MTS/MDA Sensor Board Users Manual Revision B, June 2006 PN: 7430-0020-04
© 2002-2006 Crossbow Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. Information in this document is subject to change without notice.
Crossbow, MoteWorks, MICA, TrueMesh and XMesh are registered trademarks of Crossbow Technology, Inc. Other product and trade names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
MTS/MDA Sensor Board User’s Manual
Table of Contents
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................1
2 MTS101CA..............................................................................................................................2 2.1 Thermistor...................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Conversion to Engineering Units................................................................................... 3 2.3 Light Sensor................................................................................................................... 3 2.4 Prototyping Area............................................................................................................ 4
3 MTS300CA/MTS310CA/MTS300CB/MTS310CB..............................................................6 3.1 Microphone.................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Sounder .......................................................................................................................... 7 3.3 Light and Temperature................................................................................................... 7 3.4 2-Axis Accelerometer (MTS310CA/MTS310CBOnly) ................................................ 8 3.5 Two-Axis Magnetometer (MTS310CA/MTS310CB Only) .......................................... 8 3.6 Turning Sensors On and Off .......................................................................................... 9 3.7 Schematics of the MTS300 and MTS310.................................................................... 10
4 MTS400CA/MTS420CA/MTS400CB/MTS420CB............................................................15 4.1 Humidity and Temperature Sensor .............................................................................. 15 4.2 Barometric Pressure and Temperature Sensor ............................................................. 16 4.3 Light Sensor................................................................................................................. 16 4.4 2-Axis Accelerometer .................................................................................................. 17 4.5 GPS (MTS420 only) .................................................................................................... 17 4.6 Turning Sensors On and Off ........................................................................................ 17 4.7 Schematics of the MTS400 and MTS420.................................................................... 18
5 MTS510CA............................................................................................................................19 5.1 Microphone.................................................................................................................. 19 5.2 Light............................................................................................................................. 19 5.3 2-Axis Accelerometer .................................................................................................. 19
6 MDA100CA/MDA100CB.....................................................................................................21 6.2 Conversion to Engineering Units................................................................................. 22 6.3 Light Sensor................................................................................................................. 23 6.4 Prototyping Area.......................................................................................................... 23
7 MDA300CA...........................................................................................................................25 7.1 Theory of Operation..................................................................................................... 26
8 MDA320CA...........................................................................................................................29 8.1 Theory of Operation..................................................................................................... 30
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9 MDA500CA...........................................................................................................................33
10 Appendix A: TinyOS Drivers and Test Firmware .........................................................34 10.1 Testing a Sensor or Data Acquisition Board ............................................................ 34
11 Appendix B. Warranty and Support Information..........................................................35 11.1 Customer Service ..................................................................................................... 35 11.2 Contact Directory ..................................................................................................... 35 11.3 Return Procedure...................................................................................................... 35 11.4 Warranty................................................................................................................... 36
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About This Document
The following annotations have been used to provide additional information.
NOTE Note provides additional information about the topic.
EXAMPLE Examples are given throughout the manual to help the reader understand the terminology.
IMPORTANT This symbol defines items that have significant meaning to the user
WARNING The user should pay particular attention to this symbol. It means there is a chance that physical harm could happen to either the person or the equipment.
The following paragraph heading formatting is used in this manual:
1 Heading 1
1.1 Heading 2
1.1.1 Heading 3
This document also uses different body text fonts (listed in Table 0-1) to help you distinguish between names of files, commands to be typed, and output coming from the computer.
Table 0-1. Font types used in this document.
Font Type Usage Courier New Normal Sample code and screen output Courier New Bold Commands to be typed by the user
Times New Roman Italic TinyOS files names, directory names Franklin Medium Condensed Text labels in GUIs
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MTS/MDA Sensor Board User’s Manual
1 Introduction
The MTS series of sensor boards and MDA series of sensor/data acquisition boards are designed to interface with Crossbow’s MICA, MICA2, and MICA2DOT family of wireless Motes. There are a variety of sensor boards available, and the sensor boards are specific to the MICA, MICA2 board or the MICA2DOT form factor. The sensor boards allow for a range of different sensing modalities as well as interface to external sensor via prototyping areas or screw terminals. The following table lists the currently available sensor boards for each Mote family.
Table 1-1. Crossbow’s Sensor and Data Acquisition Boards.
Chapter Crossbow Part Name
Motes Supported Sensors and Features
2 MTS101CA MICAz, MICA2, MICA
Light, temperature, prototyping area
3 MTS300CA MTS300CB
MICAz, MICA2, MICA
Light, temperature, microphone, and buzzer
3 MTS310CA MTS310CB
MICAz, MICA2, MICA
Light, temperature, microphone, buzzer, 2-axis accelerometer, and 2-axis magnetometer
4 MTS400CA MTS400CB
MICAz, MICA2 Ambient light, relative humidity, temperature, 2-axis accelerometer, and barometric pressure
4 MTS420CA MTS420CB
MICAz, MICA2 Same as MTS400CA plus a GPS module
5 MTS510CA MICA2DOT Light, microphone, and 2-axis accelerometer
6 MDA100CA MDA100CB
MICAz, MICA2 Light, temperature, prototyping area
7 MDA300CA MICAz, MICA2 Light, relative humidity, general purpose interface for external sensors
8 MDA320CA MICAz, MICA2 General purpose interface for external sensors
9 MDA500CA MICA2DOT Prototyping area
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2 MTS101CA
The MTS101CA series sensor boards have a precision thermistor, a light sensor/photocell, and general prototyping area. The prototyping area supports connection to five channels of the Mote’s analog to digital converter (ADC3–7) and the I2C digital communications bus. The prototyping area also has 24 unconnected holes that are used for breadboard of circuitry.
2.1 Thermistor The thermistor, (YSI 44006, http://www.ysi.com) sensor is a highly accurate and highly stable sensor element. With proper calibration, an accuracy of 0.2 °C can be achieved. The resistance of the thermistor varies with temperature. (See Table 2-1 and the resistance vs. temperature graph in Figure 2-2.) This curve, although non-linear, is very repeatable. The sensor is connected to the analog-digital converter channel number 5 (ADC5, U1 pin 38) thru a basic resistor divider circuit. In order to use the thermistor, the sensor must be enabled by setting digital control line PW2 high. See the circuit below.
Table 2-1. Thermistor Specifications
Type YSI 44006 Time Constant 10 seconds, still air
Base Resistance 10 kΩ at 25 °C Repeatability 0.2 °C
PW2
ADC5
RT1 Thermistor
R3, 10 k, 5%
Gnd_analog
Figure 2-1. Thermistor Schematic
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Table 2-2. Resistance vs. Temperature, ADC5 Reading
Temperature (°C)
Resistance (Ohms)
ADC5 Reading (% of VCC)
-40 239,800 4% -20 78,910 11% 0 29,940 25%
25 10,000 50% 40 5592 64% 60 2760 78% 70 1990 83%
Resistance (RT1 Ohms)
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T emperature (D eg. C )
Figure 2-2. Resistance vs. Temperature Graph
2.2 Conversion to Engineering Units The Mote’s ADC output can be converted to Kelvin using the following approximation over 0 to 50 °C:
1/T(K) = a + b × ln(Rthr) + c × [ln(Rthr)]3
where:
Rthr = R1(ADC_FS-ADC)/ADC a = 0.001010024 b = 0.000242127 c = 0.000000146 R1 = 10 kΩ ADC_FS = 1023, and ADC = output value from Mote’s ADC measurement.
2.3 Light Sensor The light sensor is a CdSe photocell. The maximum sensitivity of the photocell is at the light wavelength of 690 nm. Typical on resistance, while exposed to light, is 2 kΩ. Typical off
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resistance, while in dark conditions, is 520 kΩ. In order to use the light sensor, digital control signal PW1 must be turned on. The output of the sensor is connected to the analog-digital converter channel 6 (ADC6, U1 Pin 37). See the circuit below.
PW1
ADC6
R2 Photoresistor
R3, 10 k, 5%
Gnd_analog
Figure 2-3. Schematic of the light sensor.
Table 2-3. Light Sensor Specifications.
Type Clairex CL94L RON 2 kΩ ROFF 520 kΩ
2.4 Prototyping Area The prototyping area is a series of solder holes and connection points for connecting other sensors and devices to the Mote. The prototyping area layout is shown in the diagram and tables below. Table 2-4. Connection Table for MTS101CA. Use the photo (top view) below the table to locate the pins.
a1-a12 No Connect, Bare Hole c1-c12 No Connect, Bare Hole b1 PW4 (U1-33) b9 I2C_BUS_DATA (U1-22) b2 PW5 (U1-34) b10 I2C_BUS_CLK (U1-21) b3 PW6 (U1-35) b11 FLASH_SO (U1-19) b4 ADC3 (U1-36) b12 FLASH_SI (U1-20) d1 GND_ANALOG (U1-1) d9 GND (U1-51) d2 VDD_ANALOG (U1-2) d10 VCC (U1-50) d3 ADC1 (U1-42) d11 No Connect, Bare Hole d4 ADC2 (U1-41) d12 No Connect, Bare Hole e9 PW3 (U1-32) e11 ADC0 (U1-43)
e10 ADC4 (U1-39) e12 GND_ANALOG (U1-1)
a b c d e
a b c d e
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Thermistor
Light Sensor
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NOTE: If you have downloaded the PDF schematic of the Rene basic sensor board from UC Berkeley, you will see that the A/D channels appear in reverse order. This is due to a difference in wiring between the original Rene Mote and the MICA/MICA2 family of Motes.
WARNING: Never connect signals that are greater than VCC (3V typical) or less than 0 V to any of the holes that connect to the Mote Processor Radio board. It is okay to connect different voltages to the non-connected holes. However, be careful. If a voltage out of the range of 0 to VCC should reach the Mote Processor Radio Board damage will occur.
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3 MTS300CA/MTS310CA/MTS300CB/MTS310CB
MTS300CA/MTS310CA and MTS300CB/MTS310CB have the same content in this chapter except for some minor changes.
The MTS300 (Figure 3-1a) and MTS310 (Figure 3-1b) are flexible sensor boards with a variety of sensing modalities. These modalities can be exploited in developing sensor networks for a variety of applications including vehicle detection, low-performance seismic sensing, movement, acoustic ranging, robotics, and other applications. The following section of the User’s Manual describes the sensor circuits and general application. Please refer to the schematic diagram at end of section for exact circuit details.
(a) (b)
Honeywell HMC1002
Magnetometer
Analog Devices ADXL202JE Accelerometer
Figure 3-1. (a) MTS300 and (b) MTS310 with the accelerometer and magnetometer highlighted
3.1 Microphone The microphone circuit has two principal uses: First is for acoustic ranging and second is for general acoustic recording and measurement. The basic circuit consists of a pre-amplifier (U1A-1), second-stage amplified with a digital-pot control (U1A, PT2).
This circuit amplifies the low-level microphone output. This output can be fed directly into the analog-digital converter (ADC2) by using the Microphone Output selector circuit (MX1) to connect mic_out signal to ADC2 signal. This configuration is useful for general acoustic recording and measurement. Audio files have been recorded into the logger flash memory of MICAz, MICA2, or MICA Motes for later download and entertainment (or analysis!).
The second stage output (mic_out) is routed thru an active filter (U2) and then into a tone detector (TD1). The LM567 CMOS Tone Detector IC actually turns the analog microphone signal into a digital high or low level output at INT3 when a 4 kHz tone is present. The Sounder circuit on the sensor board can generate this tone.
A novel application of the sounder and tone detector is acoustic ranging. In this application, a Mote pulses the sounder and sends an RF packet via radio at the same time. A second Mote listens for the RF packet and notes the time of arrival by resetting a timer/counter on its processor. It then increments a counter until the tone detector detects the sounder. The counter value is the time-of-flight of the sound wave between the two Motes. The time-of-flight value can be converted into an approximate distance between Motes. Using groups of Motes with Sounders and Microphones, a crude localization and positioning system can be built
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NOTE: Motes are designed for power efficiency. Hence all the sensors are disconnected from power on the MTS300 and MTS310 sensor boards unless specifically turned on. See Section 3.6 for more information.
3.2 Sounder The sounder or “buzzer” is a simple 4 kHz fixed frequency piezoelectric resonator. The drive and frequency control circuitry is built into the sounder. The only signal required to turn the sounder on and off, is Sounder_Power. Sounder_Power is controlled thru the power control switch (P1) and is set by the hardware line PW2.
3.3 Light and Temperature
NOTE: The light and temperature sensor share the same A/D converter channel (ADC1). Only turn one sensor on at a time, or the reading at ADC1 will be corrupted and meaningless.
The MTS300 and MTS310 sensor boards have a light sensor and a thermistor.
The light sensor is a simple CdSe photocell. The maximum sensitivity of the photocell is at the light wavelength of 690 nm. Typical on resistance, while exposed to light, is 2 kΩ. Typical off resistance, while in dark conditions, is 520 kΩ. In order to use the light sensor, digital control signal PW1 must be turned on. The output of the sensor is connected to the analog-digital converter channel 1 (ADC1). When there is light, the nominal circuit output is near VCC or full-scale, and when it is dark the nominal output is near GND or zero. Power is controlled to the light sensor by setting signal INT1.
The thermistor (Panasonic ERT-J1VR103J) on the MTS300 and MTS310 is a surface mount component installed at location RT2. It is configured in a simple voltage divider circuit with a nominal mid-scale reading at 25°C. The output of the temperature sensor circuit is available at ADC1.
For MTS300CA and MTS310CA, the thermistor power is controlled by setting signal INT2.
For MTS300CB and MTS310CB, the thermistor power is controlled by setting signal PW0. Table 3-1. Voltage, Resistance vs. Temperature
Temperature (°C)
Resistance (Ohms)
ADC1 Reading (% of VCC)
-40 427,910 2.3% -20 114,200 8.1% 0 35,670 22%
25 10,000 50% 40 4090 71% 60 2224 82% 70 1520 87%
3.3.1 Conversion to Engineering Units The Mote’s ADC output can be converted to degrees Kelvin using the following approximation over 0-50 °C: 1/T(K) = a + b × ln(Rthr) + c × [ln(Rthr)]3
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where:
Rthr = R1(ADC_FS-ADC)/ADC a = 0.00130705 b = 0.000214381 c = 0.000000093 R1 = 10 kΩ ADC_FS = 1023 ADC = output value from Mote’s ADC measurement.
3.4 2-Axis Accelerometer (MTS310CA/MTS310CBOnly) The accelerometer is a MEMS surface micro-machined 2-axis, ± 2 g device. It features very low current draw (< 1mA) and 10-bit resolution. The sensor can be used for tilt detection, movement, vibration, and/or seismic measurement. Power is controlled to the accelerometer by setting signal PW4, and the analog data is sampled on ADC3 and ADC4. The accelerometer at location U5 is an ADXL202JE and the full datasheet is available at http://www.analog.com. A summary of specification is provided in Table 3-2 below for reference.
Table 3-2. Summary of ADXL202JE Specifications.
Channels X (ADC3), Y (ADC4) G-range ±2 g (1 g = 9.81 m/s2)
Bandwidth DC-50 Hz (controlled by C20, C21)Resolution 2 mG (0.002 G) RMS Sensitivity 167 mV/G ±17 %
Offset 2.5 V ±0.4 V
NOTE: The ADXL202 sensitivity and offset have a wide initial tolerance. A simple calibration using earth’s gravitational field can greatly enhance the accuracy of the ADXL202 sensor. By rotating the sensor into a +1 G and a –1 G position, the offset and sensitivity can be calculated to within 1 %.
3.5 Two-Axis Magnetometer (MTS310CA/MTS310CB Only) The magnetometer circuit is a silicon sensor that has a unique bridge resistor coated in a highly sensitive NiFe coating. This NiFe coating causes the bridge resistance of the circuit to change. The bridge is highly sensitive and can measure the Earth’s field and other small magnetic fields. A useful application is vehicle detection. Successful test have detected disturbances from automobiles at a radius of 15 feet. The sensor is the Honeywell HMC1002 sensor. A detailed specification sheet is found at http://www.ssec.honeywell.com. The output of each axis (X, Y) is amplified by an instrumentation amplifier U6, U7. The amplified output is available at ADC5 and ADC6. Power is controlled to the magnetometers by setting signal PW5. Each instrumentation amplifier (U6, U7) can be tuned using the digital potentiometer PT1 that is controlled via the I2C bus.
WARNING: The NiFe core of the magnetic sensor is extremely sensitive. However, it is also subject to saturation. Saturation occurs when the sensor is exposed to a large magnetic field. Unfortunately the MTS310 circuit does not have an automatic saturation recovery circuit (set/reset). This limitation prevents the magnetometer from being useful in applications
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requiring DC response (for example compassing). There are four pads label S/R (Set/Reset) available on the PCB for adding an external set/reset circuit.
3.6 Turning Sensors On and Off All of the sensors have a power control circuit. The default condition for the sensor is off. This design helps minimize power draw by the sensor board.
In order to turn sensors on, control signals are issued to the power switches. Table 3-3 below lists the control settings.
Table 3-3. Control Settings for the Sounder and Sensors
Sensor/Actuator Control Signal Sounder PW2
Microphone PW3 Accelerometer PW4 Magnetometer PW5
Temperature (RT2) INT2/PW01
Photocell (R2) INT1 Temperature(RT2)(MTS300CB/MTS310CB) PW0
NOTE: Only one of the INT1 and INT2/PW0 signals should be activated at a time. See Section 3.3.
1 For MTS300CA and MTS310CA, the RT2 power is controlled by setting signal INT2. For MTS300CB and MTS310CB, the RT2 power is controlled by setting signal PW0.
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3.7 Schematics of the MTS300 and MTS310
J61connector 1
1
Connector (Top)
FLASH_SI
FLASH_CLK
FLASH_SI
PWM1B
PW1
Vcc
AC+
PROG_MISO_SPI
AC-
LED1
ADC0_BBOut
I2C_BUS_1_CLK
AC+
AC-
PW2
LED3
ADC3
I2C_BUS_1_DATA
ADC6
U0
123456789
10111213141516171819202122232425
52 53
26
27282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051
Pin 1Pin 2Pin 3Pin 4Pin 5Pin 6Pin 7Pin 8Pin 9Pin 10Pin 11Pin 12Pin 13Pin 14Pin 15Pin 16Pin 17Pin 18Pin 19Pin 20Pin 21Pin 22Pin 23Pin 24Pin 25
Pin
52
Pin
53
Pin 26
Pin 27Pin 28Pin 29Pin 30Pin 31Pin 32Pin 33Pin 34Pin 35Pin 36Pin 37Pin 38Pin 39Pin 40Pin 41Pin 42Pin 43Pin 44Pin 45Pin 46Pin 47Pin 48Pin 49Pin 50Pin 51
FLASH_CLK
INT2
PW5
PWM1A
ADC5
RESET
ADC7
ADC3
PW0PW1
UART_RXD0
Little_Guy_MISO
INT0
Little_Guy_Reset
ADC1PROG_MISO_SPI
WR
gnd_analogVDD_ANALOG
Little_Guy_MOSI
PW6
INT2
PW4
PW7
ALE
UART_TXD0
PW3
123456789
10111213141516171819202122232425
52 53
26
27282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051
Pin 1Pin 2Pin 3Pin 4Pin 5Pin 6Pin 7Pin 8Pin 9Pin 10Pin 11Pin 12Pin 13Pin 14Pin 15Pin 16Pin 17Pin 18Pin 19Pin 20Pin 21Pin 22Pin 23Pin 24Pin 25
Pin
52
Pin
53
Pin 26
Pin 27Pin 28Pin 29Pin 30Pin 31Pin 32Pin 33Pin 34Pin 35Pin 36Pin 37Pin 38Pin 39Pin 40Pin 41Pin 42Pin 43Pin 44Pin 45Pin 46Pin 47Pin 48Pin 49Pin 50Pin 51
PW3
ADC4
gnd_analog
ADC6
PW5
PW2
WR
SCK_SPI
UART_RXD0
RD
Little_Guy_MOSI
INT1
ADC1
Little_Guy_SPI_Clock
PW7
LED2
INT1
PWM0
INT3
LED2
ADC2
PW4
VDD_ANALOG
INT3
DC_BOOST_SHUTDOWN
PROG_MOSI_SPI
LED1
ADC7
PROG_MOSI_SPI
Little_Guy_SPI_Clock
Vcc
SCK_SPI Little_Guy_Reset
LED3
ADC0_BBOut
DC_BOOST_SHUTDOWN
ADC4
I2C_BUS_1_CLK
PWM0
ADC2
RESET
ALE
PW0
FLASH_SO
Little_Guy_MISO
ADC5
I2C_BUS_1_DATA
INT0
PW6
RD
PWM1B
Mounting Holes
UART_TXD0
PWM1A
Connector to Mica(Bottom)
J51connector 11
FLASH_SO
Figure 3-2. MTS300/310 Schematic of 51-pin connector pin-outs
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SB_VDD_ANALOG
ADC4
R3
10k 1%
8000-0212 A
MTS310CA SENSOR BOARD
B
1 1Monday, March 03, 2003
Title
Size Document Number Rev
Date: Sheet of
R22
200k
Mag Power
U5
ADXL202E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ST
T2
COMYO
UT
XOUT
YFILT
XFILT
VD
D
Acce Power
C19100nF
gnd_analog
INT2
ADC3
PowerSwitches
Light
C21100nF
Vcc
PW5
C3
10uF 1206
PW3
PW2
Mic Power
INT1
ADC1
PW4
S1
PS14T40A
M F
GM F
G
t
RT2
4kHzSounder
Temperature
gnd_analog
gnd_analog
R25
100
gnd_analog
PD2
2conPads
12
12
R24560
SB_VDD_ANALOG
Vcc
MAG_VDD_ANALOG
P1
MAX4678
3
2
14
15
1
11
10
7
6
16
9
8
54
1312
NO1
COM1
NO2
COM2
IN1
NO3
COM3
COM4
NO4
IN2
IN3
IN4
GN
D
V-
V+
VL
T02N2222A
C2
100nF
2 AxisAcceleromemter
C1
100nFR2
Acce Power
Sounder Power
INT2
Sounder Power
R23
3.9k
gnd_analog
t
RT1
C20100nF R26
330K
gnd_analog
Figure 3-3(a). MTS310CA Schematics of Accelerometer, Sounder, Temperature and Light Sensors, and
Power Switches
PW
0
PW
0
t
RT2THERMISTOR
gnd_analog
ADC1
gnd_analog
gnd_analogC2
100nF
INT
1
Temperature
R2Photo Resistor 100mil
LightC1
100nF
t
RT1THERMISTOR
R310k 1%
Figure 3-4(b). Power Controlled Signal of MTS300CB/MTS310CB Temperature and Light Sensors
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MTS/MDA Sensor Board User’s Manual
Vcc
S/R-_A
C251uF
PD1
4conPads
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
MAG_VREFMAG_VREF
U7
INA2126
12345678 9
10111213141516VinA-
VinA+RGA1RGA2RefAVoutASenseAV- V+
SenseBVoutBRefB
RGB1RGB2VinB+VinB-
C301uF S/R+_A
R3339 K
Mag Power
R363.3k
U9
INA2126
12345678 9
10111213141516VinA-
VinA+RGA1RGA2RefAVoutASenseAV- V+
SenseBVoutBRefB
RGB1RGB2VinB+VinB-
MAG_VREF
ADC6
Mag Power
I2C_BUS_1_CLK
MAG_VDD_ANALOG
R2739 K
S/R-_B
Mag Power
C231uF
PW5
U8
HMC1002
123456789
10
20191817161514131211
GND1 (A)OUT+(A)OFFSET-(A)Vbridge (A)OUT- (A)GND2 (A)S/R- (B)GND1 (B)OUT+ (B)OFFSET- (B)
S/R- (A)NC
GND PLNOFFSET+ (A)
S/R+ (A)OFFSET+ (B)
S/R+ (B)GND2 (B)OUT- (B)
Vbridge (B)
Magnetometer
MAG_VREF
S/R+_B
R510ohm
R56
20k
R3520k
R291.1k
Mag Power
ADC5
S/R+_A
MAG_VREFV1
TLE2426
1
2
3 OUT
CO
M
IN
R313.3k
gnd_analog
C22
1uF
R341.1k
PT1
AD5242
12345678 9
10111213141516O1
A1W1B1VDDSHDNSCLSDA AD0
AD1DGND
VssO2B2
W2A2
R32
39 K
S/R-_A
S/R+_B
Vcc
S/R-_BC31
1uF
R30
20k
I2C_BUS_1_DATA
R28
39 K
C2810uF
8000-0212 A
MTS310 SENSOR BOARD
B
1 1Wednesday, March 26, 2003
Title
Size Document Number Rev
Date: Sheet of
Mag Power
MagnetometerVirtual Ground
C271uF 0805
R55
20kMag Power
Figure 3-5. MTS310 Schematic of Magnetometer
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U1A_2
MAX4466
41
32
5
OUT+
-G
ND
Vcc
C7
1uF
Microphone andAmplifier
gnd_analog
Mic Power
PT2
AD5242
12345678 9
10111213141516
O1A1W1B1VDDSHDNSCLSDA AD0
AD1DGND
VssO2B2
W2A2
Vcc
R13
1k
R81.1k
Mic Power
VREF
R1210k
mic_preamp_out
mic_out
gnd_analog
C2610uF
R10
56k
I2C_BUS_1_DATA
R205.1k
gnd_analog
R53100k
C8
20nF
gnd_
anal
ogC2910uF gnd_analog
R11
1k
mic_out
VccI2C_BUS_1_CLK
VREF
R21 openVREF
PW3
C9100nF
M0
WM-62A
21
GN
DOU
T
gnd_analog
R52100k
C10
1uF
C24
1uF
gnd_
anal
ogR9
1k
Mic
Pow
er
Mic Power
U1A_1
MAX4466
41
3
25
OUT+
-
GN
DV
cc
R541.1k
gnd_analog
Figure 3-6. MTS310 Schematic of Microphone and Amplifier
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R18
100k
gnd_analog
gnd_
anal
og
R7
open
U2
MAX4164
411
23
65
910
1
7
8
Vcc
Vss
A-A+
B-B+
C-C+
OUTA
OUTB
OUTC
R1991k
VREF
mic_out
R6open
R40
25.5k
C17100nF
C183.3nF
VREF
R15
220k
VREF
TD1
LMC567
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
8OF
LF
IN
Vs Rt
Ct
Gnd
Out
gnd_analog
mic_bandpass_out
mic_bandpass_out
gnd_
anal
og
R5
0
C12
680pFMic Power
R4open
R410
C14 10nF
R16
220k
R14
56k
C13680pF
ToneDecoder
Biquad ActiveFilter
R42open
C161uF
AC+
gnd_analog
Mic Power
mic_bandpass_out
R17
56k
INT3
Mic Power
R39100k
C15 1nF
C11
1uF
Tone Signal
mic_out
Figure 3-7. MTS310 Schematic of Biquad Active Filter and Tone Decoder
AnalogComparatorThresholdSetup
Mic Power
Tone Signal
ADC2
gnd_analog
Vcc
mic_out
gnd_analog
MX1
MAX4624
16
5
4
2
SB_VDD_ANALOG
3
INNO
COM
NC
Vcc
GND
R5051ohm 402
SB_VDD_ANALOG
PW6
R0open 805
gnd_analog
Mic OutputSelector
C010uF 1206
AC-
R1open 805
Figure 3-8. MTS310 Schematic of Mic Output Selector and Analog Comparator Threshold Setup
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4 MTS400CA/MTS420CA/MTS400CB/MTS420CB
The MTS400CA/MTS420CA and MTS400CB/MTS420CB have the same content in this chapter.
The MTS400 offers five basic environmental sensors with an additional GPS module option (MTS420). The features offered on these boards allows for a wide variety of applications ranging from a simple wireless weather station to a full network of environmental monitoring nodes. Applicable industries include agriculture, industrial, forestry, HVAC and more. These environmental sensor boards utilize the latest generation of energy efficient digital IC-based board-mount sensors. This feature provides extended battery life where a low maintenance, field deployed, sensor node is required.
The GPS module offered on the MTS420 (Figure 4-1) may be used for positional identification of Motes deployed in inaccessible environments and for location tracking of cargo, vehicles, vessels, and wildlife.
Leadtek® GPS-9546 Module
Figure 4-1. Photo of MTS420. The MTS400 does not have the GPS module (highlighted by the box).
NOTE: Motes are designed for power efficiency. Hence all the sensors are disconnected from power on the MTS400 and MTS420 sensor boards unless specifically turned on. See Section 4.6 for more information.
4.1 Humidity and Temperature Sensor The Sensirion® (http://www.sensirion.com/) SHT11 is a single-chip humidity and temperature multi sensor module comprising a calibrated digital output. The chip has an internal 14-bit analog-to-digital converter and serial interface. SHT11s are individually calibrated.
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Table 4-1. Summary of the Sensirion® SHT11’s Specifications
Sensor Type Sensirion SHT11 Channels Humidity Temperature
Range 0 to 100% -40°C to 80°C Accuracy ± 3.5% RH (typical) ± 2°C
Operating Range 3.6 to 2.4 volts Interface Digital interface
This sensor’s power is enabled through a programmable switch. The control interface signals are also enabled through a programmable switch. An analog-to-digital converter in the sensor does the conversion from humidity and temperature to digital units.
4.2 Barometric Pressure and Temperature Sensor The Intersema® (http://www.intersema.ch/) MS55ER is a SMD-hybrid device including a piezoresistive pressure sensor and an ADC interface IC. It provides a 16-bit data word from pressure and temperature measurements. A 3-wire interface is used for all communications.
This sensor’s power is enabled through a programmable switch. The control interface signals are also enabled through a programmable switch. An analog-to-digital converter in the sensor does the conversion from pressure and temperature to digital units.
Table 4-2. Summary of the Intersema® MS55ER’s Specifications
Sensor Type Intersema MS5534 Channels Pressure and Temperature
Range Pressure: 300 to 110 mbar Temperature: -10°C to 60°C
Accuracy Pressure: ± 3.5% Temperature: ± 2°C
Operating Range 3.6 to 2.2 volts Interface Digital interface
4.3 Light Sensor The TLS2550 is a digital light sensor with a two-wire, SMBus serial interface. It is manufactured by TAOS, Inc (http://www.taosinc.com). It combines two photodiodes and a compounding analog-to-digital converter on a single CMOS integrated circuit to provide light measurements over an effective 12-bit dynamic range. Table 4-3 has a summary of the sensor’s specifications.
Table 4-3. Summary of TAOS TSL2550’s Specifications
Sensor Type Taos TSL2550 Channels Light
Range 400 – 1000 nm
Operating Range 3.6 to 2.7 volts Interface Digital interface
This sensor’s power is enabled through a programmable switch. The control interface signals are also enabled through a programmable switch. An analog-to-digital converter in the sensor does the conversion from light to digital units.
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4.4 2-Axis Accelerometer The accelerometer is a MEMS surface micro-machined 2-axis, ± 2 g device. It features very low current draw (< 1mA). The sensor can be used for tilt detection, movement, vibration, and/or seismic measurement. The sensor output’s are connected to ADC channels on the Mote’s ADC1 and ADC2 channels.
Table 4-4. Summary of the ADXL202JE’s Specifications
Sensor Type Analog Devices ADXL202JEChannels X (ADC1), Y (ADC2)
Range ±2 G (1 G = 9.81 m/s2)
Sensitivity 167 mV/G, ±17 % Resolution 2 mG (0.002 G) RMS
Offset VBATTERY/2 ±0.4 V Operating Range 3.6 to 3.0 V
Interface Analog interface
NOTE: The ADXL202 sensitivity and offset have a wide initial tolerance. A simple calibration using earth’s gravitational field can greatly enhance the accuracy of the ADXL202 sensor. By rotating the sensor into a +1 G and a –1 G position, the offset and sensitivity can be calculated to within 1 %.
4.5 GPS (MTS420 only) The GPS module (Leadtek GPS-9546, http://www.leadtek.com/) is powered via a DC-DC booster, which maintains a constant 3.3 volt input regardless of battery voltage. The booster output is programmably enabled. The output from the GPS module is connected to a serial UART, USART1, interface of the Mote. An active, external, antenna is supplied with the module. The GPS module supplies the antenna power.
Table 4-5. Summary of the SiRFstarIIe LP’s (GPS 9546) Specifications.
GPS Chipset SiRFstarIIe LP Antenna External active antenna, power supplied by GPS module. Channels 12
Meters 10 m, 2D Start Time (sec) 45 Cold; 38 Warm; 8 Hot
Reacquisition Time 0.1 sec (typical, w/o dense foliage) Protocol NEMA-0183 and SIRF binary protocol Current 60 mA at 3.3 V Interface Serial interface
NOTE: The GPS module’s DC-DC booster can interfere with radio communication. If the GPS module must be continually powered and monitored during radio communication, then 3.3-3.6 volt lithium batteries are recommended to power the Mote. Normal alkaline batteries are not recommended unless the GPS module is powered down during radio communication.
4.6 Turning Sensors On and Off Power for all of the sensors on the MTS400/420 sensor board is controlled through an analog power switch at location U7. It can be programmed enable and disable power to individual
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sensors. The default condition for the sensors is off. This design helps minimize power draw by the sensor board.
4.7 Schematics of the MTS400 and MTS420
Figure 4-2. MTS400 Sensors Schematic.
Figure 4-3. MTS400 Power and Signal Control Schematic.
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5 MTS510CA
The MTS510CA series sensor is a flexible sensor board with a variety of sensing modalities. These modalities can be exploited in developing sensor networks for a variety of applications including personnel detection, low-performance seismic sensing, movement, robotics, and other applications. The following section of the User’s Manual describes the sensor circuits and general application. Please refer to the schematic diagram at end of section for exact circuit details.
5.1 Microphone The microphone circuit may be used for general acoustic recording and measurement. The basic circuit consists of a pre-amplifier (U4), second-stage amplified with a digital-pot control (U3, U1-A). In order to use the light sensor, digital control signal PW1 must be turned on.
This circuit amplifies the low-level microphone output. This output can be fed directly into the analog-digital converter (ADC2). This configuration is useful for general acoustic recording and measurement. Audio files have been recorded into the Logger Flash memory of MICA, MICA2 Motes for later download and entertainment (or analysis!).
5.2 Light As on the MTS101CA, the MTS510CA has a light sensor. The light sensor is a simple CdSe photocell. The maximum sensitivity of the photocell is at the light wavelength of 690 nm. Typical on resistance, while exposed to light, is 2 kΩ. Typical off resistance, while in dark conditions, is 520 kΩ.
In order to use the light sensor, digital control signal PW0 must be turned on. The output of the sensor is connected to the analog-digital converter channel 7 (ADC7). When there is light, the nominal circuit output is near VCC or full-scale, and when it is dark the nominal output is near GND or zero.
5.3 2-Axis Accelerometer The accelerometer is a MEMS surface micro-machined 2-axis, ± 2 g device. It features very low current draw (< 1mA) and 10-bit resolution. The sensor can be used for tilt detection, movement, vibration, and/or seismic measurement. Power is controlled to the accelerometer by setting signal PW0, and the analog data is sampled on ADC3 and ADC4. The accelerometer, located at U2, is the ADXL202JE and the full datasheet is available at http://www.analog.com. A summary of specification is provided in Table 5-1 below for reference.
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Table 5-1. Summary of ADXL202JE Specifications.
Channels X (ADC3), Y (ADC4) G-range ± 2 G (1 G = 9.81 m/s2)
Bandwidth DC-50 Hz (controlled by C20, C21)Resolution 2 mG (0.002 G) RMS Sensitivity 167 mV/G ±17 %
Offset 2.5 V ±0.4 V
NOTE: The ADXL202 sensitivity and offset have a wide initial tolerance. A simple calibration using earth’s gravitational field can greatly enhance the accuracy of the ADXL202 sensor. By rotating the sensor into a +1 G and a –1 G position, the offset and sensitivity can be calculated to within 1 %.
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6 MDA100CA/MDA100CB
MD100CA and MDA100CB have the same content in this chapter except for some minor changes.
The MDA100 series sensor boards have a precision thermistor, a light sensor/photocell, and general prototyping area. The prototyping area supports connection to all eight channels of the Mote’s analog to digital converter (ADC0–7), both USART serial ports and the I2C digital communications bus. The prototyping area also has 45 unconnected holes that are used for breadboard of circuitry.
6.1.1 Thermistor The thermistor, (YSI 44006, http://www.ysi.com) sensor is a highly accurate and highly stable sensor element. With proper calibration, an accuracy of 0.2 °C can be achieved. The thermistor’s resistance varies with temperature. (See Table 6-1 and the resistance vs. temperature graph in Figure 6-3) This curve, although non-linear, is very repeatable. The sensor is connected to the analog-digital converter channel number 1 (ADC1) thru a basic resistor divider circuit. In order to use the thermistor, the sensor must be enabled by setting digital control line INT2 high. See the Figure 6-1 below.
Table 6-1. Thermistor Specifications
Type YSI 44006 Time Constant 10 seconds, still air
Base Resistance 10 kΩ at 25 °C Repeatability 0.2 °C
INT2
Figure 6-1(a). Schematic of the Thermistor on MDA100CA
ADC1
RT1
10 K, 1%
PW0
RT1
10 K, 1%
ADC1
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Figure 6-2(b). Schematic of the Thermistor on MDA100CB
Table 6-2. Resistance vs. Temperature, ADC1 Reading
Temperature (°C)
Resistance (Ohms)
ADC5 Reading (% of VCC)
-40 239,800 4% -20 78,910 11% 0 29,940 25%
25 10,000 50% 40 5592 64% 60 2760 78% 70 1990 83%
Resistance (RT1 Ohms)
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T emperature (D eg. C )
Figure 6-3. Resistance vs. Temperature Graph
6.2 Conversion to Engineering Units The Mote’s ADC output can be converted to Kelvin using the following approximation over 0 to 50 °C:
1/T(K) = a + b × ln(Rthr) + c × [ln(Rthr)]3
where:
Rthr = R1(ADC_FS-ADC)/ADC a = 0.001010024 b = 0.000242127 c = 0.000000146 R1 = 10 kΩ ADC_FS = 1023, and ADC = output value from Mote’s ADC measurement.
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6.3 Light Sensor The light sensor is a simple CdSe photocell. The maximum sensitivity of the photocell is at the light wavelength of 690 nm. Typical on resistance, while exposed to light, is 2 kΩ. Typical off resistance, while under dark conditions, is 520 kΩ. In order to use the light sensor, digital control signal PW1 must be turned on. The output of the sensor is connected to the analog-digital converter channel 1 (ADC1). When there is light, the nominal circuit output is near VCC or full-scale, and when it is dark the nominal output is near GND or zero. Power is controlled to the light sensor by setting signal INT2.
INT!
R2
10 k, 1%
ADC1
Figure 6-4. Schematic of the light sensor
6.4 Prototyping Area The prototyping area is a series of solder holes and connection points for connecting other sensors and devices to the Mote. The prototyping area layout is shown in the diagram and tables below.
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Table 6-3. Connection Table for MDA100. Use the photo (top view) below the table to locate the pins.
A B C D E F 1 GND GND GND VCC VCC VCC 2 OPEN OPEN USART1_CK INT3 ADC2 PW0 3 OPEN OPEN UART0_RX INT2 ADC1 PW14 OPEN OPEN UART0_TX INT1 ADC0 PW2 5 OPEN OPEN SPI_SCK INT0 THERM_PWR PW3 6 OPEN OPEN USART1_RX BAT_MON THRU1 PW4 7 OPEN OPEN USART1_TX LED3 THRU2 PW5 8 OPEN OPEN I2C_CLK LED2 THRU3 PW6 9 OPEN OPEN I2C_DATA LED1 RSTN ADC7
10 OPEN OPEN PWM0 RD PWM1B ADC6 11 OPEN OPEN PWM1A WR OPEN ADC5 12 OPEN OPEN AC+ ALE OPEN ADC4 13 OPEN OPEN AC- PW7 OPEN ADC3 14 GND GND GND VCC VCC VCC 15 OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN 16 OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN 17 OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN
Shared functionality
WARNING: Never connect signals that are greater than VCC (3V typical) or less than 0 V to any of the holes that connect to the Mote Processor Radio board. It is okay to connect different voltages to the non-connected holes. However, be careful. If a voltage out of the range of 0 to Vcc should reach the Mote Processor Radio Board damage will occur.
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7 MDA300CA
WARNING: The MDA300CA can be damaged by ESD. ESD damage can range from subtle performance degradation to complete device failure.
MDA300CA is designed as a general measurement platform for the MICAz and MICA2 (see Figure 7-1). Its primary applications are a) wireless low-power instrumentation, b) weather measurement systems, c) precision agriculture and irrigation control, d) habitat monitoring, e) soil analysis, and f) remote process control.
Figure 7-1. Top view of an MDA300CA. This is the side a MICAz or MICA2 Mote would be attached.
Analog sensors can be attached to different channels based on the expected precision and dynamic range. Digital sensors can be attached to the provided digital or counter channels. Mote samples analog, digital or counter channels and can actuate via digital outputs or relays. The combination of a MICAz (MPR2400CA) or MICA2 (MPR400CB) and a MDA300CA can be used as a low-power wireless data acquisition device or process control machine. Table 7-1 below gives the absolute maximum ratings for various electrical parameters.
Table 7-1. The MDA300CAs Absolute Maximum Ratings
*Users are strongly encouraged to stay within the MICAz or MICA2 nominal input voltage of 2.7 to 3.3 VDC **The input negative-voltage ratings may be exceeded if the input and output current ratings are observed.
+VDD to GND*..............................–0.3V to +5.5V Digital Lines: Input voltage range**..…….-0.5 V to VDD+ 0.5 V Continuous output low current…..……….50 mA Continuous output high current………..…–4 mA Analog Lines: Input voltage range.………-0.2 V to VCC + 0.5 V Counter Line: Input voltage range ………………….0 V to 5.5V Relays: Maximum Contact Voltage……………..….100V Maximum Contact Current…..…………..150mA
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7.1 Theory of Operation This section briefly describes the operation of the pins available on the MDA300CA. A drawing of the pin-outs and their description is shown in Figure 7-2 below.
Figure 7-2. Pin configuration and assignments of the MDA300CA
A0 or A11+ Single-ended analog channel 0 or differential analog channel 11 positive side
A1 or A11- Single-ended analog channel 1 or differential analog channel 11 negative side
A2 or A12+ Single-ended analog channel 2 or differential analog channel 12 positive side
A3 or A12- Single-ended analog channel 3 or differential analog channel 12 negative side
A4 or A13+ Single-ended analog channel 4 or differential analog channel 13 positive side
A5 or A13- Single-ended analog channel 5 or differential analog channel 13 negative side
A6 Single-ended analog channel 6 A7+ A7- Differential analog channels 7 A8+ A8- Differential analog channels 8 A9+ A9- Differential analog channels 9
A10+ A10- Differential analog channels 10 DATA I2C Data
CLK I2C Clock D0 - D6 Digital Lines D0 to D6
C Counter Channel LED1 RED LED LED2 GREEN LED E5.0 5.0 V excitation E3.3 3.3 V excitation E2.5 2.5 V excitation Vcc Vcc of the Mote RL1 Relay one sides (Normally-Open) RL2 Relay two sides (Normally-Closed)
7.1.1 Single Ended Analog Operation (Channels A0 to A6).
NOTE: These channels are shared with differential channels A11–A13 and both of them cannot be used at the same time.
Signals with dynamic range of 0 to 2.5 V can be plugged to these channels. The least significant bit value is 0.6 mV. The result of ADC can be converted to voltage knowing that
Voltage = 2.5 × ADC_READING / 4096
Resistors need to be added (soldered) to the MDA300CA board to properly scale the voltage levels of external analog sensors so that the maximum voltage is 2.5 VDC. There are two scaling-resistors—RA and RB—associated with each ADC channel. These resistors form a simple two-resistor voltage divider. Therefore, choose values for RA and RB such that the quantity RB/(RA+RB) multiplied by the maximum output of the sensor is ≤ 2.5 V. The resistors corresponding to a specific ADC channel are listed in Table 7-2 and the area on the board is shown in Figure 7-3 below.
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NOTE: The resistors in positions R30 to R36 are 0 Ω resistors and would need to be removed when soldering the corresponding resistor for that channel.
Table 7-2. Analog Inputs and Resistor Locations for Voltage Scaling.
ADC Channel RA RB
0 R36 R431 R35 R422 R34 R413 R33 R404 R32 R395 R31 R386 R28 R37
Scaling-resistors in this area.
Figure 7-3. Photo of backside of the MDA300CA.
7.1.2 Differential Analog Signals (Channels A11 to A13) Channels A11 to A13 can be used for differential analog signals. Dynamic range and conversion formula are the same as the single ended channels.
7.1.3 Differential Precision Analog Signals (Channels A7 to A10) Channels A7 to A10 are precision differential channels. They have a sensor front end with gain of 100. Dynamic range of these channels is ±12.5 mV. The offset is cancelled by measurement of the constant offset and writing it to the E2PROM for software cancellation. The result of the ADC can be converted to voltage (in mV) knowing that
Voltage = 12.5 × (ADC_READING / 2048 − 1)
7.1.4 Digital Channels (Channels D0 to D5). Channels D0–D5 are digital channels that can be used for digital input or output. They can be used for counting external phenomena, triggering based on external events or for actuating external signal.
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The result of these channels can be saved to the EEPROM for totalizing sensors to avoid losing count in case of power reset. These channels can be protected against switch bouncing. When they are set as inputs they have internal pull-up resistance so that they can be plugged to switch (close-open) sensors.
7.1.5 Counter Channel This channel is appropriate for high-speed counting or frequency measurement. It has a Schmitt triggered front-end.
7.1.6 Internal Channels There is an internal sensor for temperature and humidity. This can be used for monitoring the health of the system. It can also be used for “cold junction compensation” in thermocouple measurement applications. The voltage of the device also can be read using the MICAz’s or MICA2’s internal monitor to have lifetime information.
7.1.7 Relay Channels There are two relay channels that can be used for actuation of external phenomena. Both relays are optical solid state for maximum isolation and minimum power consumption. One relay is normally open and the other one is normally closed.
7.1.8 External Sensors Excitation There are three excitation voltages—5.0 V, 3.3 V, and 2.5 V—available for exciting external sensors. They can be used for turning on active external sensors or they can be used in half bridge or full bridge sensors such as strain gauge, force or pressure measurement.
7.1.9 LEDs LED signals are brought out for applications that use Motes inside enclosures and want to bring the LEDs to the case.
7.1.10 Power Supply (VCC) It can be used for an external battery attachment.
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8 MDA320CA
WARNING: The MDA320CA can be damaged by ESD. ESD damage can range from subtle performance degradation to complete device failure.
MDA320CA is designed as a general measurement platform for the MICAz and MICA2 (see Figure 8-1). Its primary applications are a) wireless low-power instrumentation, b) weather measurement systems, c) precision agriculture and irrigation control, d) habitat monitoring, e) soil analysis, and f) remote process control.
Figure 8-1. Top view of an MDA320CA. This is the side a MICAz or MICA2 Mote would be attached.
Analog sensors can be attached to different channels based on the expected precision and dynamic range. Digital sensors can be attached to the provided digital or counter channels. Mote samples analog, digital or counter channels and can actuate via digital outputs. The combination of a MICAz (MPR2400CA) or MICA2 (MPR400CB) and a MDA320CA can be used as a low-power wireless data acquisition device or process control machine. The table below gives the absolute maximum ratings for various electrical parameters.
Table 8-1. The MDA320CAs Absolute Maximum Ratings
*Users are strongly encouraged to stay within the MICAz or MICA2 nominal input voltage of 2.7 to 3.3 VDC **The input negative-voltage ratings may be exceeded if the input and output current ratings are observed.
+VDD to GND*..............................–0.3V to +5.5V Digital Lines: Input voltage range**..…….-0.5 V to VDD+ 0.5 V Continuous output low current…..……….50 mA Continuous output high current………..…–4 mA Analog Lines: Input voltage range.………-0.2 V to VCC + 0.5 V Counter Line: Input voltage range ………………….0 V to 5.5V Relays: Maximum Contact Voltage……………..….100V Maximum Contact Current…..…………..150mA
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8.1 Theory of Operation This section briefly describes the operation of the pins available on the MDA320CA. A drawing of the pin-outs and their description is shown in Figure 8-2 below.
E3.3
A3
A0
GND
GND
LED1
D6
CLK
VBAT
J8A6
VCC
A1
LED2
D2
J5
D7
D0D1
D3
A7
D4D5
DATA
E5.0
C
GND
TOP VIEW
E2.5
A5
PIN CONFIGURATION
GND
A4
A2
Figure 8-2. Pin configuration and assignments of the MDA300CA
A7 Single-ended analog channel 7 or differential analog channel 11 positive side
A6 Single-ended analog channel 6 or differential analog channel 11 negative side
E5.0 5.0 V excitation
A5 Single-ended analog channel 5 or differential analog channel 10 negative side
A4 Single-ended analog channel 4 or differential analog channel 10 positive side
E2.5 2.5 V excitation GND Electrical ground
A3 Single-ended analog channel 3 or differential analog channel 9 negative side
A2 Single-ended analog channel 2 or differential analog channel 9 positive side
VBAT Voltage of battery on positive terminal
A1 Single-ended analog channel 1 or differential analog channel 8 negative side
A0 Single-ended analog channel 0 or differential analog channel 8 positive side
GND Electrical ground E3.3 3.3 V excitation
DATA I2C Data CLK I2C Clock
LED2 GREEN LED Vcc Vcc of the Mote
LED1 RED LED GND Electrical ground
D0 – D7 Digital Lines D0 to D7 C Counter Channel
8.1.1 Single Ended Analog Operation (Channels A0 to A7). Signals with dynamic range of 0 to 2.5 V can be plugged to these channels. The analog to digital converter has 16-bit resolution. The least significant bit value is 0.6 mV. The result of ADC can be converted to voltage knowing that
Voltage = 2.5 × ADC_READING / 65536
Resistors need to be added (soldered) to the MDA320CA board to properly scale the voltage levels of external analog sensors so that the maximum voltage is 2.5 VDC. There are two scaling-resistors—RA and RB—associated with each ADC channel. These resistors form a simple two-resistor voltage divider. Therefore, choose values for RA and RB such that the quantity RB/(RA+RB) multiplied by the maximum output of the sensor is ≤ 2.5 V. The resistors corresponding to a specific ADC channel are listed in Table 8-2 and the area on the board is shown in Figure 8-3 below.
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NOTE: The resistors in positions R28, R31 to R36 and R61 are 0 Ω resistors and would need to be removed when soldering the corresponding resistor for that channel.
Table 8-2. Analog Inputs and Resistor Locations for Voltage Scaling.
ADC Channel RA RB
0 R36 R431 R35 R422 R34 R413 R33 R404 R32 R395 R31 R386 R28 R377 R61 R62
Scaling-resistors in this area.
Figure 8-3. Photo of backside of the MDA320CA.
8.1.2 Differential Analog Signals Channels A0 to A7 can also be used for differential analog signals. Dynamic range and conversion formula are the same as the single ended channels.
8.1.3 Digital Channels (Channels D0 to D7). Channels D0–D7 are digital channels that can be used for digital input or output. They can be used for counting external phenomena, triggering based on external events or for actuating external signal.
The result of these channels can be saved to the EEPROM for totalizing sensors to avoid losing count in case of power reset. These channels can be protected against switch bouncing. When they are set as inputs they have internal pull-up resistance so that they can be plugged to switch (close-open) sensors.
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8.1.4 Counter Channel This channel is appropriate for high-speed counting or frequency measurement. It has a Schmitt triggered front-end.
8.1.5 External Sensors Excitation There are three excitation voltages—5.0 V, 3.3 V, and 2.5 V—available for exciting external sensors. They can be used for turning on active external sensors or they can be used in half bridge or full bridge sensors such as strain gauge, force or pressure measurement.
8.1.6 LEDs LED signals are brought out for applications that use Motes inside enclosures and want to bring the LEDs to the case.
8.1.7 Power Supply (VCC) It can be used for an external battery attachment.
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9 MDA500CA
WARNING. Never connect signals that are greater than VCC (3 V typical) or less than 0 V to any of the holes that connect to the Mote Processor Radio board. It is okay to connect different voltages to the non-connected holes. However, be careful. If a voltage out of the range of 0–VCC should reach the Mote Processor Radio Board damage will occur.
The MDA500 series sensor / data acquisition provides a flexible user-interface for connecting external signals to the MICA2DOT Mote (Figure 9-1). All of the major I/O signals of the MICA2DOT Mote are routed to plated-thru holes on the MDA500 circuit board. The schematic for this board is shown in Figure 9-2 below.
Figure 9-1. Photo of top-side of an MDA500CA for the MICA2DOT.
TP6 TP9
VCC
ADC4
ADC[2..7]
THERM_PWR
UART_RXD0
TP11 TP16
ADC3 ADC3
PW0
TP7
INT1
PW0
ADC7
INT1 TP18
ADC2
INT0
TP3
SPI_CK
RSTN
ADC6
PW1
PWM1B
6310-0309-01 A
MICA2DOT PROTO BOARD
CROSSBOW TECHNOLOGY. INC.
B
1 1Wednesday, March 26, 2003
Title
Size Document Number Rev
Date: Sheet of
UART_TXD0
INT0
PW1
J1
DOT2
12345678910111213141516171819
123456789
10111213141516171819
TP15TP14
PWM1B
THERM_PWR
TP19
VCC
SPI_CK
ADC4
TP17TP10
ADC5
TP8
RSTN
UART_TXD0
TP4TP2
ADC5
ADC7ADC6
UART_RXD0
TP12
TP1
TP5
ADC2
TP13
Figure 9-2. Schematic of the MDA500CA
Doc. # 7430-0020-04 Rev. B Page 33
MTS/MDA Sensor Board User’s Manual
10 Appendix A: TinyOS Drivers and Test Firmware
This section summarizes the drivers and test firmware for Crossbow’s sensor and data acquisition boards. Table 10-1 below lists the names of the test and demo application firmware for the various sensor and data acquisition boards.
Table 10-1. Listing of Sensor/DAQ boards, test and demo application.
Sensor or DAQ Board Test and Demo Application Name(s)
MTS Board MTS101 XMTS101_xxx_<mode>.exe MTS300 XMTS300_xxx_<mode>.exe MTS310 XMTS310_xxx_<mode>.exe MTS400 XMTS400_xxx_<mode>.exe MTS420 XMTS420_xxx_<mode>.exe MTS510 XMTS510_xxx_<mode>.exe
MDA board MDA100 XMDA100_xxx_<mode>.exe MDA300 XMDA300_xxx_<mode>.exe MDA320 XMDA300_xxx_<mode>.exe MDA500 XMDA500_xxx_<mode>.exe
Base Station (common to all boards) XMeshBase_Dot_xxx_<mode>.exe
xxx = 315, 433, 915 or 2400. <mode> = hp or lp. hp = high power mesh networking. lp = low-power mesh networking via low-power listening and time synchronized data transmissions.
10.1 Testing a Sensor or Data Acquisition Board To test a sensor or data acquisition board, the appropriate test or demo firmware needs to be programmed into a Mote. The sensor or data acquisition board would then be attached to the Mote. Finally, the data from it could then be displayed on MoteView GUI. All the details for doing this are in the MoteView User’s Manual.
Page 34 Doc. # 7430-0020-04 Rev. B
MTS/MDA Sensor Board User’s Manual
11 Appendix B. Warranty and Support Information
11.1 Customer Service As a Crossbow Technology customer you have access to product support services, which include:
• Single-point return service
• Web-based support service
• Same day troubleshooting assistance
• Worldwide Crossbow representation
• Onsite and factory training available
• Preventative maintenance and repair programs
• Installation assistance available
11.2 Contact Directory United States: Phone: 1-408-965-3300 (8 AM to 5 PM PST)
Fax: 1-408-324-4840 (24 hours)
Email: [email protected]
Non-U.S.: refer to website www.xbow.com
11.3 Return Procedure
11.3.1 Authorization Before returning any equipment, please contact Crossbow to obtain a Returned Material Authorization number (RMA).
Be ready to provide the following information when requesting a RMA:
• Name
• Address
• Telephone, Fax, Email
• Equipment Model Number
• Equipment Serial Number
• Installation Date
• Failure Date
• Fault Description
Doc. # 7430-0020-04 Rev. B Page 35
MTS/MDA Sensor Board User’s Manual
11.3.2 Identification and Protection If the equipment is to be shipped to Crossbow for service or repair, please attach a tag TO THE EQUIPMENT, as well as the shipping container(s), identifying the owner. Also indicate the service or repair required, the problems encountered and other information considered valuable to the service facility such as the list of information provided to request the RMA number.
Place the equipment in the original shipping container(s), making sure there is adequate packing around all sides of the equipment. If the original shipping containers were discarded, use heavy boxes with adequate padding and protection.
11.3.3 Sealing the Container Seal the shipping container(s) with heavy tape or metal bands strong enough to handle the weight of the equipment and the container.
11.3.4 Marking Please write the words, “FRAGILE, DELICATE INSTRUMENT” in several places on the outside of the shipping container(s). In all correspondence, please refer to the equipment by the model number, the serial number, and the RMA number.
11.3.5 Return Shipping Address Use the following address for all returned products:
Crossbow Technology, Inc. 4145 N. First Street San Jose, CA 95134 Attn: RMA Number (XXXXXX)
11.4 Warranty The Crossbow product warranty is one year from date of shipment.
Page 36 Doc. # 7430-0020-04 Rev. B
Crossbow Technology, Inc. 4145 N. First Street San Jose, CA 95134 Phone: 408.965.3300 Fax: 408.324.4840