Nematode Diseases of PerennialsNematode Diseases of PerennialsManagementManagement
Dr. James A. LaMondia Dr. James A. LaMondia
Plant Pathologist/NematologistPlant Pathologist/Nematologist
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Valley LaboratoryStation, Valley Laboratory
Windsor, CTWindsor, CT
Perennials: Nematode Perennials: Nematode ManagementManagement
• Thresholds lower than annualsThresholds lower than annuals
• Fewer chances for controlFewer chances for control• Host differences – perennial Host differences – perennial
rootsroots
Nematode Disease ManagementNematode Disease Management
• Preventative approach bestPreventative approach best
• Sanitation and inspectionSanitation and inspection
• Rotation with resistanceRotation with resistance
• Root pruningRoot pruning• Heat treatmentHeat treatment
Nematode Disease ManagementNematode Disease Management
Sanitation and inspectionSanitation and inspection Host status evaluation :Host status evaluation :
Labor-intensive inspection can Labor-intensive inspection can focus on common susceptiblefocus on common susceptible
speciesspecies
M. haplaM. hapla – highly susceptible – highly susceptible
AcanthusAcanthus Aconitum Aconitum Ajuga AjugaAstilbe Astilbe Cimicifuga Cimicifuga Coreopsis CoreopsisClematis Clematis GeraniumGeranium Heliopsis HeliopsisIris Iris Ligularia Ligularia Lobelia LobeliaSalviaSalvia StachysStachys Veronica Veronica
M. haplaM. hapla – resistant – resistant
AchilleaAchillea Asclepias Asclepias AsterAsterDigitalisDigitalis EchinaceaEchinacea GaillardiaGaillardiaIrisIris Liatris Liatris LiriopeLiriopeMonardaMonarda Papaver Papaver PenstemonPenstemonPhloxPhlox PrimulaPrimula RudbeckiaRudbeckia
Nematode Disease ManagementNematode Disease Management
Rotation with resistanceRotation with resistance
Can non-host plants reduceCan non-host plants reduce
root-knot populations in soil ?root-knot populations in soil ?
Greenhouse resistance screenGreenhouse resistance screen
Rate for galls after two months Rate for galls after two months
98 spp in 85 genera98 spp in 85 genera
29 resistant (no galls); 29 resistant (no galls); 46 susceptible (> 11 galls)46 susceptible (> 11 galls)
remainder intermediateremainder intermediate
Effect of Resistance on Effect of Resistance on Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla
• Inoculate with 10,000 eggs/potInoculate with 10,000 eggs/pot
• 2 -6 months growth, bioassay2 -6 months growth, bioassay
• Evaluate root galling and egg Evaluate root galling and egg production.production.
Effect of Resistance on Effect of Resistance on M. haplaM. hapla
GenusGenus Galls/plantGalls/plant Galls/g rootGalls/g rootAsterAster 0 0 0 0CoreopsisCoreopsis 321 321 1818LobeliaLobelia 2576 2576 8787Rudbeckia 0Rudbeckia 0 0 0
Nematode Disease ManagementNematode Disease Management
Root pruningRoot pruning
M. haplaM. hapla J2 typically infects J2 typically infects
at or near root tips. Can at or near root tips. Can pruning reduce infection? pruning reduce infection?
Effect of Root Pruning on Effect of Root Pruning on Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla
• Inoculate with 10,000 eggs/potInoculate with 10,000 eggs/pot
• Three months growth, root Three months growth, root prune, two months growthprune, two months growth
• Evaluate root galling and egg Evaluate root galling and egg production.production.
Effect of Root Pruning on M. haplaEffect of Root Pruning on M. haplaGeraniumGeranium
% Fine roots pruned% Fine roots pruned # #GallsGalls #Eggs#Eggs
00 40.3 40.3 10,411 10,411
5050 18.7 18.7 2,228 2,228
7575 21.4 21.4 4,460 4,460
100 100 2.9 43 2.9 43
Effect of Root Pruning on Effect of Root Pruning on M. haplaM. hapla
#Galls/g root#Galls/g root#Eggs/g root#Eggs/g root
GenusGenus PrunedPruned NotNot PrunedPruned NotNotAconitum 0.0 8.5 Aconitum 0.0 8.5 0.0 404 0.0 404AjugaAjuga 0.0 15.9 0.0 15.9 0.0 361 0.0 361Anemone 0.0 71.7Anemone 0.0 71.7 0.0 13,902 0.0 13,902TrolliusTrollius 0.2 1.8 0.2 1.8 0.0 790 0.0 790
Hot Water treatment: Hot Water treatment: M. haplaM. hapla
• Large tank submersionLarge tank submersion• Temp variation +/- 0.5 CTemp variation +/- 0.5 C• Cool in 15-17 C after treatment Cool in 15-17 C after treatment • Astilbe and Hosta: 45 C 60 min; Astilbe and Hosta: 45 C 60 min;
and 47 C for 30 min effectiveand 47 C for 30 min effective• 49 C for 30 min - plant death 49 C for 30 min - plant death
Root-Knot ManagementRoot-Knot Management
• Preventative approach bestPreventative approach best
• Sanitation and inspectionSanitation and inspection
• Rotation with resistanceRotation with resistance
• Root pruning/Heat treatmentRoot pruning/Heat treatment
• Plant Breeding/SelectionPlant Breeding/Selection
Nematodes Infecting PerennialsNematodes Infecting Perennials
Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot
AAphelenchoidesphelenchoides - foliar nematodes - foliar nematodes
DitylenchusDitylenchus - stem/bulb nematodes - stem/bulb nematodes
PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes
Foliar Nematode Management with Foliar Nematode Management with InsecticidesInsecticides
• Avid 0.15 EC (abamectin)Avid 0.15 EC (abamectin)
spider mites: 4 fl oz/100 galspider mites: 4 fl oz/100 gal
leafminer rate: 8 fl oz/100 galleafminer rate: 8 fl oz/100 gal
• Diazinon AG500 1.5 oz/3 galDiazinon AG500 1.5 oz/3 gal
• Spray to complete coverageSpray to complete coverage
TreatmentTreatment ppm aippm ai sprayssprays A. fragariaeA. fragariae
ControlControl 0.0 0.0 - - 35.735.7Avid Avid 5.6 5.6 1 1 6.7 6.7AvidAvid 5.6 5.6 2 2 1.9 1.9AvidAvid 11.211.2 1 1 19.519.5
AvidAvid 11.211.2 2 2 0.0 0.0• P = 0.04P = 0.04
DitylenchusDitylenchus per g leaf tissue per g leaf tissueTreatmentTreatment ppm aippm ai 1-4 sprays1-4 sprays 5-65-6
ControlControl 0.0 0.0 482 482 215215Avid Avid 5.6 5.6 257 257 693693AvidAvid 11.2 11.2 485 485 164164DiazinonDiazinon 5.6 5.6 187 187 2 2
DiazinonDiazinon 11.211.2 226 226 5 5
Foliar Nematode Management Foliar Nematode Management with Peroxideswith Peroxides
ZeroTol or OxidateZeroTol or Oxidate
27% hydrogen peroxide27% hydrogen peroxide
Evaluate toxicity in vitroEvaluate toxicity in vitro
Evaluate efficacy in vivoEvaluate efficacy in vivo
ZeroTol: Efficacy vs ZeroTol: Efficacy vs AphelenchoidesAphelenchoidesin vitro evaluationin vitro evaluation
DilutionDilution Viable (24 hr)Viable (24 hr) (48 hr)(48 hr)controlcontrol 94 % 94 % 76 % 76 %1:2001:200 1 1 0 01:1001:100 0 0 0 01:501:50 0 0 0 0
ZeroTol: Efficacy vs ZeroTol: Efficacy vs AphelenchoidesAphelenchoidesA. fragariaeA. fragariae per g Anemone leaf per g Anemone leaf
DilutionDilution 11 22 33
controlcontrol 113 113 113 113 150 150
1:1001:100 639 639 1208 8721208 872
1:501:50 1657 3988 780 1657 3988 780
Foliar Nematode Management Foliar Nematode Management with Insecticides/miticideswith Insecticides/miticides
Pylon: new miticidePylon: new miticide for ornamentals for ornamentals
21.4% chlorfenapyr21.4% chlorfenapyr
Label for foliar Label for foliar Aphelenchoides Aphelenchoides
Efficacy similar to AvidEfficacy similar to Avid
Foliar Nematode ManagementFoliar Nematode Management
• Preventative approach bestPreventative approach best• Sanitation and inspectionSanitation and inspection• Reduce overhead wateringReduce overhead watering• Insecticide treatments Insecticide treatments
•Suppression of nematodesSuppression of nematodes
Nematodes Infecting PerennialsNematodes Infecting Perennials
Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot
AAphelenchoidesphelenchoides - foliar nematodes - foliar nematodes
DitylenchusDitylenchus - stem/bulb nematodes - stem/bulb nematodes
PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes
Lesion Nematode ManagementLesion Nematode Management
• Primarily field-grown problem Primarily field-grown problem
• Pre-plant samplingPre-plant sampling
• Rotation - suppressive plantsRotation - suppressive plants
Lesion Nematode ManagementLesion Nematode Management
• Preventative approach bestPreventative approach best
• Sanitation and inspectionSanitation and inspection
• Rotation with suppressive plantsRotation with suppressive plants Rudbeckia hirtaRudbeckia hirta; Polynema marigold; Polynema marigold
• Fumigation Fumigation