Economic Policies in the Philippines
Economic Policy is
• the actions that governments take in the economic field. • It covers the systems for setting levels of taxation,
government budgets, the money supply and interest rates as well as the labor market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the economy
Objectives
The BSP’s primary objective is to maintain price stability conducive to a balanced and sustainable economic growth. The BSP also aims to promote and preserve monetary stability and the convertibility of the national currency
Responsibilities
• The BSP provides policy directions in the areas of money, banking and credit. It supervises operations of banks and exercises regulatory powers over non-bank financial institutions with quasi-banking functions.
Under the New Central Bank Act, the BSP performs the following functions, all of which relate to its status as the
Republic’s central monetary authority.
Liquidity Management. The BSP formulates and implements monetary policy aimed at influencing money supply consistent with its primary objective to maintain price stability.
Currency issue. The BSP has the exclusive power to issue the national currency. All notes and coins issued by the BSP are fully guaranteed by the Government and are considered legal tender for all private and public debts.
Lender of last resort. The BSP extends discounts, loans and advances to banking institutions for liquidity purposes.
Financial Supervision. The BSP supervises banks and exercises regulatory powers over non-bank institutions performing quasi-banking functions.
Management of foreign currency reserves. The BSP seeks to maintain sufficient international reserves to meet any foreseeable net demands for foreign currencies in order to preserve the international stability and convertibility of the Philippine peso.
Determination of exchange rate policy. The BSP determines the exchange rate policy of the Philippines. Currently, the BSP adheres to a market-oriented foreign exchange rate policy such that the role of Bangko Sentral is principally to ensure orderly conditions in the market.
Other activities. The BSP functions as the banker, financial advisor and official depository of the Government, its political subdivisions and instrumentalities and government-owned and -controlled corporations.
TERMS
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING
INTEREST
money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
INTEREST RATE
the proportion of a loan that is charged as interest to the borrower, typically expressed as an annual percentage of the loan outstanding
DISCOUNT RATE
a rate used for discounting bills of exchange
REDISCOUNT RATE
• the discount rate charged by Federal Reserve banks for rediscounting commercial paper for member banks or making secured advances to them on their own notes.
INVESTMENTS
• the action or process of investing money for profit or material result
DEMAND DEPOSIT
• a deposit of money that can be withdrawn without prior notice.
LETTER OF CREDIT
• a letter issued by a bank to another bank (typically in a different country) to serve as a guarantee for payments made to a specified person under specified conditions
IMPORT
• bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale
EXPORT
• send (goods or services) to another country for sale.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
• the difference in total value between payments into and out of a country over a period
TIGHT MONEY
• money or financing that is available only at high rates of interest
EASY MONEY
• money obtained by dubious means or for little work.• money available at relatively low interest
The Significance of Money
What is Money?
Hyman
Money is “ anything that is generally accepted as payment for goods or services”
Cargill
Money is “ anything that is used as payment, for a good, a service or a debt obligation”.
Kidwell and Peterson
Money is “a generally acceptable medium of exchange”.
Functions of Money
As unit of account
As medium of exchange
As a store of wealth
The Evolution of Money
Payment system
The method of conducting transactions in the economy.
Objects used as Money
Dentalia, used as the payment system of the American Indians for 2,500 years
Wool Blankets
Used by the Northwest Indian
Territory as a medium of exchange
Knives, Rice and Spades
Used in China around 3000B.C
Cattle and Clay Tablets
Used in Babylonia
around 2,500 B.C
Wampum and Beaver Fur
Used by the American
Indians of the Northeast
In A.D 1500
Tobacco
Used by the early American
colonist in around 1650’s
Whales’ Teeth
Used by the Pacific people on the Island of Fiji
Disadvantages of Using Objects as Money
Objects are
perishable
Objects are
indivisible.
Objects are not easily
portable.
The Use of Precious Metals
Silver and Gold
Used at around 2000BC
As late as 1933,Gold coins were still used in the United States
Lydian coins are made of
electrum.Used at around 7th century BC
Etruscann coinUsed at around
553 BC
Philippines used gold coins as a
medium of exchange until 14th century.
Disadvantage of using Precious Metals
Their monetary or exchange value
Intrinsic Value
Fiat Money
Refers to paper currency decreed by the government as legal tender but not
convertible to coins or other precious metals.
Credit Money
Money that is backed by a promise to pay.Its worth as a commodity is negligible
resulting to its very little intrinsic value.
Electronic Form of Money:
A new form of Money
Measures of Money
People who are much concerned with maintaining the stable value of their money holdings will interested to know the how the money system works. One of the first concerns will be to familiar with the concepts like the measure of money.
M0: Monetary Base, the actual federal reserve notes (dollar bills) and coins in
circulation.
MB: M0 + coins and notes in bank vaults and money deposited at the Federal Reserve (this is
the most important measure).
M1: M0 + travelers checks, demand account balances.
M2: M1 + savings account balances, CD’s and money market accounts.
M3: M2 + large deposit accounts and other special Federal Reserve
quantities.
The Demand for Money
Money has become an important commodity at home and in the offices.
Transaction Demand for Money
The amount of money needed to cover the needs of an individual, firm, or nation.
That is, transaction demand for money is a measure of how much of a certain currency people need in order to buy the goods and services they use.
Generally speaking, if an economy is healthy, there is a high transaction demand for money because people are buying more goods and services.
Conversely, if an economy is in trouble, people buy fewer goods and services.
Unless there is a significant, sudden change in the transaction demand, central banks have little trouble adjusting the money supply to accommodate the changes that do occur.
Transaction Cost
The total cost of a security transaction after commissions, taxes, and other expenses.
Factors Affecting Demand of
Money
The nominal interest rates in the economy;
The degree to which payments and receipts can be synchronized in the economy;
Expectations about future levels of interest rates;
Stock and bond prices;
Inflation;
The level of nominal GNP
The demand curve for money illustrates the quantity of money demanded at a given interest rate.
Notice that the demand curve for money is downward sloping, which means that people want to hold less of their wealth in the form of money the higher that interest rates on bonds and other alternative investments are.
Monetary Policy
Monetary Policy is
the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency.
provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy.
Monetary Policy refers to actions that the Bangko Sentral takes in order to change the equilibrium of the money market. This is to alter the money supply , move interest rates, or both.
The Goals of the Monetary Policy
High Employment
Economic growthStable prices
Interest rate stability
Stability of financial markets
Stability in foreign exchange markets
Objectives of the Monetary Policy
To maintain internal and external monetary stability in the Philippines and to preserve the international value of the peso and its convertibility to other freely convertible currencies
To foster monetary, credit and exchange conditions conducive to a balanced and sustainable growth of the economy.
Tools of Monetary Policy
Required Reserves
the proportion of banks’ deposits and deposit substitute liabilities that banks are required to hold as reserves.
Rediscounting
a special refinancing facility of central banks wherein a financial institution borrows money from the BSP using promissory notes and other loan papers of its borrowers as collateral.
Open Market Operations (OMO)
the sale or purchase of government securities by the BSP to withdraw liquidity from or inject liquidity into the system.
Selective Credit Control
A tool that lets BSP selects what kind of credit it will give to its clients.
Moral Suasion
the influence which the central bank exercises to induce or convince banks to conduct operations in a manner that would contribute to the attainment of monetary goals but not necessarily support the profit-maximizing objectives of the banks.
Discount Policy
policy taken by the central bank to increase and decrease the money circulation by raising or lowering bank rates. If the Central Bank raised bank rates, its aim to reduce the amount of money. With the high rates, people are expected to save their money in bank