Nationalist Movements Around the World
Chapter 20
The British Empire in the Postwar Era
20-1
Egypt
• GB controlled Egypt since 1882
• Became protectorate when Ottomans joined Central Powers in WWI
• Wafd Party- Led nationalist movement post WWI
• 1922- Independence
Egypt
• Defensive military forces for Egypt and Suez
• Administrative control over Sudan
• Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1936)- Greater independence, alliance in Middle East, League of Nations membership
Middle East
• ME Arabs helped GB in WWI
• Transjordan/Iraq- Independent
• Palestine: Strategic location
• Zionism: Aimed to build homeland in Palestine for Jews
• Balfour Declaration: In return for war support, GB would support Zionism
Middle East
• GB promised independent Arab State also
• Post WWI: Tensions rise
• Limit on Jewish immigration in Palestine
• Nazi persecution changes this
• Division of land only solution
India
• Division in opinion about self-rule
• Mohandas Ghandi- Lead Indian nationalist movement
• Passive Resistance- Non-violent, refusal to cooperate with government
India
• British retaliation and suppression
• Allowed to elect representatives in 1935
• Control of defense, taxes, and foreign policy
• Movement continued
The Commonwealth Expands
• Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa want complete independence
• 1931: GB granted autonomy
• British Commonwealth of Nations
• Good trade agreements, economic advantage for all
Turkey, Persia, and Africa
20-2
Turkey
• Greeks overtook Ottoman Empire post WWI
• Mustafa Kemal takes control and drives out Greeks
• Republic of Turkey (1923)
Turkey
• Kemal believed war showed superiority of technology and nationalism
• Separated government from Islam
• Ordered Turks to adopt Western ways
• Turkey became more prosperous
Persia
• Qajar Dynasty ruled Persia
• GB and Russian influence increase
• Reza Shah Pahlavi- Nationalist army officer who modernized Persia
Persia
• Massive reforms
• 1935 Re-named Iran
• Constitution limited monarchy, but oppression occurred
• Reza Shah sought close ties with Germany
Africa
• Post WWI wanted greater freedom
• New ideas of nationalism and freedom
• Colonial education caused anti-colonial protest movements
Africa
• Racism and political repression pushed movements
• Tanganyika- Center of anti-colonial protest
• Tribal chiefs favored colonial rule
• Independence calls from Azikiwe (Nigeria), Kenyatta (Kenya), and Senghor (Senegal)
The End of the Qing Dynasty
• Foreign influence- Western nations moved inward
• Open Door Policy (1899)- U.S. wants equal trade in China
• Qing Emperor tries to modernize but his aunt Tz’u-shi takes control
• Boxer Rebellion- Attacks on foreigners, missionaries
The End of the Qing Dynasty
• Imperialist armies came to put down rebellion
• China punished and occupied
• China completely under foreign domination
• Nationalism rose under Sun Yixian
• Qing dynasty doesn’t break from “Old China”; overthrown
Forming the Chinese Republic
• 1912 China becomes republic
• Goal to empower the people
• Yuan Shikai president and revolution common, Sun Yixian flees
• Nationalists and Soviets vs. Warlords
• Chiang Kai-Shek takes over Nationalists and defeats warlords in North
Forming the Chinese Republic
• Left wing- Socialists/Communists
• Right wing (Chiang)- No radical change
• Communists put down and Nationalist government rises in Nanjing
• Dictatorship
• Developments, but did not help the suffering people
The Growth of Chinese Communism
• (1921) Intellectuals founded Communist Party
• Cooperated with nationalists at first, but in 1930’s Chiang attacked
• Long March- Communists traveled to escape Nationalists and many died
• Mao Zedong becomes Communist leader
The Growth of Chinese Communism
• Chinese peasants should be source of revolution
• Communists worked with them in Shaanxi Province
• Red Army built of peasants resisted Nationalist attacks
• Many believed Japan was true enemy