NetNeutrality:DeliveringInternetData
COMP6218LeslieCarr
Generalquestions
• WhatisthepointoftheWeb?WhydoweusetheWeb?• WhatvaluedoweexpecttheWebtoprovideus?• WhatvaluedowedelivertotheWeb?• HowistheWebsustainable?
LayersofInternet:WebInside!
3
Layers No. ComponentsContentandTransaction(social) 5 Informationexchangedandtheinteractionsandbehaviours
involved
Application(engineering) 4 Utilityprotocols:FTP,HTTP,SMTP.Providesprocess-to-processdataexchangeforapplications
Transport(engineering) 3 ProtocolsfordatatransportlikeTCP,UDP(chosenaccordingIPpacketindication),handlinghost-to-hostcommunication
Network/Internet(engineering) 2
IPcarriespacketsfromasourcetodestination,usingtheroutingprotocolstodeterminethepathstakenbythepackets,connectingindependentnetworks,thusestablishinginternetworking
Physical/hardwarelink(engineering) 1
Overwhichpacketsarecarried:ARP,NDP(auto-configurationofnodes:oldsandnews),MAC(Ethernet,DSL,FDDI),WiFi,satellitelinks…Containingcommunicationmethodsfordatathatremainswithinasinglenetworksegment(link)
TheOriginalInternetWorld
4
NSFNet
Universities
TheOriginalInternetWorld(2)
5
NSFNet
Universities
AOL
COMPU
SERV
E
TheEarlyWebEcosystem
6
InternetBackbone
ISPs
Yahoo MySpace Geocities Altavista
GeneralPublic
ModernWebEcosystem
7
Tier1- 3
ISPs
CDNs+Clouds
Google Facebook Amazon Twitter Netflix ...
Government Industry CivilSociety Universities
Publics
WhoPays?WhatValue?
• Web0:NSFNET1980s• Pre- andpre-historicweb• NRENaspublicgood,fromgovt researchfunds• UserestrictedtoresearchsectorinUS(atfirst)
• Web1.01990s• ISP/telcoassubscriptionaccesstoInternet.• Web/freeatpointofuse…emergenceofmonetisedproducts
• commercialservices(EBay,Amazon,Netflix)• webadvertising
• Web2.02010s• Mobileoperatorasmetered/cappedaccesstoInternet.• MonetisedsurveillanceisdominantfundingmodelforWebproperties• SocialWebasco-creativespacewhereparticipantsproducedata…emergenceofadata
tradingspace
8
Hugeincreaseinaccessibility
Hugeincreaseinaccessibility
WebParticipants
• TheWebisadataexchangingspace,wereceivedataifwedeliverdatainreturn.
• Datahavedifferentkindsofpotentialvalue• Informationhascontextualvalueupontime,space,placeandrecipient
• TheWebparticipants:people,governments,privatecompanies,communities.• Mostofthemparticipatethroughtheirwebsites
PublicGoods• Commonsareresourcesavailableforpublicbenefit,butindividualrivalrymaydepletetheresource,deprivingothersofbenefit• Publicgoodsarenon-rivalrous commons• Purepublicgoodsarealsonon-excludable,thatitisimpossibletopreventanindividualfromconsumingthem• Global publicgoodsrepresentuniversalbenefitsintermsofnations(globally),participants(stakeholdersandthepublic),andgenerations(presentandfuture).• Publicgoodsneedefficientallocation,otherwisemarketfailure.
10
TheInternetaspublicgoodTheInternetisanimpureglobalpublicgood(UNDP,1999).• Human-madeglobalcommons,• Subjecttonon-rivalconsumption,meaningthatadditionalindividualsbenefitatzeromarginal(production)cost.• Partlynon-excludable… transmission’scostsexcludepoorindividualstoaccess,orregulationsputentrybarriers.
TheInternetisaclubgood(WorldDevelopmentReport,2016)• Excludable• Non-rivalrous• Enormouspositiveexternalities
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NetNeutrality– PaytoDeliverPremiumServices?
NetNeutrality– WhatkindofWebdowewant?
• ShouldInternetProvidersbeabletoinfluencewhatkindofmaterialcanappearontheInternet?
• Whoaretheactors?
• Howcontrol?• Block,throttlee.g.mediatypes,orservicetypes.• Onlyallowpromotedpartners.
ContentProviders
InternetServiceProviders
Users
Regulators
Regulation
• Chilein2010• Netherlandsin2011• Brazilin2014,• Slovenia• RecentlyintheUS• Andmostrecently27thOctober2015,theEuropeanCommissionhasadoptedtheTelecomsSingleMarketregulationincludingOpenInternetguarantees• IntheopenInternetalltrafficwillbetreatedequally• Subjecttopublicinterestexceptions– childporn,cybersecurity,malware• Compromiseforfastlane.
FOR– open,distributednetwork
• TheInternetconsideredahumanright?• TheWeb– theInternet– isanopen,publicsystemthatismadeupofmanyprivatelyownedcomponents.• Thosewhoownthenetworksandthesitesshouldn’tbeabletocontrolwhattheinternetisusedfor.• Likeawatercompanycontrollingwhetheryoucanwashyourhandsorhaveashower
• OracarcompanyFordforbiddingyoutoputSainsburyorWalmart’sgroceriesintheboot/trunk.
• Innovation• Wedidn’tknowin1980whattheinternetwouldbeusedfor(justemailandfiletransfer!)
• Wecan’tprejudgewhatnewkindsofdataandservicewillcomealong• Musthaveanequalaccessforstartupsandbigcompanies
FOR– Internetneedsprotection
• AswellasISPs(BT/AT&T),otherWebcompaniesareprovidingInternetservices• Facebook’sInternet.org - inAfrica• GoogleLoonproject– balloonsinthestratospherebeaminga4Gservice
• WilltheyonlyofferaccesstotheirbusinesspartnersWebsites?
• ISPsshouldnotbecomegatekeepersofwhatworkswellintheInternetandwhatdoesn´t.• Wehaven’tvotedforthem• Theyarebusinessoriented
• Thiscankillcompetitionandinnovation,especiallystartups.
FOR– protectionforindustryandconsumers
• Protectionforcontentprovider• youwon’tbesubjecttothewillingnessoftheISPtogiveyouafastoraslowlanetoyourdata.
• Protectionforcontentuser• whysomesitesshouldtakemoretimetoload,orevenneverload,astheproductofadecisionofyourISP?
• TheWebenvisionedbyTBLisneutral.Itisanopenplatformforcollaborationandinnovation.Thewebiswhatitisnowbecausehedesigneditfordatatobetreatedequally. #WEBWEWANT
SeeAlso
• NETNEUTRALITYINEUROPE:ASTATEMENTFROMSIRTIMBERNERS-LEE(2015)AstatementbyTimBerners-Leewhichwaspostedonthe26thOctober2015,thedaybeforetheEuropeanParliamentvote• http://webfoundation.org/2015/10/net-neutrality-in-europe-a-statement-from-sir-tim-berners-lee/
• HOWUKISPSHAVEACHOKEHOLDONOURINTERNETACCESS(2014)AnarticlewrittenbyJayMcGregorontheTechradar.com website• http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/uk-isps-a-private-members-club-stifling-progression--1246056
• WHYWESHOULDJOINTHEMOVEMENTTOSAVETHEINTERNETINEUROPE(2015)Anarticlewrittenonthe26thOctober2015byProfessorBarbaraSchewick,alawprofessorinStandford University,andLarryLessig whichisavailableontheBackchannelwebsite• https://medium.com/backchannel/why-we-should-join-the-movement-to-save-the-internet-in-europe-larry-lessig-and-barbara-van-189b7206c6ac
Against– someonehastopay!
• TheInternethasalreadybeenconsideredconsideredahumanright...• TheInternetisnotfree,someonehastopayforit.• ORIGINALLYITWASALLPAIDBYGOVERNMENT/MILITARYBECAUSEITWASSPECIALISEDANDSMALL
• However,noteveryonecanaffordit,andeveniftheycould,thereareareaswherethereisnoservice,but…
Against– Companiesworkinthepublicgood
• Greatnews!:Therearemovesbeingmadetowardsgrantingaccesstoeveryone,bothatindustryandgovernmentallevel.
• Companies:SiliconValleycompaniesnotonlyseekprofitTheyalsoknownforundertakingimportantsocialmissionsthatgovernmentscannotafford.Theinnovativenatureofindustrycanplayinbenefitforeveryone.Strictnetneutralityregulationscouldbedetrimentaltotheinnovativedriveofthesecompanies.
• Internet.org,byFacebook:providingfree(oraffordable)connectivitytounderservedregionsinAfrica,AsiaandLatinamerica.Althoughtheyarebasicservices,andchosenbytheprovider,itismuchbetterthannothing!Anditcanreallychangethelivesofmanypeople.
• ProjectLoon,byGoogle:releasinghighaltitudeballoonshighlycosteffectivetocreateanetworkoftransmittersthatcanprovideconnectivitytolargeareas.ItisGoogle,theymaybeafterourdata,buttheservicetheyareprovidingisinvaluable:connectivitytoeveryone,TBL’sdreamcometrue!
• Governments:Wearealsowitnessinghowgovernmentsareregulatingtowardstheprovisionofaffordableinternetforeveryone.Forexample,last27thofOctobertheEuropeanCommissionapprovedapackageofmeasuresthatincludetheendofroamingchargesby2017.TheyhavealsoallowedISPstocontinuetradingwithfastInternetlanes,whichisareasonablecompromise.Thatdecisionisontheinterestofeveryone,asitincentivates ISPstoprovideabetterservice
AGAINST– GovernmentInterference
• tightregulationcankillcompetition.ThiscompetitioniswhatismakingISPstoprovidebetterserviceatabetterprice,anditisanobel priceeconomistGaryBecker,whosaysthat:netneutralitycanbedetrimentaltoconsumerwelfare• Wecannottreatalldataequally.Videostreaming,forexample,ishighlydemanding,andsoisillegalP2Psharing.StrictNetneutralityregulationsaredangerousbecausetheycanoverloadthelanes withtrafficandcompromisethecirculationofimportantdata.• NicholasNegroponte’sexample:ifyouhaveapacemaker sendingandreceivingdatatothecloud,Netneutralitycanputyourlifeindangerbecauseanoverloadoftrafficcausedbyvideostreamerscanslowdownthedataexchangeofyourmedicaldevice.
SeeAlso
• NICHOLASNEGROPONTE:NETNEUTRALITYDOESN'TMAKESENSE• InthisvideoavailableontheBigThinkwebsite,MITMediaLabfounderNicholasNegropontediscusseswhyhethinksthatnetneutralitydoesn´tmakesense.Youmayliketoskipto3:04minutesforthefirstmentionofnetneutrality
• http://bigthink.com/videos/bits-bits-everywhere-with-mit-media-labs-nicholas-negroponte
• THEUKDOESN’TNEEDNETNEUTRALITYREGULATIONS…YET(2015)• InthisarticleavailableonTheConversationwebsite,ProfessorJonCrowcroft formCambridgeUniversitydiscusseswhynetneutralityregulationscouldbedetrimentaltotheservicethatISPsprovideinareaswherethereisfaircompetitionbetweenISPssuchastheUK,Europe,Japan,andSouthKorea
• https://theconversation.com/the-uk-doesnt-need-net-neutrality-regulations-yet-38204
MakeUpYourOwnMind
• ButargueCRITICALLYabouttheprosandcons• Don’tblindlyacceptanyone’spropaganda• CometoaREASONEDconclusion