
OUTPUTS
(MONO)LIFTREG. U.S. PAT. OFF.4,330,8094,611,180
MODEL: MACRO-TECH 2400 SERIES AC VOLTS: 120 AMPS: 17 60 Hz
MAXIMUM OUTPUT: 900 WATTSPER CHANNEL INTO 2 OHMS AT 1 KHzWITH NO MORE THAN 0.1% THD.
® INTERNATIONAL, INC.ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
ELKHART, IN 46517MADE IN U.S.A.
SERIAL NUMBER
0000
000000
PRESS
R E
SE
T
PRESS
R E
SE
T
ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)
3
1 2GNDI N P U T I N P U T
C H - 2 C H - 1
PUSH PUSH
FX
G H I J K M K ML N N
used to drive a single channel with a load impedanceof at least 4 ohms, and Parallel-Mono mode is used todrive a single channel with an impedance less than 4ohms. Important: Turn off the amplifier beforechanging the stereo/mono switch (see Section 3.3).
I. Reset Switches (Macro-Tech 2400 only)The Macro-Tech 2400 has a back panel Reset switchfor each channel. Each switch resets the circuit breakerthat protects the channel’s power supply from overload.
J. P.I.P. ModuleThe standard P.I.P.-FX is included with your amplifier. Itprovides female XLR input connectors. A variety ofother P.I.P. modules can be used in place of theP.I.P.-FX. They add additional features that customizethe amplifier for different applications (see Section 8.1for information on available P.I.P. modules).
Input Sensitivity SwitchThe three-position input sensitivity switch located in-side the amplifier can be set after removing the P.I.P.module (J). It is set at the factory to 0.775 volts forstandard 1 kHz output into 8 ohms. It can also be set to1.4 volts for standard 1 kHz output into 8 ohms, or afixed voltage gain of 26 dB (see Section 4.4).
K. Balanced Phone Jack InputsBalanced ¼-inch phone jack input connectors are pro-vided on the back panel of your amplifier. The phonejacks can be wired for either balanced (tip, ring and
sleeve) or unbalanced (tip and sleeve) input signals.Because they are electrically in parallel with the P.I.P.input connectors, input signals should not be con-nected to the phone jacks when certain P.I.P. modulesare installed (see Section 3.3.4). The phone jacks canalso be used as “daisy chain” outputs to simplify con-necting input signals to multiple amplifiers. Caution:The Channel 2 input should NOT be used in eithermono mode.
L. Ground Lift SwitchThis switch isolates or “lifts” the phone jack signalgrounds from the AC power ground. Activating theswitch inserts an impedance between the sleeve ofeach phone jack and the unit’s AC ground to help pre-vent the hum that can result from a ground loop.
M. Balanced XLR InputsThe factory-installed P.I.P.-FX provides a three-pin fe-male XLR connector for balanced input to each chan-nel. The XLR inputs are connected in parallel with theamplifier’s phone jack inputs. Because the P.I.P.-FXdoes not have any active circuitry, its XLR connectorscan also be used as “daisy chain” outputs to connectsignals from phone jack inputs to multiple amplifiers(see Section 3.3.4). Caution: The Channel 2 inputshould NOT be used in either mono mode.
N. Output JacksA pair of versatile 5-way binding posts is provided forthe output of each channel. The 5-way binding postsaccept banana plugs, spade lugs or bare wire.
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 10
If the air supply is unusually dusty, you might want topre-filter it using commercial furnace filters to preventrapid loading of the unit’s own air filter. When needed,the unit’s filter can be cleaned with mild dish detergentand water (see Section 4.5).
BLOWER(OPTION 2)
BLOWER(OPTION 1)
AIRFLOW
FRONTOF
RACK
DOOR
AIRFLOW
EQUIPMENTRACK
(SIDE VIEW)
Fig. 3.3 Proper Air Flow in a Rack Cabinet
3 Installation3.1 MountingMacro-Tech amplifiers are designed for standard19-inch (48.3 cm) rack mounting and “stack” mount-ing without a cabinet. For more efficient cooling andextra support in a rack, it is recommended that unitsbe stacked directly on top of each other.
Important: If the unit will be transported, it should alsobe securely supported at the back of the rack.
Fig. 3.2 Top View of a Rack-Mounted Unit
AIRFLOW
AIR FLOW
AMPLIFIER(TOP VIEW)
RACKCABINET
16 in40.6 cm
2 in(5 cm)MIN.
IMPORTANT: Be sure rear of amplifieris securely mounted to rack.
17 in43.2 cm
AIRFLOW
3.2 CoolingNEVER block the side or front air vents. Macro-Techamplifiers do not need to be mounted with space be-tween them. If you must leave open spaces in a rackfor any reason, close them with blank panels to pre-vent air from recycling into the front of other ampliers.Allow at least 35 cubic feet (1 cubic meter) per minuteper unit for the Macro-Tech 600 and 1200, and at least45 cubic feet (1.3 cubic meters) per minute per unit forthe Macro-Tech 2400. Additional air flow may be re-quired when driving low impedance loads at consis-tently high output levels. Refer to Section 7 for detailedinformation on thermal dissipation.
Fig. 3.1 Mounting Dimensions
19 in48.3 cm
16 in40.6 cm
3.5 in8.9 cm
2.5 in6.35 cm
SIDE VIEW
LEVEL LEVEL
ON
OFF
30
27
24
21
1815
12
9
6
3
0 ENABLECH1 CH2
ODEP
30
27
24
219
6
3
0
SIGNAL / IOC
1815
12
When mounting the amplifier in a rack, the side walls ofthe rack should be at least 2 inches (5 cm) away fromthe chassis as shown in Figure 3.2.
Tip: An easy way to verify adequate cooling is to ob-serve the ODEP indicators while the amplifier is oper-ating under worst-case conditions. If the indicatorsdim, additional cooling is recommended.
If your rack has a front door that could block air flow tothe amplifier’s air intakes, you must provide adequateair flow by installing a grille in the door or by pressuriz-ing the air behind the door. Wire grilles are recom-mended over perforated panels because they tend tocause less air restriction. A good choice for pressuriz-ing the air behind a rack cabinet door is to mount a“squirrel cage” blower inside the rack (Option 1 be-low). At the bottom of the rack, mount the blower so itblows outside air into the space between the door andin front of the amplifiers, pressurizing the “chimney”behind the door. This blower should not blow air into ortake air out of the space behind the amplifiers. Forracks without a door, you can evacuate the rack bymounting the blower at the top of the rack so that airinside the cabinet is drawn out the back (Option 2 be-low).
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 11
3.3 WiringThis section describes the most common ways to in-stall your amplifier in a sound system. The input andoutput terminals are located on the back panel. Pleaseuse care when making connections, selecting signalsources and controlling the output level. The load yousave may be your own! Crown assumes no liability fordamaged loads resulting from careless amplifier useor deliberate overpowering.
CAUTION: Always remove power from the unit andturn the level controls off while making or chang-ing connections. This is very important when loud-speakers are connected because it reduces thechance of loud blasts that can cause loudspeakerdamage.
Macro-Tech amplifiers may be operated in one of threemodes (Stereo, Bridge-Mono, and Parallel-Mono) byswitching the stereo/mono switch on the back panel.There are VERY IMPORTANT wiring differences amongthese three modes which will be discussed next.
MIXER
CHANNEL 1LOUDSPEAKER
–
+
–
+
CHANNEL 2LOUDSPEAKER
CHANNEL 2
CHANNEL 1
STEREO MODE
Macro-Tech Amplifier
CH-2 CH-1
CH-2 CH-1
STEREO
BRIDGEMONO
PARALLELMONO
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
I N P U T I N P U T
C H - 2 C H - 1FX
CAUTION: TURN OFF AMPLIFIER BEFORE CHANGING THIS SWITCH!
STEREOBRIDGEMONO
PARALLELMONO
PUSH PUSH
PRESS
R E
SE
T
PRESS
R E
SE
T
Fig. 3.4 Stereo Wiring
3.3.1 Stereo (Two-Channel) OperationIn Stereo mode, installation is very intuitive: input Chan-nel 1 feeds output Channel 1, and input Channel 2feeds output Channel 2. To put the amplifier in Stereomode, first turn off the amplifier, then slide the stereo/mono switch to the center position, and properly con-nect the output wiring as shown in Figure 3.4. A pair of5-way binding posts is provided for each channel tofacilitate easy connection of loudspeaker wires. Ob-serve correct loudspeaker polarity and be very carefulnot to short the two outputs.
CAUTION: In Stereo mode, never parallel the twooutputs by directly tying them together, and neverparallel them with the output of another amplifier.Such a connection does not result in increased poweroutput, but may result in overheating and prematureactivation of the protection circuitry.
Note: A method for paralleling multiple amplifiers forfail-safe redundancy is available from Crown’s Techni-cal Support Group.
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 12
3.3.2 Bridge-Mono OperationBridge-Mono mode is intended for driving loads with atotal impedance of 4 ohms or more (see Section 3.3.3if the load is less than 4 ohms). Installing the amplifierin Bridge-Mono mode is very different from the othermodes and requires special attention.
To put the amplifier in Bridge-Mono mode, turn theamplifier off and slide the stereo/mono switch to theright (as you face the back of the amplifier). Both out-puts receive the signal from Channel 1 with the outputof Channel 2 inverted so it can be bridged with theChannel 1 output. DO NOT USE THE CHANNEL 2 IN-PUT or the signal level and quality may be greatly de-graded. Keep the Channel 2 level control turned downcompletely (counterclockwise).
Note: The input jack and level control of Channel 2 are
Fig. 3.5 Bridge-Mono Wiring
BRIDGE-MONO MODE
CH-2 CH-1
CH-2 CH-1
STEREO
BRIDGEMONO
PARALLELMONO
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
I N P U T I N P U T
C H - 2 C H - 1FX
CAUTION: TURN OFF AMPLIFIER BEFORE CHANGING THIS SWITCH!
STEREOBRIDGEMONO
PARALLELMONO
MIXER
–
+
Macro-Tech Amplifier
LOUDSPEAKER
DO NOT USETHE CHANNEL 2
INPUTS.
DO NOTUSE BLACK
BINDINGPOSTS.
ONLY USE THE CHANNEL 1 INPUTS
PUSH PUSH
PRESS
R E
SE
T
PRESS
R E
SE
T
not defeated in Bridge-Mono mode. Any signal fed intoChannel 2 will work against and add to or distort thesignal in Channel 1.
Connect the load across the Channel 1 and 2 red bind-ing posts with the positive lead from the load attachingto the red post of Channel 1 and the negative lead ofthe load attaching to the red post of Channel 2 asshown in Figure 3.5. THE TWO BLACK BINDINGPOSTS ARE NOT USED AND SHOULD NOT BESHORTED. The load must be balanced (neither sideshorted to ground).
CAUTION: Be certain all equipment (meters,switches, etc.) connected to the mono output isbalanced. To prevent oscillations, both sides of theline must be isolated from the input grounds.
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 13
Fig. 3.6 Parallel-Mono Wiring
PARALLEL-MONO MODE
CH-2 CH-1
CH-2 CH-1
STEREO
BRIDGEMONO
PARALLELMONO
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
I N P U T I N P U T
C H - 2 C H - 1FX
CAUTION: TURN OFF AMPLIFIER BEFORE CHANGING THIS SWITCH!
STEREOBRIDGEMONO
PARALLELMONO
MIXER
ONLY USE THE CHANNEL 1 INPUTS
Macro-Tech Amplifier
LOUDSPEAKER
ADD A 14 GAUGEOR LARGER
JUMPER BETWEENTHE CHANNEL 1AND 2 RED (+)
BINDING POSTS.
–
+
PUSH PUSH
THE CHANNEL 2INPUTS ARENOT USED.
PRESS
R E
SE
T
PRESS
R E
SE
T
3.3.3 Parallel-Mono OperationParallel-Mono mode is intended for driving loads with anet impedance of less than 4 ohms. (See Bridge-Monoif the load is 4 ohms or greater.) Installing the amp inParallel-Mono mode is very different from the othermodes and requires special attention.
CAUTION: Do not attempt to operate in Stereo orBridge-Mono mode until the Parallel-Mono jumperis first removed. Failure to do so will result in highdistortion and excessive heating.
To put the amplifier in Parallel-Mono mode, turn it offand slide the stereo/mono switch to the left (as youface the back panel). Connect the input signal to Chan-nel 1 only. The Channel 2 input and level control are
bypassed in this mode, so they should not be used.
Note: It is normal for the IOC indicator of Channel 2 tostay on in Parallel-Mono mode.
Install a jumper wire between the red binding posts ofboth Channel 1 and 2 that is at least 14 gauge in size.Then, connect the load to the output of Channel 1 asshown in Figure 3.6. The positive lead from the loadconnects to the red binding post of Channel 1 and thenegative lead from the load connects to the black bind-ing post of Channel 1.
CAUTION: Remove the jumper wire before chang-ing to Stereo or Bridge-Mono mode.
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 14
Tw
in-le
ad s
hiel
ded
cabl
e
2-wire line cord(or battery power)
Shield connectedto ground terminal
3-wire grounded line cord(or other ground connection)
Shield is notconnectedat this end
Groundedsource
3-wire grounded line cord(or other ground connection)
Input groundterminal not used
Groundedsource
Sin
gle-
cond
ucto
r co
axor
twis
ted
pair2-wire line cord
(or battery power)
Floatingsource
Shield connected to bothnegative (–) and groundinput terminals
+–
INPUT
Output
Floatingsource
+
3
1 2
+–
INPUT
+Output
3
1 2
+–
INPUT
Output +
3
1 2
+–
+Output
INPUT
3
1 2
3.3.4 Input ConnectionBoth the balanced XLR and phone jack inputs have anominal impedance of 20 K ohms (10 K ohms with un-balanced wiring) and will accept the line-level outputof most devices. Female XLR input connectors are pro-vided on the standard P.I.P.-FX input module (otherP.I.P. modules are described in Section 8.1). Correctinput wiring will depend on two factors: (1) whether theinput signals are balanced or unbalanced, and (2)whether the signal source floats or has a ground refer-ence. Figures 3.7 and 3.8 show the recommendedconnection techniques for each type of signal source.
The amplifier’s built-in ¼-inch phone jack input con-nectors can be wired similarly for balanced or unbal-anced, floating or ground-referenced sources. They
Fig. 3.7 Unbalanced Input WiringFig. 3.9 Balanced and Unbalanced Phone Plugs
3
1 2
+–
INPUT
2-wire line cord(or battery power)
Note: If two or more channels withthe same input ground reference
are driven from the samefloating source, connect
only one shield to thesource chassis.
Floatingsource
3-wire grounded line cord(or other ground connection)
Shield not connectedat this end
Groundedsource
3
1 2
Output+–
+–
Output+–
INPUT
Fig. 3.8 Balanced Input Wiring
have a standard tip-ring-sleeve (TRS) configuration:the tip is positive (+), the ring is negative (–) and thesleeve is ground (see Figure 3.9). Wiring for varioussources follows the XLR wiring guidelines shown in Fig-ures 3.7 and 3.8.
The phone jacks should not be used as inputs when aP.I.P. module with active circuitry is installed. The phonejacks are in parallel with the output of the P.I.P. module,so an input signal connected to the phone jacks canfeed backwards into the active circuitry of the P.I.P. andcause undesirable distortion. You can use the phonejacks for signal input with any of the following P.I.P.modules installed: P.I.P.-FX, P.I.P.-BB, P.I.P.-FMX, P.I.P.-FXQ and P.I.P.-FPX. All other P.I.P. modules have activecircuitry and should not be installed if you plan to con-nect input signals to the phone jacks. The phone jackscan always be used as “daisy chain” outputs to feedpost-processed signals from the P.I.P. to the inputs ofother amplifiers.
Please follow the instruction in Section 3.3.2 and 3.3.3if the amplifier will be used in either Bridge-Mono orParallel-Mono mode. Remember, do not use the Chan-nel 2 input in either mono mode.
+–
SHIELD
BALANCED
+
SHIELD
UNBALANCED
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 15
SOLVING INPUT PROBLEMSSometimes large subsonic (subaudible) frequenciesare present in the input signal. These can damageloudspeakers by overloading or overheating them. Toattenuate such frequencies, place a capacitor in se-ries with the input signal line. The graph in Figure 3.10shows some capacitor values and how they affect thefrequency response. Use only low-leakage paper,mylar or tantalum capacitors.
Input Wiring Tips
1. Use only shielded cable. Cables withhigher density shields are better. Spiralwrapped shield is not recommended.
2. When using unbalanced lines, keep thecables as short as possible. Avoid cablelengths greater than 10 feet (3 meters).
3. Do not run signal cables together withhigh-level wiring such as loudspeaker wiresor AC cords. This greatly lessens the chanceof hum or noise being induced into the inputcables.
4. Turn the entire system off before changingconnections. Turn level controls downcompletely before powering the system backup. Crown is not liable for damage incurredwhen any transducer or component isoverdriven.
+
–
Balanced In
910 Ω
.003fµ
.015fµ
.018fµ
1.8 mH
2.5 mH
A
C
B
.015fµ
1.8 mH
D
Balanced Out
+
–910 Ω
1.8 mH
2.5 mH
1.8 mH
+
–
Balanced In Balanced Out
+
–
+
–
Balanced In Balanced Out
+
–
+
–
Balanced In Balanced Out
+
–
0.47 Film
0.47 Film
Fig. 3.12 Balanced RFI Filters1 Hz 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz
dB
0
–5
–10
–15
1 fµ .1 fµ.05 f .01 fµ µ
Frequenc y
Fig. 3.10 Subsonic Filter Capacitors
Another problem to avoid is the presence of large lev-els of radio frequencies or RF in the input signal. Al-though high RF levels may not pose a threat to theamplifier, they can burn out tweeters or other loads thatare sensitive to high frequencies. Extremely high RFlevels can also cause your amplifier to prematurelyactivate its protection circuitry, resulting in inefficientoperation. RF can be introduced into the signal by lo-cal radio stations and from the bias signal of many taperecorders. To prevent high levels of input RF, install anappropriate low-pass filter in series with the the inputsignal. Some examples of unbalanced wiring for low-pass filters are shown in Figure 3.11.
4 kHz 10 kHz 40 kHz 100 kHz
Frequenc y
dB
0
–10
–20
A
B
C
6 dB/octave
12 dB/octave
ToAmp
GND
ToAmp
GND
ToAmp
GND
Source
1.8 K ohm
.003fµ
.015fµ
.018fµ
3.9 mH
5 mH
600 ohmSource
R
600 ohmSource
R
A
C
B
Note: A low source impedance (R) can beincreased to 600 ohms with an a ppropriate resistor.
Fig. 3.11 Unbalanced RFI Filters
For balanced input wiring use one of the examples inFigure 3.12. Filters A, B and C correspond to the un-balanced filters above. Filter D also incorporates thesubsonic filter described previously.
Tip: The P.I.P.-FX included with your amplifier hasplenty of room on its circuit board for input filters.
A third problem to avoid is hum . The two most com-mon sources of hum in an audio system are inductivecoupling and ground loops .
Inductive coupling can occur when input cables aresubjected to a magnetic field from a power cord orpower transformer. One way to prevent inductive cou-pling is to lace the input cables together along theirlength and route them as far away as possible frompower transformers and power cords. The use of
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 16
shielded pair cable is another effective way to reduceor eliminate hum resulting from inductive coupling.
Ground loops often result when two or more devicesare improperly grounded. This causes undesirablestray currents that may produce hum in the output. Thebest way to avoid ground loops is to ensure that allsystem devices are plugged into the same power strip.In addition, make sure that all cable shields aregrounded at one end only.
Input and output grounds are sometimes tied togetherfor testing or metering. This can cause feedback os-cillation from load current in the test loop. In somesystems, even the AC power line may provide this feed-back path. Proper grounding, input isolation and isola-tion of common AC devices in the system is goodpractice.
3.3.5 Output ConnectionConsider the power handling capacity of your loadbefore connecting it to the amplifier. Crown is not liablefor damage incurred at any time due to overpowering.Fusing loudspeaker lines is highly recommended (seeSection 3.3.6). Also, please pay close attention to theprecautions provided in Section 4.1.
cable resistance increases. This is very important be-cause the amplifier’s excellent damping factor can eas-ily be negated by insufficient loudspeaker cables.
Use the nomograph in Figure 3.13 and the procedurethat follows to find the recommended wire gauge (AWGor American Wire Gauge) for your system.
Use Good Connectors
1. To prevent possible shorts, do not exposethe loudspeaker cable connectors.
2. Do not use connectors that might acci-dentally tie two channels together when mak-ing or breaking connections (for example, astandard three-wire stereo phone plug).
3. Connectors that can be plugged into ACpower receptacles should never be used.
4. Connectors with low current-carrying ca-pacity should not be used.
5. Connectors with any tendency to shortshould never be used.
HOW TO DETERMINEAPPROPRIATE WIRE GAUGE
It is important to use loudspeaker cables with sufficientgauge (thickness) for the length being used. The re-sistance introduced by inadequate loudspeakercables will reduce both the output power and the mo-tion control of the loudspeakers. The latter problemoccurs because the damping factor decreases as the
40
30
20
15
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
2
5
10
20
50
100
.04
.06
.1
.2
.4
.6
1
2
4
6
10
20
40
5
10
20
50
1
2
100
200
500
1000
2000
5000
8000
5000
1000
500
100
50
10
5
1
.5
.1
.05
.01
#28
#26
#24
#22
#20
#18
#16
#14
#12
#10
#8
#6
#4
#2
#0#00#0000
R
LOAD
RESISTANCE
(ohms)
L
R
R
DAMPING
FACTOR
L
S
R
SOURCE
RESISTANCE
(ohms)
S
2-COND.
CABLE
(feet)
COPPER
WIRE
(AWG)(ohms/1000 ft.)
Example Shown:R = 8 ohms; R = 0.016 ohms or D.F. = 500;Cable Length = 10 ft.; answer: #8 wire
L S
1
0.5
200
500
1,000
2,000
20,000
5,000
10,000
.01
.001
.02
.004
.006
.002
.0004
.0006
.0002
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.5
0.9
Fig. 3.13 Wire Size Nomograph
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 17
1. Note the load resistance of the loudspeakers connectedto each channel of the amplifier. Mark this value on the“Load Resistance” line of the nomograph.
2. Select an acceptable damping factor and mark it on the“Damping Factor” line. Your amplifier can provide an excel-lent damping factor of 1,000 from 10 to 400 Hz in Stereomode with an 8-ohm load. In contrast, typical damping fac-tors are 50 or lower. Higher damping factors yield lower dis-tortion and greater motion control over the loudspeakers. Acommon damping factor for commercial applications is be-tween 50 and 100. Higher damping factors may be desir-able for live sound, but long cable lengths often limit thehighest damping factor that can be achieved practically.(Under these circumstances, Crown’s IQ System® is oftenused so amplifiers can be monitored and controlled whenthey are located very near the loudspeakers.) In recordingstudios and home hi-fi, a damping factor of 500 or more isvery desirable.
3. Draw a line through the two points with a pencil, andcontinue until it intersects the “Source Resistance” line.
4. On the “2-Cond. Cable” line, mark the length of thecable run.
5. Draw a pencil line from the mark on the “Source Resis-tance” line through the mark on the “2-Cond. Cable” line,and on to intersect the “Annealed Copper Wire” line.
6. The required wire gauge for the selected wire length anddamping factor is the value on the “Annealed Copper Wire”line. Note: Wire size increases as the AWG gets smaller.
7. If the size of the cable exceeds what you want to use,(1) find a way to use shorter cables, like using the IQ Sys-tem, (2) settle for a lower damping factor, or (3) use morethan one cable for each line. Options 1 and 2 will require thesubstitution of new values for cable length or damping factorin the nomograph. For option 3, estimate the effective wiregauge by subtracting 3 from the apparent wire gauge everytime the number of conductors of equal gauge is doubled.So, if #10 wire is too large, two #13 wires can be substituted,or four #16 wires can be used for the same effect.
SOLVING OUTPUT PROBLEMSSometimes high-frequency oscillations occur whichcan cause your amplifier to prematurely activate itsprotection circuitry and result in inefficient operation.The effects of this problem are similar to the effects ofthe RF problem described in Section 3.3.4. To preventhigh-frequency oscillations:
1. Lace together the loudspeaker conductors foreach channel; do not lace together the conduc-tors from different channels. This minimizes thechance that cables will act like antennas andtransmit or receive high frequencies that cancause oscillation.
2. Avoid using shielded loudspeaker cable.
3. Avoid long cable runs where the loudspeakercables from different amplifiers share a com-mon cable tray or cable jacket.
4. Never connect the amplifier’s input and outputgrounds together.
5. Never tie the outputs of multiple amplifiers to-gether.
6. Keep loudspeaker cables well separated frominput cables.
7. Install a low-pass filter on each input line (similarto the RF filters described in Section 3.3.4.
8. Install input wiring according to the instructionsin Section 3.3.4.
Another problem to avoid is the presence of large sub-sonic currents when primarily inductive loads areused. Examples of inductive loads are 70-volt trans-formers and electrostatic loudspeakers.
Inductive loads can appear as a short circuit at lowfrequencies. This can cause the amplifier to producelarge low-frequency currents and activate its protec-tion circuitry. Always take the precaution of installing ahigh-pass filter in series with the amplifier’s input wheninductive loads are used. A 3-pole, 18 dB per octavefilter with a –3 dB frequency of 50 Hz is recommended(depending on the application, an even higher –3 dBfrequency may be desirable). Such a filter is describedwith subsonic frequency problems in Section 3.3.4.
Another way to prevent the amplifier from prematurelyactivating its protection systems and to protect induc-tive loads from large low-frequency currents is to con-nect a 590 to 708 µF nonpolarized capacitor and4-ohm, 20-watt resistor in series with the amplifier’soutput and the positive (+) lead of the transformer. Thecircuit shown below uses components that are avail-able from most electronic supply stores.
Fig. 3.14 Inductive Load (Transformer) Network
4-ohm, 20-wattResistor
590 to 708 µf Capacitor120 VAC, N.P.
+
–
InductiveLoad
+
–
FromAmplifierOutput
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 18
3.3.6 Additional Load ProtectionMacro-Tech amplifiers generate enormous power. Ifyour loudspeakers do not have built-in protection fromexcessive power, it’s a good idea to protect them.Loudspeakers are subject to thermal damage fromsustained overpowering and mechanical damage fromlarge transient voltages. Special fuses can be used toprotect your loudspeakers in both cases.
Two different types of fuses are required for thermalprotection and voltage protection. Slow-blow fuses areusually selected to protect loudspeakers from thermaldamage because they are similar to loudspeakers inthe way they respond to thermal conditions over time.In contrast, high-speed instrument fuses like theLittlefuse 361000 series are used to protect loudspeak-ers from large transient voltages. The nomograph inFigure 3.15 can be used to select the properly ratedfuse for either type of loudspeaker protection.
Fig. 3.15 Loudspeaker Fuse Nomograph
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.5
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
20
25
30
20
15
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1
.8
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.15
.1
.08
3000
2000
1500
1000
800
600
400
300
200
150
100
80
60
40
30
20
15
10
8
6
4
3
2
1.5
1
LOU
DS
PE
AK
ER
IMP
ED
AN
CE
(ohm
s)
FU
SE
(am
ps)
LOU
DS
PE
AK
ER
RA
TIN
G
PE
AK
MU
SIC
PO
WE
R(w
atts
)(T
ypic
ally
4 ti
mes
the
cont
inuo
us a
vera
ge p
ower
)
Answer: Fuse = 1.5 A
2
40
Example: Impedance = 8 ohms.Peak Power = 75 W
There are basically two approaches that can be takenwhen installing fuses for loudspeaker protection. Acommon approach is to put a single fuse in series withthe output of each channel. This makes installation con-venient because there is only one fuse protecting theloads on each output. The main disadvantage of thisapproach becomes obvious if the fuse blows becausenone of the loads will receive any power.
A better approach is to fuse each driver independently.This allows you to apply the most appropriate protec-tion for the type of driver being used. In general, low-frequency drivers (woofers) are most susceptible tothermal damage and high-frequency drivers (tweeters)are usually damaged by large transient voltages. Thismeans that your loudspeakers will tend to have betterprotection when the woofers are protected by slow-blow fuses and high-frequency drivers are protectedby high-speed instrument fuses.
3.4 AC Power RequirementsAll Macro-Tech amplifiers are shipped with an appro-priate line cord. When possible, use a power recep-tacle on a dedicated circuit and always make sure thatit can supply the correct voltage and curent. We do notrecommend operating your amplifier on voltagesgreater than 10% above or below the unit’s rated volt-age. For example, if your amplifer is rated for 120 VAC,the line voltage should not exceed 132 VAC. See Sec-tion 7 for power requirements under a variety of condi-tions.
All specifications in this manual were measured using120 VAC, 60 Hz power, unless otherwise noted. Speci-fications were derived using a voltage that is accurateto within 0.5% with THD less than 1.0% under all test-ing conditions. Performance variations can occur atother AC voltages and frequencies. In addition, lineregulation problems directly affect the output powerfrom the amplifier.
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 19
4 Operation4.1 PrecautionsMacro-Tech amplifiers are protected from internal andexternal faults, but you should still take the follow pre-cautions for optimum performance and safety:
1. Improper wiring for Stereo, Bridge-Mono andParallel-Mono modes can result in serious oper-ating difficulties. Refer to Section 3.3 for details.
2. WARNING: Do not change the position of thestereo/mono switch unless the amplifier is fir stturned off.
3. CAUTION: In Parallel-Mono mode, a jumper isused between the red (+) Channel 1 and 2 out-put binding posts. Be sure to remove thisjumper for Stereo or Bridge-Mono mode, other-wise high distortion and excessive heating willdefinitely occur. Check the stereo/mono switch onthe back panel for proper position.
4. Turn off the amplifier and unplug it fr om the A Cmains before removing the P.I.P. card.
5. Use care when making connections, selecting sig-nal sources and controlling the output level. Theload you save may be your own.
6. Do not short the ground lead of an output cable tothe input signal ground. This may form a groundloop and cause oscillations.
7. Operate the amplifier from AC mains of not morethan 10% variation above or below the selectedline voltage and only the specified line frequency.
8. Never connect the output to a power supply out-put, battery or power main. Such connectionsmay result in electrical shock.
9. Tampering with the circuitry by unqualified person-nel, or making unauthorized circuit changes invali-dates the warranty.
Remember: Crown is not liable for damage that resultsfrom overdriving other system components.
4.2 IndicatorsThe amber Enable indicator is provided to show thatthe amplifier has been turned on (or enabled), and thatits low-voltage power supply and forced-air coolingsystem are working. It does not indicate the status ofthe high-voltage power supplies. For example, the En-able indicator will remain lit during unusual conditionsthat would cause the amplifier’s protection systems to
LEVEL LEVEL
ON
OF
30
27
24
21
1815
12
9
6
3
0 ENABLECH1 CH2
ODEP
30
27
24
219
6
3
0
SIGNAL/ IOC
1815
12
Fig. 4.1 Indicators
put a high-voltage power supply in “standby” mode(see Section 4.3).
The amber ODEP indicators confirm the normal op-eration of Crown’s patented Output Device EmulationProtection circuitry. During normal operation, they glowbrightly to show the presence of reserve thermal-dy-namic energy. They dim proportionally as the energyreserve decreases. In the rare event that there is noreserve, the indicators turn off and ODEP proportion-ally limits the drive level of the output stages so theamplifier can continue safe operation even when con-ditions are severe. (For a more detailed description ofODEP, see Section 4.3.1.)
The ODEP indicator for the affected channel will turnoff if a high-voltage power supply is put in “standby”mode, a high-voltage power supply fuse (or breaker)blows, or a transformer activates its thermal protectioncircuitry (see Section 4.3.2). Both ODEP indicators turnoff if the amplifier loses AC power, the power switch isturned off or the low-voltage power supply fuse blows.
The green Signal/ IOC indicators show signal pres-ence, distortion and input overload. As signal presenceindicators, they flash with normal intensity in sync withthe output audio signals. As IOC (Input/Output Com-parator) indicators, they flash brightly if there is anydifference between the input and output signal wave-forms greater than 0.05%. Because transient distor-tion happens quickly, a 0.1 second “hold delay” keepsthe indicators on long enough to be easily noticed. TheIOC function essentially provides proof of distortion-free performance. As input overload indicators, theyflash brightly with a 0.5 second hold delay to show thatan input signal is too large and must be clipped at theinput. Note: The Channel 2 IOC indicator will stay on inParallel-Mono mode.
Under abnormal conditions where one of the ampli-fier’s high-voltage power supplies is temporarily put instandby mode, the Signal/IOC indicators will stay onwith full brightness. They will resume normal operationwhen the amplifier is no longer in standby mode.
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The table in Figure 4.2 shows the possible states forthe ODEP and Signal/IOC indicators. It also describesthe conditions that may be associated with the differ-ent indicator states. The Enable indicator will be off withthe first indicator state, “There is no power to the ampli-fier.” All other conditions in the table will occur with the
Enable indicator turned on. It is important to note thepossible states of the indicators in the rare event thatyou experience a problem. This can greatly aid in de-termining the source of problems. Please contact yourlocal Crown representative or our Technical SupportGroup for futher assistance.
Fig. 4.2 Macro-Tech ODEP and Signal/IOC Indicator States
ODEP
SIGNAL / IOC
OFF
OFF
There is no power to the amplifier and all indicators are off, including the Enable light. Possible reasons: (1) The amplifier’s Enable switch is off. (2) The amplifier is not plugged into the power receptacle. (3) The AC circuit breaker has been tripped. (4) The amplifier’s low-voltage power supply fuse has blown.
Indicator Status Amplifier Condition
ODEP
SIGNAL / IOC
ON
OFF
Normal operation for a channel with NO audio output. Possible reasons: (1) There is no input signal.(2) The input signal level is very low. (3) The channel’s level control is turned down.
ODEP
SIGNAL / IOC
ON
Normal
Normal operation for a channel with audio output. The ODEP indicator will remain at full intensityto show that there is reserve thermodynamic energy, and the Signal/IOC indicator will flash with normalintensity to show that the channel has audio output.
ODEP
SIGNAL / IOC
ON
Bright
The channel’s output is exceeding 0.05% distortion. The input signal level is too high and IOC isreporting either an input overload or output clipping.
ODEP
SIGNAL / IOC
OFF
Bright
The amplifier channel is in standby mode. Possible reasons: (1) A P.I.P. module like anIQ–P.I.P.–SMT has turned off the channel’s high-voltage power supply. (2) The amplifier has just beenturned on and is still in the four second turn-on delay. (3) The DC / low-frequency protection circuitry hasbeen activated. (4) The fault protection circuitry has been activated. (5) The transformer thermalprotection circuitry has been activated.
ODEP limiting has been activated. Possible reasons: (1) The amplifier’s air filters are blocked andneed to be cleaned. (2) There is insufficient cooling because of inadequate air flow or air that is too hot.(3) The load impedance for the channel is too low because the output is shorted or the amplifier isdriving too many loudspeakers for the selected stereo/mono mode. (4) The amplifier channel iscontinuously being driven to very high output levels.
ODEP
SIGNAL / IOC
OFF
Normal
ODEP limiting is about to begin. Possible reasons: (1) The amplifier’s air filters are blocked and needto be cleaned. (2) There is insufficient cooling because of inadequate air flow or air that is too hot.(3) The load impedance for the channel is too low because the output is shorted or the amplifier isdriving too many loudspeakers for the selected stereo/mono mode. (4) The amplifier channel iscontinuously being driven to very high output levels.
OR
OR
OR
Channel 2 only: The amplifier is in Parallel-Mono mode. The channel 2 Signal/IOC indicator alwaysturns on to full brightness whenever the amplifier's stereo/mono switch is set to Parallel-Mono mode.
A channel’s fuse has blown or breaker has tripped. Transformer overload can cause a channel’sinternal fuse for its high-voltage supply to blow in a Macro-Tech 600 or 1200, and it cancause the channel’s circuit breaker to trip in a Macro-Tech 2400.
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and put the affected channels in standby. This protectsthe loads and prevent oscillations. The unit resumesnormal operation as soon as the amplifier no longerdetects dangerous low frequency or DC output. Al-though it is extremely unlikely that you will ever activatethe amplifier’s DC/low-frequency protection system,improper source materials such as subsonic squarewaves or input overloads that result in excessivelyclipped input signals can activate this system.
The amplifier’s fault protection system will put an am-plifier channel in standby mode in rare situations whereheavy common-mode current is detected in thechannel’s output. The amplifier should never outputheavy common-mode current unless its circuitry isdamaged in some way, and putting a channel instandby mode helps to prevent further damage.
The amplifier’s transformer thermal protection cir-cuitry is activated in very unusual circumstances wherethe unit’s transformer temperature rises to unsafe lev-els. Under these abnormal conditions, the amplifier willput the channel of the affected transformer in standbymode. The amplifier will return to normal operation af-ter the transformer cools to a safe temperature. (Formore information on transformer thermal protection, re-fer to the following section.)
4.3.3 Transformer Thermal ProtectionAll Macro-Tech amplifiers have transformer thermalprotection. It protects the power supplies from dam-age under the rare conditions of transformer tempera-tures rising too high. A thermal switch embedded ineach transformer removes power to the channel if thereis excessive heat. The switch automatically resetswhen the transformer cools to a safe temperature.
It is extremely unlikely that you will ever see aMacro-Tech amplifier activate transformer thermal pro-tection as long as it is operated within rated conditions(see Section 6, Specifications). One reason is thatODEP keeps the amplifier working under very severeconditions. Even so, higher than rated output levels,excessively low impedance loads and unreasonablyhigh input signals can generate more heat in the trans-former than in the output devices. These conditionscan overheat the transformer and activate its protec-tion system.
Macro-Tech amplifiers are designed to keep workingunder conditions where other amplifiers would fail. Buteven when the limits of a Macro-Tech amplifier are ex-ceeded, it will still protect itself—and your investment—from damage.
4.3 Protection SystemsMacro-Tech amplifiers provide extensive protectionand diagnostics capabilities. Protection systems in-clude ODEP, “standby” mode, fuses (or breakers), andspecial thermal protection for the unit’s transformers.
4.3.1 ODEPCrown invented ODEP to solve two long-standing prob-lems in amplifier design: to prevent amplifier shutdownduring demanding operation and to increase the effi-ciency of the output circuitry.
To do this, Crown established a rigorous program tomeasure the safe operating area (SOA) of each outputtransistor before installing it in an amplifier. Next, Crowndesigned intelligent circuitry to simulate the instanta-neous operating conditions of those output transistors.Its name describes what it does: Output Device Emu-lation Protection or ODEP. In addition to simulating theoperating conditions of the output transistors, it alsocompares their operation to their known SOA. If it seesthat more power is about to be asked of them than theyare capable of delivering under the present conditions,ODEP immediately limits the drive level until it fallswithin the SOA. Limiting is proportional and kept to anabsolute minimum—only what is required to preventoutput transistor damage.
This level of protection enables Crown to increase out-put efficiency to never-before-achieved levels whilegreatly increasing amplifier reliability.
The on-board intelligence is monitored in two ways.First, the front panel ODEP indicators show whetherthe amplifier is functioning correctly or if ODEP is limit-ing the drive level. Second, ODEP data is fed to theback panel P.I.P. connector so advanced P.I.P. mod-ules like the IQ-P.I.P. can use it to monitor and controlthe amplifier.
With ODEP, the show keeps going because you getthe maximum power with the maximum protection.
4.3.2 Standby ModeAt the heart of the protection systems is the standbymode which removes power from the high-voltage sup-plies to protect the amplifier and connected loads. Thestandby mode can be identified using the indicatortable in Figure 4.2.
Standby mode can be activated in several situations.First, if dangerous subsonic frequencies or direct cur-rent (DC) is detected in the amplifier’s output, the unitwill activate its DC/low-frequency protection circuitry
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4.3.4 Fuses and Circuit BreakersThe power supplies of the Macro-Tech 600 and 1200are protected by fuses. The power supplies of theMacro-Tech 2400 are protected by circuit breakers.With rated loads and output levels, the fuses (or circuitbreakers) should only shut down the amplifier in therare instance of a catastrophic failure. Other protectionsystems like ODEP keep the amplifier operational un-der most other severe conditions. The fuses (or circuitbreakers) can also shut down the amplifier in caseswhere extremely low-impedance loads and high out-put levels result in current draw that exceeds their rat-ing. Again, this should only be possible when operatingoutside rated conditions, like when the amplifier is usedto drive a 1-ohm load in Stereo mode, or when a signaloverloads the input and is clipped severely.
All 120 VAC, 60 Hz units and all Macro-Tech 2400shave a separate fuse for the low-voltage power supplyand cooling fan. All units have separate fuses or break-ers for the high-voltage power supplies.
Macro-Tech amplifiers do not blow their fuses or triptheir breakers unless something is wrong. In the rareevent that an internal fuse blows, please refer the unitto a qualified technician. If a breaker in a Macro-Tech2400 trips, try to identify and correct the problem be-fore resetting the breakers with the back panel Resetswitches . If the problem persists, refer the unit to aqualified technician.
4.4 ControlsThe Enable switch is located on the front panel so youcan easily turn the amplifier on and off. If you ever needto make any wiring or installation changes, don’t forgetto disconnect the power cord. The six steps listed nextshould be followed whenever you turn on the amplifier:
1. Turn down the level of your audio source. Forexample, set your master mixer’s volume to –∞.
2. Turn down the level controls of the amplifier (if theyare not already down).
3. Turn on the Enable switch. The Enable indicatorbeside the switch should glow. During the foursecond mute delay which immediately follows, theSignal/IOC indicators will flash unpredictably andthe ODEP LEDs will stay off. After the mute delay,the ODEP indicators should come on with fullbrilliance and the Signal/IOC indicators shouldfunction normally (remain off if no signal is present;flash if a signal is present). Remember, the Channel2 Signal/IOC indicator will remain on if the amplifieris in Parallel-Mono mode.
4. After the mute delay, turn up the level of your audiosource to the maximum desired level.
5. Turn up the level controls of the amplifier until themaximum desired sound level is achieved.
6. Turn down the level of your audio source to itsnormal range.
For ease of use, the level controls are also located onthe front panel. Each control has 31 detents for accu-rate repeatability. To prevent tampering with these con-trols, the Level Control Security Kit is available (seeSection 8.3). Note: In Bridge-Mono and Parallel-Monomodes, turn down the Channel 2 level control and onlyuse the Channel 1 control.
The input sensitivity switch is located inside the backpanel of the amplifier. It is factory-set to 0.775 volts forstandard 1 kHz power into 8 ohms. It can be switchedto 1.4 volts for standard 1 kHz power output or a fixedvoltage gain of 26 dB. When set 26 dB gain, the inputsensitivity is 2.2 volts for the Macro-Tech 600, 2.6 voltsfor the Macro-Tech 1200 and 3.1 volts for the Macro-Tech 2400.
How to change the input sensitivity:
1. Turn off the amplifier and disconnect its power cordfrom the AC mains power receptacle.
2. Remove the P.I.P. module (two screws).
3. Locate the sensitivity switch access hole inside thechassis opening as shown in Figure 4.3. It islocated just above the phone jack inputs.
4. Set the switch to the desired position noted on thelabel for the access hole. The position toward thefront panel sets the sensitivity to 1.4 volts forstandard 1 kHz power, the middle positionprovides 26 dB gain, and the back position sets the
0.77 V26 dB
SENSITIVITY SWITCH INSIDE ACCESS HOLE
GROUND LIFT SWITCH
1.4 V
UNBALANCEDINPUT WIRING
BALANCEDINPUT WIRING
THIS AMPLIFIER IS EQUIPPED WITH SELECTABLE INPUT SENSITIVITY. REMOVE P.I.P. MODULE TO ACCESS SENSITIVITY SWITCH.
CH-2 CH-1
+–
TIP
RING
SLEEVEGND
+ TIP
SLEEVEGND
INPUTS
(MONO)
INPUT GROUND LIFT
(AFFECTS PHONE INPUTS ONLY.)
LIFT
Fig. 4.3 Input Sensitivity and Ground Lift Switches
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sensitivity to 0.775 volts for standard 1 kHz power.
5. Replace the P.I.P. module and reconnect the powerto the amplifier.
The Ground Lift switch is located on the back paneland can provide isolation between the input signalgrounds and the AC (chassis) ground. It affects onlythe phone jack inputs and has no affect on the P.I.P.module input connectors. Sliding the switch to the leftisolates or “lifts” the grounds by placing an impedancebetween the sleeve of each input phone jack and theAC power ground.
The noninverted and inverted signal lines for the P.I.P.module are connected in parallel with the correspond-ing lines of the phone jack inputs. The input signalgrounds are not paralleled. Specifically, XLR pins 2 and3 are connected in parallel with the tip and ring of thecorresponding phone jack. However, pin 1 of the XLRis not connected in parallel with the sleeve of the phonejack. This makes it possible for a P.I.P. module to handleits own signal grounds independently.
The Macro-Tech 2400 has back panel Reset switchesthat are used to reset the breakers that protect the high-voltage power supplies from overload. If a breakertrips, the IOC indicator for the affected channel will turnon (see Figure 4.2).
4.5 Filter CleaningDust filters are provided on the air intakes to the cool-ing system (see Figure 2.1). If these filters becomeclogged, the unit will not cool as efficiently as it shouldand may produce output levels that are lower than nor-mal due to high heat sink temperature.
To clean, remove each of the filter elements by gentlypulling them away from the front panel. Clean with milddishwashing detergent and warm water. Replacementfilters may be ordered from the factory.
Dust filters are not 100% efficient—depending on thelocal environment, the internal heat sinks of the ampli-fier will benefit from periodic cleaning by a qualifiedtechnician. Internal cleaning information is availablefrom our Technical Support Group.
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The two channels may be used together to double thevoltage (Bridge-Mono) or the current (Parallel-Mono)presented to the load. This feature gives you flexibilityto maximize the power available to the load.
A wide bandwidth, multiloop design is used for state-of-the-art compensation. This produces ideal behaviorand results in ultra-low distortion values.
Aluminum extrusions have been widely used for heatsinks in power amplifiers due to their low cost and rea-sonable performance. However, measured on a wattsper pound or watts per volume basis, the extrusiontechnology doesn’t perform nearly as well as the heatsink technology developed for Macro-Tech amplifiers.
Our heat sinks are fabricated from custom convolutedfin stock that provides an extremely high ratio of areato volume, or area to weight. All power devices aremounted directly to massive heat spreaders that areelectrically at the Vcc potential. Electrifying the heatspreaders improves thermal performance by eliminat-ing the insulating interface underneath the power de-vices. The chassis itself is even used as part of thethermal circuit to maximize utilization of the availablecooling resources.
5.2 Circuit TheoryEach channel is powered by its own power transformerT100 or T200. Both channels share a common low-voltage transformer TF-1. The secondary output ofT100 is full-wave rectified by D109 and is filtered by alarge computer grade capacitor. D104 through D107provide boosted voltage to power LVAs and predrivers.A thermal switch embedded in each transformer pro-tects it from overheating.
The low-voltage transformer TF-1 uses a separatewinding on the fan motor. The TF-1 output is rectifiedby diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4 to generate an unregu-lated 24 volts. Monolithic regulators U1 and U2 providea regulated ±15 volts.
5.2.1 Stereo OperationFor simplicity, the discussion of Stereo operation willrefer to one channel only. Mono operation will be dis-cussed later.
Please refer to the block diagram in Figure 5.1 and theschematics provided at the back of this manual.
The input signal at the phone jack passes directly intothe balanced gain stage (U104-C and U104-D). Whenthe P.I.P. module is used, the input signal first passesthrough the P.I.P.’s circuitry and then to the balancedgain stage.
5 Technical Information5.1 OverviewYour Macro-Tech amplifier incorporates several newtechnological advancements including real-time com-puter simulation of output transistor stress, low-stressoutput stages, an advanced heat sink embodimentand the Programmable Input Processor (P.I.P.) expan-sion system.
Custom circuitry is incorporated to limit temperatureand current to safe levels making it highly reliable andtolerant of faults. Unlike many lesser amplifiers, it canoperate at its voltage and current limits without self-destructing.
Real-time computer simulation is used to create ananalogue of the junction temperature of the output tran-sistors (hereafter referred to as “output devices”). Cur-rent is limited only when the device temperaturebecomes excessive (and by the minimum amount re-quired). This patented approach is called Output De-vice Emulation Protection (or ODEP). It maximizes theavailable output power and protects against overheat-ing—the major cause of device failure.
The amplifier is protected from all common hazardsthat plague high-power amplifiers including shorted,open or mismatched loads; overloaded power sup-plies, excessive temperature, chain-destruction phe-nomena, input overload and high-frequency blowups.The unit protects loudspeakers from input and outputDC, as well as turn-on and turn-off transients.
The four-quadrant topology used in a Macro-Tech’sgrounded output stages is called the grounded bridge.This patented topology makes full use of the powersupplies providing peak-to-peak voltages to the loadthat are twice the voltage seen by the output devices(see Figure 5.1).
As its name suggests, the grounded bridge topologyis referenced to ground. Composite devices are con-structed to function as gigantic NPN and PNP devicesto handle currents which exceed the limits of availabledevices. Each output stage has two composite NPNdevices and two composite PNP devices.
The devices connected to the load are referred to as“high-side NPN and PNP” and the devices connectedto ground are referred to as “low-side NPN and PNP.”Positive current is delivered to the load by increasingconductance simultaneously in the high-side NPN andlow-side PNP stage, while synchronously decreasingconductance of the high-side PNP and low-side NPN.
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Fig. 5.1 Circuit Block Diagram
FAUL
T
ON
LY O
NE
CH
AN
NE
L S
HO
WN
NP
N H
IO
UT
PU
TS
TA
GE
NP
N L
OW
OU
TP
UT
ST
AG
E
PN
P L
OW
OU
TP
UT
ST
AG
E
PN
P H
IO
UT
PU
TS
TA
GE
+
OU
TP
UT
+Vcc
–Vcc
TR
AN
SLA
TO
R
LVA
LVA+V
cc
–Vcc
BIA
SC
UR
RE
NT
LIM
IT
TR
AN
SLA
TO
R
BA
LAN
CE
INP
UT
ST
AG
E
P.I.
P.
BA
LAN
CE
D
INP
UT
S 1/4"
PH
ON
E
XLR
VA
RIA
BLE
GA
IN S
TA
GE
ER
RO
RA
MP
DIS
PLA
Y
BIA
S
BR
IDG
EB
ALA
NC
E
+Vcc
–Vcc
POW
ERSU
PPLY
CON
TRO
LDC
/LF
TIM
ER
OD
EP
A B
A(O
DE
P)
B(O
DE
P)
D E
(DIS
PLA
Y)
DC
(DIS
PLA
Y)
E
HS
TE
MP
C(O
DE
P)
ENAB
LE
POW
ER
+Vcc
–Vcc
SUPP
LY
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The balanced gain stage (U104-C and U104-D)causes balanced to single-ended conversion using adifference amplifier. From there, gain can be controlledwith a potentiometer. The error amp (U104-A) amplifiesthe difference between the output signal and the inputsignal from the gain pot, and drives the voltage trans-lator stage.
From the error amp U104-A, the voltage translatorstage channels the signal to the Last Voltage Amplifi-ers (LVAs) depending on the signal polarity. The +LVA(Q104 and Q105) and the –LVA (Q110 and Q111), withtheir push-pull effect through the bias servo Q318,drive the fully complementary output stage.
The bias servo Q318 is thermally coupled to the heatsink, and sets the quiescent bias current in the outputstage to lower the distortion in the crossover region ofthe output signal. Depending on the polarity of the out-put signal, D301, D302, D303 and D304 are used toremove the charge on the unused portion of the outputstage.
With the voltage swing provided by the LVAs, the sig-nal then gains current amplification through theDarlington emitter-follower output stage.
The bridge-balanced circuit (U104-B) receives a sig-nal from the output of the amplifier, and differences itwith the signal at the Vcc supply. The bridge-balancedcircuit then develops a voltage to drive the bridge-bal-anced output stage. This results in the Vcc supply hav-ing exactly one half of the output voltage added to theirquiescent voltage. D309, D310, D311 and a trimmerresistor set the quiescent current point for the bridge-balanced output stage.
The protection mechanisms that affect the signal pathare implemented to protect the amplifier under real-world conditions. These conditions are high instanta-neous current, excessive temperature, and outputdevice operation outside safe conditions.
Q107 and Q108 sense current in the output stage andact as a conventional current limiter. When current atany one instant exceeds the design criteria, the limit-ers remove the drive from the LVAs, thus limiting cur-rent in the output stage to a safe level.
To further protect the output stages, the patentedODEP circuitry is used. It produces an analog outputproportional to the always changing safe operatingarea of the output transistor. This output controls thetranslator stage previously mentioned, removing anyfurther drive that may exceed the safe operating areaof the output stage.
Thermal sensor S100 gives the ODEP circuits vital in-formation on the operating temperature of the heat sinkon which the output devices are mounted.
Should the amplifier fail in such a way that would causeDC across the output leads, the DC protection circuitsenses this on the negative feedback loop and shutsdown the power supply until the DC is removed.
5.2.2 Bridge-Mono OperationBy setting the back panel stereo/mono switch toBridge-Mono, the user can convert the Macro-Tech intoa bridged, single-channel amplifier. With a signal ap-plied to the Channel 1 input jack and the load con-nected across the red (+) back panel 5-way bindingposts, twice the voltage can be output.
The Channel 1 output feeds the Channel 2 error ampU204-A. Because there is a net inversion, the chan-nel 2 output is out of polarity with Channel 1. This pro-duces twice as much voltage across the load. Each ofthe channel’s protection mechanisms work indepen-dently if a fault occurs.
5.2.3 Parallel-Mono OperationWith the stereo/mono switch set to Parallel-Mono, theoutput of Channel 2 is paralleled with the output ofChannel 1. A suitable jumper capable of handling highcurrent levels must be connected across the red (+)5-way binding posts to gain the benefits of this modeof operation.
The signal path for Channel 1 is the same as previ-ously discussed, except Channel 1 also drives the out-put stage of Channel 2. The Channel 2 balanced input,error amp, translators and LVAs are disconnected andno longer control the Channel 2 output stage. Discon-necting the front-end stages from the Channel 2 outputcauses the Channel 2 IOC circuit to note that the inputwaveform (which is not present) does not match theoutput waveform (which is driven by the Channel 1 in-put signal). This activates the Channel 2 IOC indicatorany time the amplifier is switched to Parallel-Mono. TheChannel 2 output stage and protection mechanismsare also coupled through S1 and function as one.
In Parallel-Mono mode, twice the current of one chan-nel alone can be obtained. Because the Channel 2ODEP circuit is coupled through S1, this gives addedprotection if a fault occurs in the Channel 2 outputstage. The ODEP circuit of Channel 2 will limit the out-put of both output stages by removing the drive fromthe Channel 1 translator stages.
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6 SpecificationsThe following applies to units in Stereo mode with 8-ohm loads and aninput sensitivity of 26 dB gain unless otherwise specified.
Standard 1 kHz Power: refers to maximum average power in watts at1 kHz with 0.1% THD.
Full Bandwidth Power: refers to maximum average power in wattsfrom 20 Hz to 20 kHz with 0.1% THD.
120 VAC, 60 Hz Units: refers to amplifiers with dedicated transform-ers for 120 VAC, 60 Hz power mains.
International Units: refers to amplifiers with special multi-tap trans-formers that are configurable for several AC mains voltages and linefrequencies (some are labeled 601, 1201 and 2401).
PerformanceFrequency Response: ±0.1 dB from 20 Hz to 20 kHz at 1watt (see Figure 6.7).
Phase Response: ±10 degrees from 10 Hz to 20 kHz at 1watt (see Figure 6.10).
Signal-to-Noise Ratio: A-weighted, better than 105 dBbelow full bandwidth power. Better than 100 dB below fullbandwidth power from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): Less than 0.05% at fullbandwidth power from 20 Hz to 1 kHz increasing linearlyto 0.1% at 20 kHz.
Intermodulation Distortion (IMD): (60 Hz, 7 kHz) Lessthan 0.05% from 163 milliwatts to full bandwidth power.
Damping Factor: Greater than 1,000 from 10 Hz to 400Hz (see Figure 6.8).
Crosstalk: See Figures 6.11, 6.12 and 6.13.
Slew Rate: Greater than 13 volts per microsecond.
Voltage Gain: 20:1 ±3% or 26 dB ±0.25 dB at the maxi-mum level setting (also see Section 4.4).
Macro-Tech 600: 54:1 ±12% or 35 dB ±0.5 dB at 0.775 voltsensitivity; 30:1 ±12% or 30 dB ±0.5 dB at 1.4 volt sensitivity.
Macro-Tech 1200: 64:1 ±12% or 36 dB ±0.5 dB at 0.775 voltsensitivity; 36:1 ±12% or 31 dB ±0.5 dB at 1.4 volt sensitivity.
Macro-Tech 2400: 83:1 ±12% or 38 dB ±0.5 dB at 0.775 voltsensitivity; 46:1 ±12% or 33 dB ±0.5 dB at 1.4 volt sensitivity.
PowerOutput Power: The following are guaranteed minimumsfor standard 1 kHz power from 120 VAC, 60 Hz NorthAmerican units. For more information or specs on interna-tional units, see the power matrices that follow.
Macro-Tech 600Stereo mode (both channels driven):
400 watts into 2 ohms.325 watts into 4 ohms.220 watts into 8 ohms.
Bridge-Mono mode:750 watts into 4 ohms.655 watts into 8 ohms.450 watts into 16 ohms.
Parallel-Mono mode:700 watts into 1 ohm.665 watts into 2 ohms.450 watts into 4 ohms.
Macro-Tech 1200Stereo mode (both channels driven):
675 watts into 2 ohms.480 watts into 4 ohms.310 watts into 8 ohms.
Bridge-Mono mode:1300 watts into 4 ohms.970 watts into 8 ohms.620 watts into 16 ohms.
Parallel-Mono mode:1300 watts into 1 ohm.965 watts into 2 ohms.620 watts into 4 ohms.
Macro-Tech 2400Stereo mode (both channels driven):
1050 watts into 2 ohms.800 watts into 4 ohms.520 watts into 8 ohms.
Bridge-Mono mode:2070 watts into 4 ohms.1585 watts into 8 ohms.1035 watts into 16 ohms.
Parallel-Mono mode:2080 watts into 1 ohm.1605 watts into 2 ohms.1035 watts into 4 ohms.
Load Impedance: Safe with all types of loads. Rated for 2to 16 ohms in Stereo, 4 to 16 ohms in Bridge-Mono and 1to 4 ohms in Parallel-Mono mode.
Required AC Mains: 50/60 Hz; 100, 120, 220, 230 and240 VAC (±10%) units are available. All draw 100 watts orless at idle. Current, voltage and frequency requirementsare provided on the unit’s back panel (also see Section 7).
Amplifiers don’t create energy. The AC mains voltage andcurrent must be sufficient to deliver the power you expect.
ControlsEnable: A front panel push button used to turn the ampli-fier on and off.
Level: A front panel rotary control for each channel with 31detents used to control the output level.
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Stereo/Mono: A three-position back panel switch used toselect Stereo, Bridge-Mono or Parallel-Mono mode.
Sensitivity: A three-position switch inside the P.I.P. com-partment used to select the input sensitivity for both chan-nels: 0.775 volts or 1.4 volts for standard 1 kHz power, or a26 dB voltage gain.
Ground Lift: A two-position back panel switch for isolat-ing the phone jack input grounds from the AC ground.
Reset (Macro-Tech 2400 only): A back panel push but-ton for each channel used to reset the circuit breaker thatprotects each power supply.
IndicatorsEnable: This amber front panel indicator shows the on/offstatus of the low-voltage power supply.
Signal/ IOC: Each channel has a green front panel indica-tor that flashes to show amplifier output. If a channel’s out-put waveform differs from its input by 0.05% or more, theindicator flashes brightly to show distortion. This functionprovides proof of distortion-free performance. In Parallel-Mono mode, the Channel 2 light stays on (see Section 4.2).
ODEP: Each channel has an amber front panel indicatorthat shows thermal-dynamic energy reserve. Normally,each ODEP indicator is lit to show available reserve en-ergy. In the rare event that a channel has no reserve, itsindicator will dim in proportion to ODEP limiting. An ODEPindicator may also turn off under other conditions (see Sec-tion 4.2).
Input/OutputInput Connector: Two balanced 1¦4-inch phone jacks onthe back panel and two balanced three-pin female XLRconnectors on the factory-installed P.I.P.-FX (see Section 8for information on optional P.I.P. modules).
Input Impedance: Nominally 20 K ohms, balanced. Nomi-nally 10 K ohms, unbalanced.
Input Sensitivity: Settings include 0.775 volts or 1.4 voltsfor standard 1 kHz power, or a 26 dB voltage gain (seeSection 4.4 for more information).
Output Connectors: Two sets of color-coded 5-way bind-ing posts (for banana plugs, spade lugs or bare wire).
Output Impedance: Less than 10 milliohms in series withless than 2 microhenries (see Figure 6.9).
DC Output Offset: (Shorted input) ±10 millivolts.
Output SignalStereo: Unbalanced, two-channel.
Bridge-Mono: Balanced, single-channel. Channel 1 con-trols are active; Channel 2 should not be used.
Parallel-Mono: Unbalanced, single-channel. Channel 1controls are active; Channel 2 controls are bypassed.
ProtectionMacro-Tech amplifiers are protected against shorted, openor mismatched loads; overloaded power supplies; exces-sive temperature, chain destruction phenomena, inputoverload damage and high-frequency blowups. They alsoprotect loudspeakers from input/output DC and turn-on/turn-off transients.
If unreasonable operating conditions occur, the patentedODEP circuitry will proportionally limit the drive level toprotect the output transistor stages, particularly in the caseof elevated temperature. Transformer overheating will re-sult in a temporary shutdown of the affected channel; whenit has cooled to a safe temperature, the transformer willautomatically reset itself. Controlled slew-rate voltage am-plifiers prevent RF burnouts. And input overload protec-tion is provided by current-limiting resistance at the input.Refer to Section 4.3.
Turn On: Four-second delay with no dangerous transients.Contact Crown’s Technical Support Group to change theturn-on delay time.
ConstructionSteel chassis with durable black finish, aluminum frontpanel with Lexan overlay, and specially designed flow-through ventilation from front to side panels.
Cooling: Internal heat sinks with forced-air cooling forrapid, uniform heat dissipation.
Dimensions: Standard 19 inch (48.3 cm) rack mountwidth (EIA RS-310-B), 3.5 inch (8.9 cm) height, 16 inch(40.6 cm) depth behind the mounting surface and 2.5 inch(6.35 cm) protrusion in front of the mounting surface.
Approximate Weight: Center of gravity is 6 inches(15.2 cm) behind front mounting surface.
120 VAC, 60 Hz Units:Macro-Tech 600: 39 pounds, 9 ounces (17.9 kg) net;44 pounds (19.9 kg) shipping weight.Macro-Tech 1200: 44 pounds, 1 ounce (20.0 kg) net;47 pounds (21.3 kg) shipping weight.Macro-Tech 2400: 51 pounds, 12 ounces (23.5 kg) net;65 pounds (29.5 kg) shipping weight.
International Units:Macro-Tech 600: 41 pounds, 15 ounces (19.0 kg) net;46 pounds (20.9 kg) shipping weight.Macro-Tech 1200: 42 pounds, 12 ounces (19.4 kg) net;46 pounds, 13 ounces (21.3 kg) shipping weight.Macro-Tech 2400: 48 pounds, 15 ounces (22.2 kg) net;57 pounds, 6 ounces (26.0 kg) shipping weight.
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 29
Crown specifications are guaranteed for three years.In an effort to provide you with as much information as possible about the high power-producing capabilities of your amplifier,we have created the following power matrices.
Minim um Guaranteed P ower SpecificationsCrown’s minimum power specifications represent the absolute smallest amount of output power you can expect from youramplifier when it is driven to full output under the given conditions. Some spaces in each matrix may be left blank because thesame guarantee is not provided for those conditions—however, your amplifier will perform well under all conditions listed ineach matrix.
When measuring power, 0.1% THD appears to be the industry standard for distortion. Two of the maximum average powerspecifications shown in each minimum power matrix are measured at 0.1% THD so you can easily compare Crown specifica-tions to those of other manufacturers. But this high level of distortion actually allows for some clipping which is undesirable.Because of this, a maximum average power spec at 0.05% THD is included in each minimum power matrix which representsnon-clipped conditions. Although most manufacturers do not give you power specifications at 0.05% THD, we encouragethem to provide these specifications so you will have a more realistic representation of the way amplifiers should be used inthe real world—without a clipped output signal.
Many manufacturers publish power specs with a tolerance of ±1 dB or worse. This means their amplifier can deviate morethan 20% in output! A 100 watt amplifier would meet their specification if it only produced 79.4 watts. Other manufacturersqualify their specs by saying they are “typical,” “subject to manufacturing tolerances,” “single channel driven” or that they arespecified with “fuses bypassed.” Each of these statements effectively removes any performance guarantee. In fact, somemanufacturers use these tactics to generate large power numbers, and they don’t even print a disclaimer. We take a differentapproach at Crown—our amplifiers are guaranteed to meet or exceed their specifications for three years. Further, becauseour published specs are set below our “in-house” measurements, you can expect every Crown amplifier to exceed its pub-lished minimum power specs. We believe you should get what you pay for.
8
2
Macro-Tech 600 – Minimum Guaranteed Power (Watts)
Stereo-MonoMode
Stereo(both channels
driven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
FTC Continuous AverageAt 0.1% THD(See note 4)
1 kHz 20Hz-20kHz
Maximum Average
Load
(Ohm
s)
AC M
ains
120
VAC,
60
Hz U
nits
1 kHz
At 0.1% THD(See note 1)
At 0.1% THD(See note 2)
400
325
225
750
655
450
700
665
450
380
335
230
730
680
465
680
665
460
20Hz-20kHz
4
2
8
8
2Stereo
(both channelsdriven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
At 0.05% THD(See note 3)
1 kHz
4
2
8
Inte
rnat
iona
l Uni
ts
335
300
210
650
605
425
305
220
625
440
395
325
220
745
650
445
695
660
450
375
330
230
725
670
465
675
665
455
320
220
645
450
635
450
320
230
645
465
645
455
285
210
570
420
285
215
565
430
Fig. 6.1 Macro-Tech 600 Minimum Power Matrix
Minimum Power Notes:All minimum power specifications are based on0.1% regulated AC mains and an ambient roomtemperature of 70° F (21° C). International unitswith multi-tap transformers are specified for theworst-case transformer tap (normally 100 VAC,50 Hz). The standard EIA power measurement(RS-490) is not identified here because it is iden-tical to the FTC Continuous Average Powerspecification.
1. A 1 kHz sine wave is presented to the ampli-fier and the output monitored for nonlineardistortion. The level is increased until the THDreaches 0.1%. At this level the averagepower per channel is reported.
2. A sine wave is presented to the amplifier overthe range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz and the out-put monitored for nonlinear distortion. Thelevel at each frequency is increased until theTHD reaches 0.1%. At this level the averagepower per channel is reported.
3. A 1 kHz sine wave is presented to the ampli-fier and the output monitored for nonlineardistortion. The level is increased until the THDreaches 0.05%. At this level the averagepower per channel is reported.
4. Continuous power in the context of FederalTrade Commission testing is understood tobe a minimum of five minutes of operation.Harmonic distortion is measured as the RMSsum total and given as a percentage of thefundamental output voltage. This applies forall wattages greater than 0.25 watts.
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 30
8
2
Macro-Tech 2400 – Minimum Guaranteed Power (Watts)
Stereo-MonoMode
Stereo(both channels
driven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
FTC Continuous AverageAt 0.1% THD(See note 4)
1 kHz 20Hz-20kHz
Maximum Average
Load
(Ohm
s)
AC M
ains
120
VAC,
60
Hz U
nits
1 kHz
At 0.1% THD(See note 1)
At 0.1% THD(See note 2)
1050
800
520
2070
1585
1035
2080
1605
1035
895
745
510
1775
1485
1030
1765
1470
1020
20Hz-20kHz
4
2
8
8
2Stereo
(both channelsdriven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
At 0.05% THD(See note 3)
1 kHz
4
2
8
Inte
rnat
iona
l Uni
ts
850
750
505
1670
1485
1000
715
500
1420
1000
1025
785
510
2030
1565
1020
2050
1590
1025
875
735
510
1735
1475
1020
1750
1460
1010
770
505
1530
1005
1470
1005
690
505
1395
1010
1400
1000
685
495
1355
955
660
500
1320
980
8
2
Macro-Tech 1200 – Minimum Guaranteed Power (Watts)
Stereo-MonoMode
Stereo(both channels
driven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
FTC Continuous AverageAt 0.1% THD(See note 4)
1 kHz 20Hz-20kHz
Maximum Average
Load
(Ohm
s)
AC M
ains
120
VAC,
60
Hz U
nits
1 kHz
At 0.1% THD(See note 1)
At 0.1% THD(See note 2)
675
480
310
1300
970
620
1300
965
620
520
420
285
1045
845
570
1040
845
570
20Hz-20kHz
4
2
8
8
2Stereo
(both channelsdriven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
At 0.05% THD(See note 3)
1 kHz
4
2
8
Inte
rnat
iona
l Uni
ts
585
450
295
1130
895
590
455
385
275
920
780
540
660
480
305
1285
960
615
1290
960
615
515
415
285
1030
840
565
1040
845
570
475
305
960
620
950
610
410
280
830
570
820
565
425
295
850
585
365
265
730
535
Fig. 6.2 Macro-Tech 1200 Minimum Power Matrix
Fig. 6.3 Macro-Tech 2400 Minimum Power Matrix
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 31
Maximum Power SpecificationsCrown’s maximum power specifications represent the largest amount of output power you can expect from your amplifierwhen it is driven to full output under the given conditions. These specifications can be used to prevent loudspeaker andhearing damage.
The maximum power matrices include specifications for single cycle and 40 millisecond burst sine waves. Burst signals actlike large transient peaks that are present in common source signals. Loudspeakers can respond to a single cycle burst, sothe single cycle burst specifications should be used to help you protect your loudspeakers. In contrast, a 40 millisecond burstrepresents the typical response time of the human ear. Your ear will not respond to the entire dynamic change of a burst thatlasts less than 40 milliseconds.
The burst power specifications are provided at 0.05% THD which is a practical low distortion condition. Operating the ampli-fier at levels higher than 0.05% THD can result in output power levels that are higher than those listed in the maximum powermatrices.
8
2Stereo
(both channelsdriven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
460
350
255
820
700
510
905
765
520
450
375
260
945
745
520
880
740
525
4
2
8
8
2Stereo
(both channelsdriven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
4
2
8
Macro-Tech 600 – Maximum Power (Watts)
Stereo-MonoMode
40 Millisecond Tone BurstAt 0.05% THD(See note 2)
Single Cycle Tone BurstAt less than 0.05% THD
(See note 1)
50 Hz 1 kHzLoad
(Ohm
s)
20 Hz 50 Hz 1 kHz 7 kHz 7 kHz
AC M
ains
120
VAC,
60
Hz U
nits
Inte
rnat
iona
l Uni
ts
460
430
280
910
860
565
920
865
560
495
475
310
970
950
620
915
960
610
475
575
325
930
1165
655
940
1155
650
505
615
350
985
1240
700
930
1230
700
495
560
320
940
1130
640
970
1120
635
515
605
345
990
1210
680
970
1225
675
460
375
245
910
750
510
920
750
510
490
415
270
970
825
545
915
845
540
430
340
235
855
685
465
860
690
465
460
370
250
915
730
500
895
735
505
455
355
245
895
710
485
890
710
485
490
385
260
960
770
525
940
765
530
Fig. 6.4 Macro-Tech 600 Maximum Power Matrix
Maximum Power Notes:All maximum power specifications arebased on 0.1% regulated AC mainsand an ambient room temperature of70° F (21° C). International units withmulti-tap transformers are specifiedfor the best-case transformer tap (nor-mally 240 VAC, 60 Hz). Although it isan unusual condition, your amplifiercan function well with AC mains volt-ages up to 10% over the specified linevoltage. With overvoltage conditions,your amplifier may be capable of de-livering instantaneous power levels upto 20% greater than the specificationsin the matrix.
1. A single cycle sine wave is pre-sented to the amplifier and moni-tored for nonlinear distortion. Theaverage power during the burst isreported. Loudspeakers must beable to withstand this level if theyare to be safely used with this am-plifier.
2. A 40 millisecond sine wave burst(10 percent duty cycle) is pre-sented to the amplifier and moni-tored for nonlinear distortion. Theaverage power during the burst isreported. This power level is ameasurement of the amplifier’smaximum transient power that canbe perceived by the human ear.
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 32
8
2Stereo
(both channelsdriven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
685
515
350
1475
1030
675
1325
1010
690
635
490
330
1255
990
655
1240
975
655
4
2
8
8
2Stereo
(both channelsdriven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
4
2
8
Macro-Tech 1200 – Maximum Power (Watts)
Stereo-MonoMode
40 Millisecond Tone BurstAt 0.05% THD(See note 2)
Single Cycle Tone BurstAt less than 0.05% THD
(See note 1)
50 Hz 1 kHzLoad
(Ohm
s)
20 Hz 50 Hz 1 kHz 7 kHz 7 kHz
AC M
ains
120
VAC,
60
Hz U
nits
Inte
rnat
iona
l Uni
ts
885
620
375
1730
1240
745
1735
1230
750
850
620
385
1650
1255
765
1635
1250
765
1050
770
420
2025
1585
870
1980
1515
830
1075
810
440
2090
1615
880
1980
1605
890
1060
750
410
1945
1640
890
2010
1465
810
1090
785
425
2120
1565
850
1995
1555
855
755
535
345
1475
1120
695
1495
1060
675
755
550
350
1495
1105
695
1485
1075
685
685
500
320
1395
1040
665
1340
980
630
640
485
320
1265
980
640
1250
965
645
725
525
335
1395
1120
695
1405
1030
660
680
505
335
1330
1020
670
1315
1005
665
8
2Stereo
(both channelsdriven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
1015
780
565
2010
1590
1120
1960
1565
1125
1025
835
570
2055
1670
1165
2035
1665
1135
4
2
8
8
2Stereo
(both channelsdriven)
Bridge-Mono(balanced output)
Parallel-Mono
1
16
4
4
4
2
8
Macro-Tech 2400 – Maximum Power (Watts)
Stereo-MonoMode
40 Millisecond Tone BurstAt 0.05% THD(See note 2)
Single Cycle Tone BurstAt less than 0.05% THD
(See note 1)
50 Hz 1 kHzLoad
(Ohm
s)
20 Hz 50 Hz 1 kHz 7 kHz 7 kHz
AC M
ains
120
VAC,
60
Hz U
nits
Inte
rnat
iona
l Uni
ts
1405
965
600
2745
1915
1185
2780
1955
1185
1485
1085
690
3000
2165
1395
2965
2160
1375
1715
1310
710
3380
2610
1420
3145
2605
1410
1655
1515
825
3390
3055
1675
3065
3040
1655
1675
1270
690
3380
2550
1375
3045
2505
1365
1680
1480
800
3335
2935
1610
3085
2945
1600
1250
860
545
2465
1775
1085
2510
1695
1125
1340
975
625
2660
1950
1245
2645
1940
1235
1090
795
510
2175
1590
1025
2145
1580
1020
1080
835
565
2140
1670
1145
2155
1685
1125
1145
830
535
2265
1660
1065
2225
1630
1060
1135
875
585
2250
1740
1190
2235
1735
1170
Fig. 6.6 Macro-Tech 2400 Maximum Power Matrix
Fig. 6.5 Macro-Tech 1200 Maximum Power Matrix
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 33
10 100 1 K 10 K 100 K
FREQUENCY (Hz)
+2
+1
0
–1
–2
–3
–4
dB
–5
–6
–7
4 ohm8 ohm1 watt
504.0
126.8
31.8
MILLIOHMS
8.0
2.0
6 dB
20 100 1 K 10 K 20 K
400
200
100
0
600
800
1000
1200
1400
FREQUENCY (Hz)
8 ohm
10 100 1 K 10 K 100 K
FREQUENCY (Hz)
2 ohm
Fig. 6.7 Typical Frequency Response
Fig. 6.8 Typical Damping Factor
Fig. 6.9 Typical Output Impedance
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 34
TECHRON TEF ®
+45˚
0˚
–45˚
100 1 K 10 K 20 K
FREQUENCY (Hz)
100 1 K 10 K 20 K
FREQUENCY (Hz)
dB
TECHRON TEF ®
TEF®Measurement
Fig. 6.11 Typical Crosstalk for the Macro-Tech 600
TEF®Measurement
–51
–57
–63
–69
–75
–81
Fig. 6.10 Typical Phase Response
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 35
100 1 K 10 K 20 K
FREQUENCY (Hz)
dB
TECHRON TEF ®
100 1 K 10 K 20 K
FREQUENCY (Hz)
dB
TECHRON TEF ®
Fig. 6.12 Typical Crosstalk for the Macro-Tech 1200
–66
–72
–78
–84
–90
–96
–102
TEF ®Measurement
Fig. 6.13 Typical Crosstalk for the Macro-Tech 2400
–60
–66
–72
–78
–84
–96
–90
TEF®Measurement
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 36
7 AC Power Draw and Thermal DissipationThis section provides detailed information about theamount of power and current drawn from the AC mainsby the Macro-Tech 600, 1200 and 2400 amplifiers andthe amount of heat produced under various conditions.The calculations presented here are intended to pro-vide a realistic and reliable depiction of the amplifiers.The following assumptions or approximations weremade:
• The amplifier’s available channels are loaded and fullpower is being delivered.
• The amplifier efficiency at standard 1 kHz power isestimated to be 65%.
• Quiescent power draw is 90 watts (an almost negli-gible amount for full-power calculations).
• Quiescent thermal dissipation equals 105 btu/hr at90 watts.
• The estimated duty cycles take into account the typi-cal crest factor for each type of source material.
• Duty cycle of pink noise is 50%.
• Duty cycle of highly compressed rock ‘n’ roll mid-range is 40%.
• Duty cycle of rock ‘n’ roll is 30%.
• Duty cycle of background music is 20%.
• Duty cycle of continuous speech is 10%.
• Duty cycle of infrequent, short duration paging is 1%.
Here are the equations used to calculate the data pre-sented in Figures 7.1 through 7.3:
AC Mains PowerDraw (watts)
=
Total output power will allchannels driven (watts)
x DutyCycle
Amplifier Efficiency (.65)+ Quiescent Power
Draw (watts)
The quiescent power draw of 90 watts is a maximumvalue and includes power drawn by the fan. The fol-lowing equation converts power draw in watts to cur-rent draw in amperes:
Current Draw(amperes)
=
AC Mains PowerDraw (watts)
xAC MainsVoltage
PowerFactor (.83)
The power factor of 0.83 is needed to compensate forthe difference in phase between the AC mains voltageand current. The following equation is used to calcu-late thermal dissipation:
Total output power with allchannels driven (watts)
ThermalDissipation
(btu/hr)= +
Quiescent PowerDraw (watts)
x DutyCycle
Amplifier Efficiency (.65)( )x 3.415.35x
The constant 0.35 is inefficiency (1.00–0.65) and thefactor 3.415 converts watts to btu/hr. Thermal dissipa-tion in btu is divided by the constant 3.968 to get kcal.If you plan to measure output power under real-worldconditions, the following equation may also be helpful:
Total measured output powerfrom all channels (watts)
ThermalDissipation
(btu/hr)= +
Quiescent PowerDraw (watts)
.35x
Amplifier Efficiency (.65)( )x 3.415
8 Ohm Stereo
L O A D
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
450
380
305
235
160
740
655
565
480
395
615
510
405
300
195
235
205
170
140
110
720
595
470
340
215
1060
910
760
610
460
4.5
3.8
3.1
2.4
1.6
6.1
5.1
4.0
3.0
1.9
7.2
6.0
4.7
3.4
2.2
DutyCycle
AC MainsPowerDraw
(Watts) btu/hr
Current Draw (Amps)
2.3
1.9
1.6
1.2
0.8
3.1
2.6
2.0
1.5
1.5
3.6
3.0
2.4
1.7
1.1
4 Ohm Stereo / 8 Ohm Bridge-Mono / 2 Ohm Parallel-Mono 2 Ohm Stereo / 4 Ohm Bridge-Mono / 1 Ohm Parallel-Mono
Macro-Tech 600
185
165
140
120
100
kcal
930
805
680
560
435
265
230
190
155
115
100-120 V 220-240 V
Thermal Dissipation
btu/hr
Current Draw (Amps)
kcal100-120 V 220-240 V
Thermal Dissipation
btu/hr
Current Draw (Amps)
kcal100-120 V 220-240 V
Thermal DissipationAC MainsPowerDraw
(Watts)
AC MainsPowerDraw
(Watts)
Fig. 7.1 Macro-Tech 600 Power Draw, Current Draw andThermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 37
8 Ohm Stereo
L O A D
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
580
485
385
285
190
895
780
660
545
425
850
700
545
395
240
310
260
215
170
125
1165
950
735
520
305
1595
1335
1080
820
565
5.8
4.8
3.9
2.9
1.9
8.5
7.0
5.5
3.9
2.4
11.7
9.5
7.4
5.2
3.1
DutyCycle
AC MainsPowerDraw
(Watts) btu/hr
Current Draw (Amps)
2.9
2.4
2.0
1.5
1.0
4.3
3.5
2.8
2.0
1.2
5.9
4.8
3.7
2.6
1.6
4 Ohm Stereo / 8 Ohm Bridge-Mono / 2 Ohm Parallel-Mono 2 Ohm Stereo / 4 Ohm Bridge-Mono / 1 Ohm Parallel-Mono
Macro-Tech 1200
225
195
165
135
105
kcal
1220
1035
855
670
490
400
335
270
205
140
100-120 V 220-240 V
Thermal Dissipation
btu/hr
Current Draw (Amps)
kcal100-120 V 220-240 V
Thermal Dissipation
btu/hr
Current Draw (Amps)
kcal100-120 V 220-240 V
Thermal DissipationAC MainsPowerDraw
(Watts)
AC MainsPowerDraw
(Watts)
8 Ohm Stereo
L O A D
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
890
730
570
410
250
1265
1070
880
690
500
1320
1075
830
580
335
450
375
300
225
150
1780
1445
1105
765
430
2330
1925
1520
1115
710
8.9
7.3
5.7
4.1
2.5
13.2
10.8
8.3
5.8
3.4
17.8
14.4
11.1
7.7
4.3
DutyCycle
AC MainsPowerDraw
(Watts) btu/hr
Current Draw (Amps)
4.5
3.7
2.9
2.1
1.3
6.6
5.4
4.2
2.9
1.7
8.9
7.2
5.6
3.9
2.2
4 Ohm Stereo / 8 Ohm Bridge-Mono / 2 Ohm Parallel-Mono 2 Ohm Stereo / 4 Ohm Bridge-Mono / 1 Ohm Parallel-Mono
Macro-Tech 2400
320
270
220
175
125
kcal
1780
1485
1190
895
600
585
485
385
280
180
100-120 V 220-240 V
Thermal Dissipation
btu/hr
Current Draw (Amps)
kcal100-120 V 220-240 V
Thermal Dissipation
btu/hr
Current Draw (Amps)
kcal100-120 V 220-240 V
Thermal DissipationAC MainsPowerDraw
(Watts)
AC MainsPowerDraw
(Watts)
Fig. 7.3 Macro-Tech 2400 Power Draw, Current Draw andThermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles
Fig. 7.2 Macro-Tech 1200 Power Draw, Current Draw andThermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 38
8 Accessories8.1 P.I.P. ModulesOne advantage of Macro-Tech amplifiers is the abilityto customize them using P.I.P. (Programmable InputProcessor) and PIP2 modules. Macro-Tech amplifiersare equipped with an edge card connector inside theback panel P.I.P. compartment. The modules installeasily:
FTE
ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)
CH-2 INPUT CH-1 INPUT+ – + –
P.I.P.–FTE uses balanced 1:1 transformers to isolate the ampli-fier from the input signal. It also includes 12 dB/octave RFI fil-ters, 18 dB/octave high pass filters, and 6 dB/octave 3 kHzshelving networks for “constant-directivity” horn equalization.Screw terminal plugs are provided for input.
DSPI
AUX
CH-2 CH-1AUDIO IN3
2 1
GND GND
32
1 1
2
IN OUTCROWNBUS
GND OUTIN
3
2
1
MEM#.###
P.I.P.-MEMPUSH PUSH
IQ–P.I.P.–MEM is PIP2-compatible and integrates the amplifierinto Crown’s patented IQ System®. The IQ System providescomputer control of 1 to 2000 amplifiers. For example, eachamplifier channel can be monitored and controlled from a per-sonal computer attached to an IQ System. A memory backupfeature enables the IQ–P.I.P.–MEM to remember all configura-tion settings when the power is turned off.
P.I.P.-SMT DSPI
AUX
CH-2 CH-1AUDIO IN3
2 1
GND GND
32
1 1
2
IN OUTCROWNBUS
GND OUTIN
3
2
1
PUSH PUSH
SMT#.###
IQ–P.I.P.–SMT is also PIP2-compatible and includes all the fea-tures of the IQ–P.I.P.–MEM plus SmartAmp™ capability. Oncethe unit has been configured by an IQ System, its SmartAmpcapabilities enable it to function autonomously. We call this dis-tributed intelligence™. The SmartAmp features include a smoothoutput limiter for transparent loudspeaker protection, powersupply gates for energy savings, ODEP conservation to pro-tect output devices with precision input signal control, inter-rupt-driven reporting that lets you define error conditions, andconfigurable short circuit detection.
P.I.P.-DSPPUSHPUSH
DSPI
CH-2 CH-1
EXT. POWER INPUT24 VDC / 400 mA
TIP= RING =
IN OUTCROWNBUS
AUDIO OUT
3
2 1
GND CH-2 CH-1AUDIO IN DSP#.###
IQ–P.I.P.–DSP is PIP2-compatible and provides digital signalprocessing capabilities to your amplifier, replacing the need foroutboard signal processing equipment such as equalizers,crossover networks, signal delays and compressors. In addi-tion, the IQ–P.I.P.–DSP includes all the SmartAmp features ofthe IQ–P.I.P.–SMT to give you access to standard IQ Systemamplifier functions and autonomous operation.
WARNING: Disconnect power to the amplifier wheninstalling or removing a P.I.P. module.
P.I.P.s carrying the PIP2 logo are configured to use oneor more of the PIP2 enhanced features. These featuresare only available in a PIP2-compatible amplifier. Ofcourse, the exact features used will depend upon thefunction of the PIP2 module. Here are some of the avail-able P.I.P. and PIP2 modules:
AMC
ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)
O U T P U T I N P U T3
1 2GND
PUSH
P.I.P.–AMCb unites many features of the P.I.P.-XOV and P.I.P.–CLP. It offers a variable 4th-order Linkwitz-Riley crossoverand an IOC-driven, variable threshold compressor. In addi-tion, it provides “constant-directivity” horn equalization andfilter-assisted B6 vented box equalization. Biamping andtriamping capabilities are provided via XLR connectors.
ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)
I N P U T3
1 2GND
PUSH
C H - 2 C H - 1
PUSH
I N P U T
EDCb
P.I.P.–EDCb combines a sophisticated error-driven compres-sor and smooth limiter with a maximum level setting and asubsonic filter for each channel. The compressors have ad-justable attack and release times, and can be set to trackeach other. The compressors activate when a signal wouldotherwise clip the input, an IOC error occurs, or the outputexceeds the selected threshold. The subsonic filters havecorner frequencies of 24, 28, 32 and 36 Hz.
P.I.P.MODULE
BACK PANEL
OF AMPLIFIER
Fig. 8.1 Installing a P.I.P. Module
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 39
CLP
ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)
3
1 2GNDI N P U T I N P U T
C H - 2 C H - 1
PUSH PUSH
P.I.P.–CLP detects and prevents overload. Its compressor isdriven by the amplifier’s built-in IOC error detection circuitry.Unlike typical signal-driven compressors, it only compressesthe signal to prevent overload. It can deliver up to 13 dB ofadditional headroom without being noticeable.
ISO
ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)
—WARNING—THIS P.I.P. PROVIDES FULL ISOLATIONFOR ISO-MODIFIED AMPLIFIERS ONLY!
DO NOT CONNECT THE OUTPUT GROUNDLUG TO THE INPUT COMMON OR CHASSISGROUND. REFER TO P.I.P.–ISO OWNER’SMANUAL FOR FURTHER INFORMATION.
+ –CH-2 INPUT
+ –CH-1 INPUT
P.I.P.–ISO is designed especially for 25 to 140 volt distrib-uted systems where UL®-listed isolation is required. Installa-tion requires minor amplifier modifications. With the P.I.P.–ISOinstalled, the amplifier outputs are safely isolated from theinput terminals and the chassis.
ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)
+ – –ATTENUATION ATTENUATIONATNB
C H - 2 I N P U T C H - 1 I N P U T
0dB.5
1234
56
7810121416
1820222428
60∞ 0dB.5
1234
56
7810121416
1820222428
60∞
+
P.I.P.–ATNB uses balanced 1:1 transformers to isolate theamplifier from the input signal. It also includes 12 dB/octaveRFI filters, variable 18 dB/octave high-pass filters, and 6 dB/octave 3 kHz shelving networks for “constant-directivity” hornequalization. The module also includes a calibrated 21-stepprecision attenuator for each channel. Screw terminal plugsare provided for input.
ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)
3
1 2GND
PUSH
XOV
O U T P U T S I N P U T S
+–
TIP
RING
SLEEVEGND
P.I.P.–XOV is a versatile 18 dB/octave mono crossover/filterwith biamping and triamping capabilities
ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)
3
1 2GND
PUSH PUSH
FMX
C H - 2 I N P U T S C H - 1 I N P U T S
P.I.P.–FMX facilitates “daisy-chaining” balanced amplifier in-puts. Female to male three-pin XLR connectors are used topassively bridge the inputs.
PA
ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)
+– +–LINE MIC
MIC LEVEL
C H - 2 I N P U T S
CH-2 CH-1
REMOTE
+– +–MIC LINE
MIC LEVEL
C H - 1 I N P U T S
P.I.P.–PA adds a switchable balanced low-impedance micinput, a balanced line-level input and a compressor to eachchannel. Remote switching circuitry provides quick and quietfades from mic to line and back.
+– +–OUT
C H - 2
+– +–IN OUT
C H - 1
BEQ
ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)
IN
P.I.P.–BEQ is a two-channel module providing equalizationfor BOSE® loudspeakers. For example, the P.I.P.–BEQ canbe used in place of a BOSE 102 controller. Screw terminalplugs provide balanced connections. Each input channelhas an output from the P.I.P. that can be independently con-figured for output with no processing, loudspeaker equaliza-tion or loudspeaker equalization with bass-cut.
RPA
ProgrammableInput Processor + – + –
MIC
LINE
PHAN
TIE
RMT B
RMT A
OUT
INOUT
INRMT C
RMT D
+10 V
A U D I O B U S
CH-2 CH-1
MIC
LINE
PHAN
INPUT D(CH-2)
INPUT C(CH-2)
+ – + –
MIC
LINE
PHAN
MIC
LINE
PHAN
INPUT A(CH-1)
INPUT B(CH-1)LEVEL LEVEL
P.I.P.–RPA adds the features of a 4x2 mixer to your amplifier.Its four inputs accept mic- or line-level input. It offers priorityswitching (“voice-over”) of each input and remote level con-trol with the RPA–RMT. Other features include bus inputs andoutputs, adjustable input sensitivity, phantom power and RFIsuppression. Input isolation transformers are optional.
For more information on these or other P.I.P.s underdevelopment, contact your local dealer or Crown’sTechnical Support Group.
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 40
8.2 Cooling Fan OptionsEvery Macro-Tech amplifier has a built-in high-velocityfan that provides optimum cooling. Two optional re-placement fan blades are available for special coolingrequirements. Crown part C 6594-3 is a quieter, low-velocity fan blade that in many cases can provide ad-equate cooling. Crown part C 6593-5 is a reverse airflow fan blade which changes the direction of the airflow in and out of the amplifier (not recomended for theMacro-Tech 2400). Important: The optional replace-ment fan blades should only be installed by a qualifiedtechnician.
8.3 Level Control Security KitThe MA-LOCK security accessory can be used to se-cure your amplifier’s level controls in situations wherethe front panel controls are subject to tampering. TheMA-LOCK security kit includes the necessary hard-ware to lock the two level controls on the front panel ofany Macro-Tech amplifier. For more information, con-tact your local Crown dealer or Crown’s Technical Sup-port Group.
Fig. 8.2 Installing an MA-LOCKLevel Control Shaft Lock
Macro-Tech 600/1200/2400 Power Amplifiers
Page 41
9 ServiceThis unit has very sophisticated circuitry which shouldonly be serviced by a fully trained technician. This isone reason why each unit bears the following label:
CAUTION: To prevent electric shock, do not removecovers. No user serviceable parts inside. Refer ser-vicing to a qualified technician.
9.1 Worldwide ServiceService may be obtained from an authorized servicecenter. (Contact your local Crown/Amcron representa-tive or our office for a list of authorized service cen-ters.) To obtain service, simply present the bill of saleas proof of purchase along with the defective unit to anauthorized service center. They will handle the neces-sary paperwork and repair.
Remember to transport your unit in the original factorypack.
9.2 North American ServiceService may be obtained in one of two ways: from anauthorized service center or from the factory. You maychoose either. It is important that you have your copyof the bill of sale as your proof of purchase.
9.2.1 Service at a North American Service CenterThis method usually saves the most time and effort.Simply present your bill of sale along with the defectiveunit to an authorized service center to obtain service.They will handle the necessary paperwork and repair.Remember to transport the unit in the original factorypack. A list of authorized service centers in your areacan be obtained from our Technical Support Group.
9.2.2 Factory ServiceTo obtain factory service, fill out the service informa-tion page that follows and send it along with your proofof purchase and the defective unit to the Crown fac-tory. For warranty service, we will pay for ground ship-ping both ways in the United States after receivingcopies of the shipping receipts. Shipments should besent “UPS ground.” (If the unit is under warranty, youmay send it C.O.D. for the cost of freight via UPSground.) The factory will return it via UPS ground.Please contact us if other arrangements are required.
your unit’s shipping pack. Do not send the ser-vice information form separately.
2. To ensure the safe transportation of your unit tothe factory, ship it in an original factory packingcontainer. If you don’t have one, call or writeCrown’s Parts Department. With the exceptionof polyurethane or wooden crates, any otherpacking material will not be sufficient to with-stand the stress of shipping. Do not use loose,small size packing materials.
3. Do not ship the unit in any kind of cabinet (woodor metal). Ignoring this warning may result in ex-tensive damage to the unit and the cabinet. Ac-cessories are not needed—do not send theinstruction manual, cables and other hardware.
If you have any questions, please call or write theCrown Technical Support Group.
Always use theoriginal factory packto transport the unit.
Factory Service Shipping Instructions:
1. When sending a Crown product to the factoryfor service, be sure to fill out the service infor-mation form that follows and enclose it inside
Crown Audio DivisionTechnical Support / Factory ServicePlant 2 SW, 1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart,Indiana 46517 U.S.A.
Telephone: 219-294-8200800-342-6939 (North America, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands only)
Facsimile: 219-294-8301 (Technical Support)219-294-8124 (Factory Service)
Fax Back: 219-293-9200 (North America only)800-294-4094 (North America only)219-294-8100 (International)
Internet: http://www.crownintl.com
Det
ach
and
sen
d w
ith u
nit.
Crown Factory Service InformationShipping Address: Crown International, Inc., Factory Service, Plant 2 SW, 1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart, IN 46517
Phone: 1-800-342-6939 or 1-219-294-8200 Fax: 1-219-294-8124
Owner’s Name: _________________________________________________________________________
Shipping Address: ______________________________________________________________________
Phone Number: _____________________________ Fax Number: _____________________________
Model: ________________________ Serial Number: _____________ Purchase Date: ___________
NATURE OF PROBLEM(Be sure to describe the conditions that existed when the problem occurred and what attempts were made to correct it.)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Other equipment in your system: _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
If warranty has expired, payment will be: Cash/Check VISA MasterCard C.O.D.
Card Number:___________________________ Exp. Date:_______ Signature:____________________________
ENCLOSE THIS PORTION WITH THE UNIT. DO NOT MAIL SEPARATELY.