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MG 3300 INDEX To Chapter 3 Part 1 Prof. Otuonye Home Page
CHAPTER 2
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RAIL (LOCOMOTIVE) HAULAGE
"hene#e$ la$ge tonnages ha#e to %e t$anspo$ted o#e$ $elati#el& long distances on a
$elati#el& 'lat te$$ain( locomoti#e haulage is o'ten the most e''icient s&stem to use!
ail haulage toda& in mining stands at the c$oss $oads! adical depa$tu$es must %e made
'$om past p$actices and ne) inno#ations made in o$de$ 'o$ $ail haulage to $emain a
#ia%le alte$nati#e in the 'ace o' ne) de#elopments 'o$ the t$anspo$t o' mate$ials in
mines!
Advantages of Rail Haulage
1! *e$& lo) p$oduction costs )he$e p$oduction $e+ui$ements and #olumes ,usti'&
thei$ installation!
2! Small la%o$ 'o$ce $e+ui$ed!-! *e$& #e$satile as to the t&pe o' mate$ials handled!
.! /igh tonnage capacit&
0! Spillage is minimal
! Minimum maintenance $e+ui$ements
! /igh loading and unloading costs can %e ,usti'ied %& econom& o' haul and
high tonnage!
3! 4''icient and cheap o#e$ long distances! Inc$eased haul distance does not
inc$ease costs p$opo$tionall&!
5! T$a''ic cont$ol is simple using t)o6)a& $adios!
17! Can p$o#ide a ce$tain amount o' $egene$ation on do)nhill $uns $esulting in
ene$g& sa#ings!11! 8%ilit& to utilize automatic t$a''ic cont$ol s&stems 9CTC and to ope$ate the
locomoti#es $emotel&! This inc$eases e''icienc& and $educes manpo)e$
$e+ui$ements!
12! Good a#aila%ilit&
isadvantages of Rail Haulage
1! ;ocomoti#es a$e limited to 'ai$l& shallo) g$adients 9mainline t$ac< g$ades o'
2 to - pe$cent ad#e$se to the load and -!0 to . pe$cent 'a#o$a%le to the load a$e
gene$all& used!
2! F$ictional g$ip %et)een the d$i#ing )heels and the $ails also limits the size o't$ain )hich can %e hauled!
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-! Mines conside$ing $ail haulage must ha#e la$ge $ese$#es to suppo$t long li'e
and la$ge p$oduction! Capital intensi#e and on sho$t hauls can=t compete )ith
t$uc
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?oints 8( @( and C $ep$esent the ma>imum po)e$ the locomoti#e can de#elop usuall&
called the t$action $ating and a$e the points no$mall& speci'ied in manu'actu$e$=s details
o' locomoti#es!
a! Size 9standa$d 26.0 tons
%! Must meet schedule 2. 9U!S!@!M! must ha#e sc$u%%e$
$atio o' ai$6'uel speci'icationsA 27620 pa$ts ai$B 1 pa$t 'uel!
2& T'olle! Ele#t'i#6 ha#e a top mounted pantog$aph o$ a side mounted collecto$ to
$ecei#e po)e$ p$o#ided %& an elect$i'ied )i$e!
can p$o#ide a ce$tain o' po)e$ $egene$ation on do)nhill $uns! esults in ene$g&
sa#ings!
gi#e o'' no e>haust 'umes( an ad#antage in tunnels and in p$o#iding a pollution'$ee en#i$onment!
'e)e$ p$o%lems o' cooling moto$s than diesels! /a#e speed ad#antage o#e$
diesels %ecause o' the t$olle& )i$e=s la$ge po)e$ sou$ces!
ma,o$ disad#antages o' elect$ic locomoti#es is the inte$'e$ence to the mining
ope$ation that t$olle& )i$e( poles( and st$uctu$es that ca$$& the )i$e and close
tole$ance $e+ui$ements 'o$ these st$uctu$es gene$ate!
dump settlement ma
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The position o' the line depends on the suppl& #oltage and the 'ield connections and %&
e''ecti#el& #a$&ing these( di''e$ent cha$acte$istics can %e o%tained as sho)n %elo)!8t t$acti#e e''o$t T( the speed ma& %e * 1 ( *2 ( o$ *- depending on the elect$ical
a$$angement! Inte$mediate cha$acte$istics a$e sometimes p$o#ided %& including $esisto$s
in the elect$ic ci$cuitA %ut these a$e o'ten sho$t te$m $ated and so cannot %e used 'o$
continuous ope$ation!
e! 8d#antages o' D!C! moto$s: 6 /igh sta$ting to$+ue
6 o cha$ging
'! Disad#antages: 6 ;imited to those headings )he$e the t$olle& has %een st$ung
6 haza$ds o' e>posed line
6 $ails must %e )ell %onded 'o$ e''icient ope$ation
T!"es of Rail Ca's
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a! Side dump
mo$e #e$satile and usuall& )ith capacities that $ange '$om -7 &d -to 07
&d-!
emplo&ed in ha$d $oc< mines and metal mines!
can dump on eithe$ side!
%! @ottom dump
mo$e p$e#alent in coal mines
'ast unloading
highe$ maintenance costs!
c! ota$& dumping machines
)hich tu$n o#e$ the $ail ca$s 'o$ +uic< dumping o' o$e!
d! oc
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esistance ma& %e conside$ed as coming '$om si> sou$ces!
a!Resistan#e of T'ailing Load (+ea'ing , t'a#*)- RL6 The 'o$ce that the load must
o#e$come to sta$t it on a le#el t$ac
The amount o' $esistance o''e$ed %& the t$ailing load is e>p$essed in pounds pe$ ton o'load hauled! Fo$ mine )o$< it #a$ies %et)een 1 and 2E o' the g$oss load! olle$
%ea$ings a$e conside$ed as ha#ing a $esistance o' 1E 927 l%Bton! ?lain %ea$ings a$e
conside$ed as ha#ing a $esistance o' 1!0E 9-7 l%Bton!
Fo$ e>ample( assuming a t$ain o' ca$s )ith plain %ea$ings and )eighing 7 tons( the
$olling $esistance )ould %e 7 > -7 1377 l% )hich is the 'o$ce necessa$& to sta$t the
load on a le#el t$ac
esistance o' t$ailing load( RL
RL. L / 'esistan#e (0) / 21 l+
. L / R / 21
. 21LR l+ton
)he$e: ; is the )eight o' the t$ailing load in tons!
is the $esistance in E
%!Rolling 'esistan#e of Lo#o$otive- R
8mount o' d$a)%a$ pull o$ t$acti#e e''o$t $e+ui$ed to o#e$come the $eta$ding e''ect
%et)een the )heels and t$ac
esistance o''e$ed %& the locomoti#e )hen the moto$ pinion is $emo#ed! Usuall& ta
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%11 . (') (%&345 / %162)
' . 5371 ft&
c 7!3 9l%Bton B deg$ee 9o$mall& used #alue
Deg$ee o' Cu$#e 0-7 B adius in 'eet!
8lte$nati#e e+uation 'o$ dete$mining cu$#e $esistance is gi#en as:
c
)he$e: @ is the )heel%ase o' the )agons( 't( is t$ac< gauge in 't( $ is the $adius o'
cu$#e in 't!
d!G'ade Resistan#e- Rg
The g$ade $esistance is the d$a)%a$ pull o$ t$acti#e e''o$t $e+ui$ed to o#e$come g$a#it&
in p$opelling a locomoti#e up an incline! 4>p$essed in deg$ees 9( and pe$centages 9E!
G$ade $esistance( g GE " tons
27 G" l%
27 G l%Bton
"he$e " is the )eight o' the locomoti#e 9tons and g is the g$ade in E!
G$ade $esistance must %e conside$ed 'o$ the t$ailing load and the locomoti#e! G$ades a$e
no$mall& 0E!
e!Level of 'a8+a' Pull (P)
De'ined as the 'o$ce e>e$ted on the coupled load %& a locomoti#e th$ough its d$a)%a$ o$
coupling and is the sum o' the t$acti#e $esistances o' the coupled load!
The d$a)%a$ pull )hich a locomoti#e is capa%le o' de#eloping is dete$mined %&
su%t$acting '$om the t$acti#e e''o$t( the sum o' the t$acti#e $esistances o' the locomoti#e!
D? T$acti#e e''o$t 6 sum o' t$acti#e $esistance o' locomoti#e!
8dhesion %et)een the )heel t$ead o' the locomoti#e and the steel $ails is )hat pe$mits
the load to %e sta$ted and
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27E 'o$ cast i$on t$eads
20E 'o$ steel
T$acti#e 4''o$t 6 total 'o$ce deli#e$ed %& the moti#e po)e$ o' the locomoti#e th$ough
the gea$ing at the )heel t$eads! "hen the t$acti#e e''o$t 'o$ce is g$eate$ than the p$oducto' the locomoti#e )eight and the coe''icient o' adhesion %et)een the )heels and $ails(
the )heels )ill slip!
T$acti#e e''o$t E o' adhesion > "
"he$e: " the )eight o' locomoti#e 9tons
8 adhesion in E!
Conditions E 8dhesion
D$& $ails 20E
D$& $ails 9sanded $ails --E
"et $ails 0610E
@$a
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The$e'o$e( the 'o$ce $e+ui$ed to impa$t an accele$ation o' 1 mphps to a )eight o' one
ton is 51!- l%!
In actual calculations( 177 l%Bton instead o' 51!1 l%Bton a$e used as the 'o$ce necessa$& to
gi#e 1 ton an accele$ation o' 1 mphps %ecause $otational accele$ation o' the )heels(
moto$s( gea$s $e+ui$es app$o>imatel& 3! l%! Total 951!- H 3! l%s o$ 177 l%Bton!
I' accele$ation o$ decele$ation is conside$ed( the& must %e applied to %oth the t$ailingload and the locomoti#eA
Ra. %11a 9 l+
o' Ra. %11a l+ton
)he$e a is the accele$ation in miles pe$ hou$ pe$ second!
:'a*ing Effo't
The )eight o' the locomoti#e selected 'o$ sta$ting and hauling the load should %ein#estigated 'o$ stopping the t$ain!
"hen the po)e$ is shut o'' and the t$ain allo)ed to coast do)n g$ade( it is aided %&
g$a#it& to the e>tent o' 27 l%Bton 'o$ each pe$cent o' g$ade! ?lain %ea$ings $eta$d the
t$ain at -7 l%Bton!
T$acti#e e''o$t 27E 'o$ cast i$on th$ead
20E 'o$ steel th$ead
@$ea
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RAILROA HAULAGE CALCULATIO;
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D? H ;gH ; ;a
D? ;a6 ;g6 ;
D? ;9a6 g6
%! T$acti#e e''o$t $e+ui$ed )hile %$a
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D? H g ;H aH C
D? ;H a 6 gH C
;;H 177a; 6 27G; H C;
D? ;9;H 177 a 6 27G H C 9l% hauling
2& T'a#tive Effo't 'e=ui'ed fo' auling 8en g'ades a'e in favo' of loads
TeH ;gH ;g "H "aH ;H ;aH "CH ;C
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Te ;9;6 ;gH ;aH ;CH 9"H "gH "aH "C"
D$a)%a$ ?ull de#eloped %& locomoti#e on g$ades in 'a#o$
o' loads
27 8" 9;;6 27 G; H 177a; H ;C H ""6 27G" H177a" H "C
"9278 6 "H 27G 6 177a 6 C ;9;6 27G H 177a H
C
"eight o' locomoti#e $e+ui$ed )hen hauling on g$ades in 'a#o$ o' loads
9l% hauling
7& :'a*ing on g'ades in favo' of loads@
a! D$a)%a$ ?ull
D? H ;; ;8H ;G
D? ;G6 ;;H ;8
27G; 6 ;;H 177a;
D? ;927G 6 ;H 177a
%! T$acti#e 4''o$t
TeH ""H ;; "gH "aH ;aH ;g
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Te 6 ""6 ;;H "gH "aH ;aH ;g
Te 6 ""6 ;;H 27G" H 177a" H 177a; H 27G;
Te "927G 6 "9 7H 177a H ;927G 6 ;H 177a
Cis ze$o )hen %$a
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cu$#es o' the moto$s in the p$oposed locomoti#e!
CHARACTERI
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chosen!
4stimate o' continuous6cu$$ent demand o' dut& c&cle is o%tained %& the $ms 9$oot6
mean6s+ua$e method %&:
a! di#iding dut& c&cle into main sections $e+ui$ing di''e$ent t$acti#e e''o$t #alues%! selecting the co$$esponding amps and speed 'o$ each t$acti#e e''o$t #alue '$om the
cha$acte$istic cu$#e o' the moto$!
c! calculating '$om the speci'ic mph and length o' the section( the speci'ic time 'o$ each
section!
d! adding the p$oducts o' the s+ua$es o' the speci'ic ampe$es and the $especti#e #alues
o' time 9I2> t
e! di#iding the sum %& the e''ecti#e time( te
teis usuall& calculated %& locomoti#e manu'actu$e$s as total time H total idle o$ te$minal
time )hen moto$s a$e cooled %& 'o$ced #entilation o$ total $unning time H one6hal' idleo$ te$minal time )hen sel' #entilating moto$s and speci'ied!
$!m!s! cu$$ent
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I$ms should %e less than the
continuous cu$$ent $ating 'o$
e''icient se$#ice!
Moto$ ?e$'o$mance Cu$#es o$ Cha$acte$istic Cu$#es
Eample( at 7!-h$( the cu$$ent
is 207 ampsA at 7! h$( it is 277 ampsA at 1 h$( it is 100 ampsA at 1!0 h$( it is 123 ampsA at
2 h$s( it is 11- ampsA at 2!0 h$( it is 172 ampsA at -h$s( it is 5 ampsA at -!0h$( it is 57
ampsA at 3 h$s( it is 7 amps!
@& use o' the 'o$mula ( )e o%tain #alues that a$e plotted against 0 in
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'ig 1! F$om Fig 1 )e 'ind the #alues 'o$ the 2!0C cu$#e! These
#alues )ith the actual moto$ amps ma& %e sol#ed 'o$ the time! 8 continuous $ating o$
constant temp is assumed to occu$ a'te$ the moto$ has $un continuousl& 'o$ 3 h$s!
The ampe$es 'o$ the 0C cu$#e a$e plotted against thei$ e+ui#alent time in the 2!0C
cu$#e! "e 'ind that the 1h$ $ating has dec$eased to a%out 02 amps!
I' the dut& c&cle $e+ui$es a $ating o' 1!0 amp!( then the locomoti#e selected is not la$ge
enough to pe$'o$m the )o$< satis'acto$il& unless au>ilia$& #entilation is used!
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Continuous cu$$ent $ating
8ssume continuous cu$$ent $ating at sea6le#el is the #e$tical line tangent to 0 cu$#e!
MOTOR HOR
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"he$e T total tons hauled 9including locomoti#e
D distance o' each section
G g$ade E
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%! %& h&d$aulic moto$s o$ ai$ tu$%ines in gass& o$ e>plosi#e en#i$onments
c! almost uni#e$sall& %& elect$ic moto$s!
I' an induction moto$ is d$i#en %& its load in the same di$ection as the $otation o' the
'lu>( its speed $ises a%o#e s&nch$onous speed! The moto$ acts as an induction gene$ato$(ta