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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With immense pleasure I take this opportunity to express my sincere indebtness and
profound sense of gratitude to our reverenced supervisors Dr. K. D. Pandey, Associate
Professor, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, BHU and Dr. R. Sagar, Assistant
Professor, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, BHU for their untiring and excellent
guidance, constant encouragement and valuable criticism that lead to the successful
completion of the Botanical Tour and this tour report.
It is great pleasure to express my gratitude and thankfullness to Prof. A.K. Rai, Head,
Department of Botany, BHU, for his kind support, guidance and providing us with this
opportunity to attend this botanical excursion.
I am also very thankful to Mr. V. K. Pandey and other Technical staffs for their support and
making necessary arrangements for the tour.
I am extremely grateful to my friends for giving me moral support and bearing all the joys
and sorrows which I experienced during this tour.
My thanks are also due to those who were involved directly or indirectly in this venture of
mine.
Above all, I believe that my silence is more than appropriate adjective for my esteemed
parents for their blessings, inspiration and financial support.
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A FIELD REPORT
Submitted for partial fulfilment for the degree ofBACHELOR OF SCIENCE
Supervisor Submitted by
Dr. K.D.Pandey Rajendra Patel
Dr. R.Sagar B.Sc. (Hons), Botany
Banaras Hindu University Banaras Hindu university
Centre of Advanced Study in Botany
Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi-221005
Session:-2012-2013
Roll No. BO-75 Date : 07/05/2013
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CONSTITUTION OF TEAM
The tour team constitutes 2 supervisors, 4 supporting technical staff and 84students.
Supervisors:
1. Dr. K.D.Pandey
Sr. Assistant Professor
2. Dr. R.Sagar
Assistant Professor
Technical staff:
1. Mr. V. K. Pandey
Technical Assistant
2. Mr. Ram Narayan Prasad
Jr. Laboratory Assistant
3. Mr. Phoolchand YadavLaboratory Assistant
4. Mr. Anil Kumar Singh
Laboratory Assistant
Tour committee members:
1. Nina Nancy Murmu
2. Alka Srivastava
3. Vartika
4. Kshama rai
5. Sakshi Singh
6. Ashutosh Kumar Singh
7. Rajendra patel
8. Durgesh Singh Yadav
9. Suryabhan Singh10.Yogendra Singh Shakya
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PREFACE
Botanical tours are needed as the basic demand of the subject to understand and interact withnature and to interpret signature of biodiversity which are essential in understanding
ecological processes. They help to access the ecological conditions of various places being
visited. It may be geographical, environmental and agricultural perspectives. It aims for the
thorough examination of the flora and fauna of the various spots being visited and to draw
conclusions from the observations. It is the only time when students away from classrooms
and text book borders, indulge themselves in the lap of nature and cherish its hidden
treasures.
Tours also holds a very significant place in college memories. It not only gives us anopportunity to explore different places, but it also helps in strengthening the bonds with our
friends.
We are highly fortunate since our university curriculum provided us with opportunity of
educational tour. The tour spot selected was endowed with rich biodiversity. The whole was
totally exciting and enthusiastic. We learned a lot about the environmental aspect of our
subject and how Botany plays an important role in the maintenance of ecosystem and nature
development.
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INTRODUCTION
Botanical garden tour is an important component for any busy student of plant science. It
explores the new idea and diversity of the plants in different environment, ecosystem and
habitat. It also includes the reserved area like botanical garden, forest reserve areas like
wildlife sanctuaries and some unique fresh water ecosystem and some unique ecosystem
like vegetation on sand dunes and diversity on island. Tours provide an opportunity to
identify the species to the possible extent awareness towards some new flora and fauna and
diversity within a species in protected and unprotected ecosystem.
Another experience provided is the social aspects which include team work adjustment with
the member along journey and exhausted life and pleasant living. A visit to any religious
place and monuments of historical importance and entertainment gives us positive energy
to complete the aims and objective of the tour.
India is rich country in diversity and plants and animal provides several diverse and unique
ecosystem due to diversity of their season and topography. In the north, Himalayas is
present and north eastern or hilly regions are equipped with temperate climate. Some of its
portions are glaciers while some represent sub-zero temperature. Seasonal fluctuations are
common. India is also surrounded with coastal regions in east and by Bay of Bengal, Arabian
ocean and Indian Ocean. Like Himalayan vegetation, the western coast starting from OKHA
to MANDAPAM contain high diversity of dry deciduous forest some time replaced with
monoculture. (HOT SPOTS- NCERT)
In view of the above the botanical tour was formed. The Botany (Hons.) students during the
period 6-March to 13-March with following aims and objectives:
1) To study the diversity of plants growing on sand dunes and nearby area and their
role in conservation and restoration of soil.
2) To have bird sight view on the diversity of islands opening of a fresh water lake into
the ocean and making of Chilika estuaries.
3) To observe the diversity of plants in the following protected areas:
- BOTANICAL GARDEN situated at Alipur road, Howrah, Kolkata.
- The existence of wildlife in a semi-natural protected areas NANDANKANAN and
Bhuwneshwar, the capital city of Orissa.
4) The other places of botanical importance if any.
Besides the above sociological aspects of the tour was visiting of the following places of
importance:
1) The unique Konark Sun Temple.
2) The famous Kali Temple at Kalighat in Kolkata.3) The Jagannath Temple, Puri
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TOUR LOCATION
The following spots were selected for visit during the tour:
Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose National Botanical Garden
Kolkata, West Bengal
Puri, Konark and Cuttack
Odisha
Fig: map of West Bengal Fig: map of Odisha
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TOUR SCHEDULE
DATE LOCATION
March 7, 2013 National Botanical Garden, Kolkata
Kalighat Temple, Kolkata
March 8, 2013 Jagannath Temple, Puri
Sea Beach, Puri
March 9, 2013 Balighai Beach, Konark Marine Drive
Konark Sun Temple
Balukhand Wildlife Sanctuary
March 10, 2013 Lingraj Temple
Udaygiri and Khandgiri
Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary and Botanical
Garden
Peepli Handicraft Market
March 11, 2013 Chilika Lake
March 12, 2013 Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack
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MESSAGE OF BOTANICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPORTANCE
1. VEGETATION ON SAND DUNES AND MARINE DRIVEForests are largely controlled by rainfall and temperature conditions of the region. Forests
cover nearly 37 percent of the total area of the state. Mal-distribution poses a serious
problem in the case of forest resources of Orissa. The fertile coastal plains with a dense
population lack forest cover. Then again, remoteness of the forests from the consumption
centres and the bulky nature of their products need cheap haulage. Orissa is very much
lacking in this respect. The presence of a large tribal population practicing shifting
cultivation on an extensive scale engenders direct loss of valuable forest cover.
The Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Region
The dry deciduous type is confined to the upper Tel, upper Nagavali and upper Sabari basins
in the Western and South-Western parts of Orissa. Here Sal and Bamboo thin out and teak
pre-dominates.
The Coastal Forests
The dense growth of palm and coconut with long thin stems, deep roots and a thin crown,
has adapted itself nicely to the severe cyclones from the Bay of Bengal during the pre and
post-monsoon periods. Creepers of varied species and canes and other minor types of trees
have led to the description of the tidal forests of the Mahanadi mouth as the 'Little
Sunderbans'. On the Puri coast, Casuarina plantation (Salty Soil) has met the town's
demand for fuel. In between the mangrove forest and the cultivated zone a narrow strip of
grassland extends from Chilka lake to the mouth of the Mahanadi and beyond.
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2.CHILIKA LAKEChilka Lake is Asia's largest brackish water lagoon with water spread ranging from 1165 sq
km m the rainy season to 906 sq km in the dry season is nestled in the heart of the coastal
Odisha. It extends from Bhusandpur in Puri district in the North to Rambha-Malud in Ganjandistrict in the South, separated from the Bay of Bengal by a 60 km long narrow strip of
marshy islands and sand-flats.
Co-ordinates : 1943N 8519ECoordinates: 1943N 8519E
Lake type : Brackish
Primary inflows : 35 streams including the Bhargavi, Daya, Makra, Malaguni etc.
Primary outflows : old mouth at Arakhakuda, new mouth at Satapada.
Catchment area : 3,560 km2 (1,370 sq mi)
Basin countries : India Max. length : 64.3 km (40.0 mi)
Surface area : min.:740 km2 (286 sq mi)
max.: 1,165 km2 (450 sq mi)
Max. depth : 4.2 m (13.8 ft)
Water volume : 4 km3(3,200,000 acreft)
Surface elevation : 0 2 m (6.6 ft)
Islands : 223 km2 (86 sq mi)
The ecological richness of the lake is of great value in preserving the genetic diversity
because of the multiplicity of its habitat, flora and fauna. The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)
surveyed the lake between 1985 and 1988 and identified 800 species of fauna, including
many rare, endangered, threatened and vulnerable species, but excluding terrestrial insects.
The rare and threatened animal species identified are green sea turtle (EN), dugong (VU),
Irrawaddy dolphin (VU), blackbuck (NT), Spoon billed sandpiper (CR), limbless skink and
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fishing cat (EN). 24 mammalian species were reported. 37 species of reptiles and
amphibians are also reported.
Flora in Chilika Lake
Flora
Recent surveys revealed an overall 726 species of flowering plants belonging to 496 genera
and 120 families. This represents about one fourth of the vascular plant species of the
Odisha state where some 2900 species altogether are found. Fabaceae is the most
dominant plant family followed by Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Certain species were found to
be characteristic of specific islands. The flora is predominantly of aquatic and sub-aquatic
plants. Overall 726 species of flowering plants belonging to 496 genera and 120 families
have been recorded. Fabaceae is the predominant plant family followed by Poaceae and
Cyperaceae. The species reported are leguminosae, poaceae, and cyperaceae; endemic
cassipourea ceylanica; five species of seagrass, and more.
Important species identified are:
Leguminosae, Poaceae, and Cyperaceae
Endemic Cassipourea ceylanica
Five species of seagrass Wild plants of horticultural importance and interesting plant groups such as
insectivorous plants, epiphytes, parasites and lithophytes.
Mangrove associates such asAegiceras corniculatus, Excoecaria agalloch, Salvadora
persica, Pongamia pinnata, Colubrina asiatica, Capparis roxburghii, Macrotyloma
ciliatum and many others.
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Dolphin
Dolphins in Chilika Lake
The Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) is the flagship species of Chilika lake. Chilka is
home to the only known population of Irrawaddy dolphins in India and one of only two
lagoons in the world that are home to this species. It is classified as Critically Endangered, in
five of the six other places it is known to live.
A small population of Bottlenose dolphins, also migrate into the lagoon from the sea. Chilika
fishermen say that when Irrawaddy Dolphins and Bottlenose Dolphins meet in the outer
channel, the former get frightened and are forced to return toward the lake.
3. SEAThe Bay of Bengal, the largest bay in the world, forms the north-eastern part of the Indian
Ocean. Roughly triangular in shape, it is bordered mostly by India and Sri Lanka to the west,
Bangladesh to the north, and Burma (Myanmar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
The Bay of Bengal is full of biological diversity, diverging amongst coral reefs, estuaries, fish
spawning and nursery areas, and mangroves. The Bay of Bengal is one of the World's 64
Largest ecosystem.
Porpita porpita, a Blue button (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata) is common in Bay of Bengal.
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Kerilia jerdoniiis a sea snake of the Bay of Bengal. Glory of Bengal Cone (Conus bengalensis)
is just one of the seashells which can be photographed along beaches of the Bay of Bengal.
An endangered species, the Olive Ridley sea turtle can survive because of the nesting
grounds made available at the Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Gahirmatha Beach,
Odisha, India. Marlin, barracuda, skipjack tuna, (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellow fin tuna, Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (Sousa chinensis), and Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) are a
few of the marine animals. Bay of Bengal Hogfish (Bodianus neilli) is a type of Wrass which
live in turbid lagoon reefs or shallow coastal reefs. Schools of dolphins can be seen, whether
they are the bottle nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella
attenuata) or the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) . Tuna and dolphins are usually
residing in the same waters. In shallower and warmer coastal waters the Irrawaddy Dolphins
(Orcaella brevirostris) can be found.
4.PROTECTED AREAS
Botanical Garden, Kolkata
The Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden (previously known as Indian
Botanic Garden) is situated in Shibpur, Howrah near Kolkata. The gardens exhibit a wide
variety of rare plants and a total collection of over 12,000 specimens spread over 109
hectares. It is under Botanical Survey of India (BSI) of Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India.
For nearly two centuries this garden, which is the largest and oldest of this kind in South
East Asia has been a premier Institution for botanical and horticultural research in India. The
great aesthetic beauty of this garden with its picturesque vistas, and vast greeneries serve
as a source of inspiration, education, research and recreation to millions of visitors to this
The Great Banyan Tree
garden throughout the year from India and abroad
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The best-known landmark of the garden is The Great Banyan Tree, an enormous banyan
tree (Ficus benghalensis) that is reckoned to be the largest tree in the world, at more than
330 metres in circumference. The Great Banyan Tree attracts millions of visitors every year.
It looks like a miniature forest and is over 250 years old with 2800 prop roots covering an
area of 1.5 hectares.
The large palm house of this garden has several interesting plants including the Double
Coconut [Lodoicea maldivica (Gmel.) Pers] which produces the largest known seeds in the
whole plant kingdom.
They are also famous for their enormous collections of orchids, bamboos, palms, and
plantsof the screw pine genus (Pandanus).
Orchids on Shesham Bamboos with short internode
Over 12,000 trees and shrubs belonging to 1400 species together with thousands of
herbaceous plants are in cultivation in the open in 25 Divisions, Glass houses, Green Houses
and conservatories. The garden maintains the germplasm collection of Bamboos,
Bougainvillea, Citrus, Jasmine, Pandanus, Water Lilies and has the richest collection of Palms
(about 109 species) in whole of South East Asia. In addition succulents, Hibiscus, Ficus,
Aromatic plants, Gymnosperms (in two Pinetums), Creepers, Ferns.
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A number of floricultural and arboricultural plants are grown in its Flower Garden, National
Orchidarium, Student Garden. Besides a large number of medicinal plants in its Medicinal
Plant Garden named as Charak Udyan enrich the garden.
A few interesting plants of the garden worth to mention are:
Branched Palm
Bread Fruit Tree
Double Coconut
Giant Water Lilies
Krishna bot
Mad tree
Shivalinga tree
In addition researches are also conducted on plant introduction, multiplication, horticultural
aspects and conservation.
Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary and Botanical Garden
Nandankanan Zoological Park is a 400-hectare (990-acre) zoo and botanical garden in
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Established in 1960, it was opened to the public in 1979 and
became the first zoo in India to join World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) in
2009. It also contains a botanical garden and part of it has been declared a sanctuary.
Nandankanan, literally meaning The Garden of Heavens is located near the capital city,
Bhubaneswar, in the environs of the Chandaka forest, and includes the 134-acre Kanjia lake.
The botanical garden was opened in 1963.
The zoo is home to about 1660 individual animals representing 120 species, including 42
species of mammals, 54 species of birds, and 24 species of reptiles.
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Nandankanan is famous for its population ofwhite tigers, a species it claims to have
produced. Subsequent litters of white tigers have been distributed to zoos both in India and
internationally. Nandankanan is home to over 34 white tigers.
White Tiger CrocodileEndangered species such as the Asiatic lion, three Indian crocodilians, Sangal lion-tailed
macaque, Nilgiri langur, Indian pangolin, mouse deer and countless birds, reptiles and fish
have been breeding successfully at Nandankanan
The zoo includes 34 aquaria which are home to a large variety of fresh water fish.
The Reptile Park's cave-like entrance is guarded by a life size Tyrannosaurus rex. This houses
numerous species of crocodiles, lizards, turtles, and snakes.
The zoo was the first in India to successfully breed pangolin. In a programme started before
the Central Zoo Authority (CZA) pangolin breeding programme, the zoo authorities started
the programme in the nocturnal centre of the animal park. There are 10 pangolins in
Nandankanan Zoo, including six females.
Botanical Garden
The botanical garden has the largest Orchid House of Odisha soon spreading over 5,000
square feet. In Odisha alone, 130 species of orchids have been documented to date.
The Dendrocalamus stricts (Salia baunse) and Bamboosa arundinacea (Kanta baunsa) are
the two dominant species which are found here & shown respectively
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The hetrogeneous deciduous zone is the meeting ground of the Sal and other species like
Adina Cardifolia (Kusum), Xylia Xylocarpa, Anogeissus Iatifolia (Dhau) and Machilusvilloso.
5. Central Rice Research Institute
Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI)
BACKGROUND
Bangladesh resulted in a serious shortage of rice. Added to this, the
failure of the civil administration to cope with such a disastrous situationculminated in what was called the Great Bengal Famine of 1943. Withthis background, the Central Government, in the year 1944, decided tointensify research on all aspect of rice crop. In 1945, the Government ofIndia decided to establish a central Institute for rice research. As aresult, the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) was setup on 23 April1946 at Bidhyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha with an experimental farm landof 60 hectares provided by Government of Orissa. Dr. K. Ramiah, aneminent rice breeder, as its founder Director. Subsequently, in 1966, the
administrative control of the institute was transferred to the IndianCouncil of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Present director is Dr. T.Mohapatra.
The CRRI is one of the Institutes of the ICAR under the Division of CropSciences. The Institute has two research stations- Central RainfedUpland Rice Research Station (CRURRS), Hazaribagh, in Jharkhand,and the Regional Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Station (RRLRRS),Gerua, in Assam. These research stations were established to tackle the
problems of rainfed uplands, and flood prone rainfed lowlands,respectively.
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Two Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) also function under the CRRI andguided by the DDG (Agril. Extension). These KVKs are located atSanthapur, Cuttack and Jainagar, Koderma.
LOCATION
The Central Rice Research Institute is located in Cuttack in Odisha state
(200N, 860E) at 24 meters above mean sea level (MS1). The annualrainfall at Cuttack is about 1200 1500 millimeters and is receivedmostly during June-October (Kharifor Wet Season). Minimal rainfall isreceived between November to May (Rabior Dry Season) from south-west monsoon. The Institute is situated about 35 kilometers away fromBhubaneswar airport and about 7 kilometers south-east of Cuttackrailway station, on the Cuttack-Paradeep State Highway.
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The Central Rice Research
Institute is situated near
Vidyadharpur village on the
Cuttack-Paradip Road, Orissa,
India. It is one of the premiernational research institutes under
the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research.
Azolla in rice field as a bio fertilizer
Azolla is a free-floating water fern, having a symbiotic nitrogen fixing blue-green alga in its leaves. In
rice-Azolla culture this symbiotic association can fix nitrogen comparable to legumes. Greenhouse
and field studies were conducted to investigate its use as biofertilizer in rice-wheat cropping system
at CRRI.
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Experimental paddy field with different varieties of rice
Field of maize at CRRI
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SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS
1.TEMPLES
The landscape of Odisha is dotted with a large number of temples. The temples of Odisha
conform to the Indo Aryan Nagara style of architecture, with distinctive features specific to
this region.
The best known of these are:
The Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneshwar.
The Jagannath Temple at Puri.
The Sun Temple at Konark.
Sun Temple Konark
The temples of Odisha exhibit a majestic grandeur. An Oriya temple (deula) usually consists
of a sanctum, one or several front porches (jagamohana) usually with pyramidal roofs, a
dancing hall (nata mandir) and a hall of offerings (bhog mandir).
The Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneshwar boasts of a 150-foot (46 m) high deul while the
Jagannath Temple at Puri is about 200 feet (61 m)
high and it dominates the skyline of the town. Onlya portion of the Sun Temple at Konark, the largest
of the temples of the Golden triangle exists today,
and it is still staggering in size. It stands out as a
masterpiece in Odisha architecture.
Jagannath Temple
Odisha is also well known as a Buddhist and Jain pilgrimage destination. North-east of
Cuttack, about 10 km from Bhubaneshwar, there are Buddhist relics and ruins at the three
hilltop complexes of Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, which still bear witness to Buddhism's
fruitful tryst with this region until well into the 13th century.
2.BEACHES
Also famous for its beautiful beaches, Odisha (Orissa) can truly engulf you in a holiday spirit.
As you bask in the glory of a moderate sun here, the golden sand beaches leave you still
asking for more. Lovingly embraced by the Eastern Ghats at the eastern coast of India, thestate of Odisha (Orissa) is one of the most beautiful ones in India. And it is to the striking
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sandy beaches with white sands and various tribal communities living in the most aborigine
style that Odisha (Orissa) owes its beauty to. With a vast coastline spread over a lush area of
250 miles, Odisha (Orissa) still houses some relatively virgin or quite unexplored beaches.
Endowed with nature's bounty, meandering rivers, impressive waterfalls, forest-clad blue
hills of Eastern Ghats with rich wild life, Odisha (Orissa) is dotted with exquisite beaches like
Chandipur, Puri and Gopalpur on Sea with each having a unique feature of its own. With
each of these beaches having some rare features, the Odisha (Orissa) Beach Tour can prove
to be a real food for thought. Due to their increasing popularity amongst the tourists and
locals both, beaches in Odisha (Orissa) have started getting special attention from Odisha
(Orissa) Tourism thus bringing about considerable developmental changes. As a result,
Odisha (Orissa) Beaches are being flocked by an increased number of tourists with each
passing year.
Puri Beach
Fine white sands, roar of the breakers rolling in from the Bay of Bengal and countless
devotees flocking the place for a purification dip are the synonyms to the Puri Beach. The
beach has continued to be a sacred venue for an endless number of pilgrims coming to pay
homage to Lord Jagannath. With the annual Beach Festival taking place in November, the
beach has now become a favorite haunt of both Indian and foreign beach lovers. Located at
a mere distance of 35 kms from the Sun Temple and 65 kms from Bhubaneshwar, the beach
is an ideal place for an introvert holiday maker for the scarcity of crowd here.
Rising wave on Puri Beach
The beaches of Puri are also renowned for the sand sculptures created particularly by the
internationally famed Sudarshan Patnaik. The subjects are generally inspired by sculptures
covering the temple walls, characters and episodes from the mythology and also the
contemporary events. An entire beach stretch can be completely yours given the immense
number of beaches in Odisha (Orissa) and a comparatively lower number of fun lovers, thecity being a popular pilgrimage point for Indians.
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The beach at Puri offers a unique opportunity to witness the striking sunrise and the sunset
on the same beach. Often crowded with holiday makers bathing in the afternoon, and
enjoying the brightly lit kiosks in the night, the stretches, parallel to the main Marine Drive
Road, form the domain of the domestic tourists, with a row of hotels, food stalls and kiosksselling souvenirs.
A comparatively clean and quite place for sunbathing and a relaxed swim can be found at
the eastern end. Local fishermen easily distinguishable by their triangular straw hats and
dhotis serve as lifeguards on the beach, and take visitors out to sea in their boats to watch
the sunsets. On the Chakratirtha side, the long stretch of golden sand is more tranquil and
pleasant place to stroll. Take enough precaution while swimming as the currents can be
treacherous in Puri.
It is interesting to visit a fishing village along the coast, with dozens of boats made of solid
trunks ply off the coast during the day. Once landed, the rich catch of prawn, pamphlets and
other fishes drawn into the nets is transferred to baskets. The best time to pay a visit is
around dawn, when the fishermen head out from the village and row the fleet towards the
rising sun over the sea.
Balighai Beach
The Balighai Beach attracts the tourists for offering a clear view of a river mating with the
sea, an inspirational picture for creative professionals.
It is located on the Konark-Marine Drive.
The Casuarina trees and creeper sand dunes seem to be swaying on a melodious musical
note.The beach with its golden sand of the blue sea has its own sleepy charm.
Balighai Beach Students with Prof. at Beach
The beach is a very quite and comparatively clean place to swim and sun bathe, but oneshould take precautions because of treacherous undercurrents. Watching endless empty
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shoreline getting swarmed with fishermen with their hand-nets full of catch is interesting
and enjoyable to while away time in the stunning stillness. Whether it is the rising Sun over
the azure waters or the rhythmic lapping of waves shimmering in the bright moonlight, it is
an enduring experience.
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FLORA OF THE EDUCATIONAL TOUR OF BOTANY
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