Jim Graham, Megan Dewdney
UF/CREC
Henry Yonce KAC Agricultural, Inc.
COMPARISON OF COPPER FORMULATIONS FOR
CONTROL OF CANKER ON HAMLIN ORANGES*
* Research supported by CRDF and product manufacturers
Special thanks to Crews Groves
High levels of canker losses occur depending on cultivar,
leafminer, timing of wind-blown rain events w/ fruit size
Site conditions that promote canker are
wide areas without natural windbreaks
Frequent and vigorous flushes on young trees with
leafminer combined with wind exposure promotes
canker even on resistant Valencia
*Occurs when the fruit reaches 0.25-0.5 inches in diameter until fruit is about 1.5 inches in diameter
*Rains in April-May promote early season infection
*The rind is susceptible throughout the entire period of fruit growth, but becomes more resistant with time
Period of greatest fruit susceptibility
Why 21 day interval sprays? (coverage decreases as fruit grows)
Effect time after application on residual copper per surface area
g Copper/fruit Surface Area
Days
0 7 14 21 28
g C
u/fru
it s
urf
ace
are
a
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
a
b bc
d
Hamlin is the one of most susceptible sweet orange cultivars
and comprises 50% of FL orange crop
Previously, copper fungicide was applied to Hamlin 1-2 times
per season to control greasy spot
To control canker, additional copper sprays at 21 day interval
are required for optimal cost/benefit (Behlau et al. 2009)
In young groves number of copper sprays will increase
How many additional sprays are necessary?
What rates and copper formulations are effective?
Challenges posed by Hamlins for canker
control
2011 trial parameters
*4 yr-old Hamlin grove in Hardee Co. with high disease incidence in 2010
*RBD with 5 blocks of 5 trees
*Airblast spray application at 80 gal/acre at 21 day interval
*Fruit disease evaluation: incidence of fruit with canker lesions
*Lesions are classified as “old” if >1/4 in. dia. or “young” if <1/4
*Collected fruit from under middle 3 trees to count fruit drop due to canker (4 X)
Formulations and rates of products tested
(~0.5-1.0 lb metallic Cu/acre) Treatment Manufacturer
/supplier
Metallic Cu
(%)
Rate
(lb/acre)
Metallic
Cu lb/acre
1) Kocide 2000 Dupont 35 4.0 1.4
2) Kocide 3000 Dupont 30 3.0 0.9
3) Kocide 3000 Dupont 30 2.5 0.75
4) Kocide 3000/Magna-Bon Dupont/Magna-
Bon
30/5 1.0/20oz/ac 0.38
5) NuCop 50WP Albaugh 50 2.0 1.0
6) Nordox Allied Botanicals 75 1.33 1.0
7) Cuprofix Ultra 40 UPI 40 3.0 1.2
8) Kentan DF Isagro 40 2.62 1.04
9) Badge X2 Isagro 28 2.68 0.75
10) Cop-R-Quik Nat.Ag. Sol. 12 8.0 oz/ac 0.09
11) Cop-R-Quikz Nat.Ag. Sol. 12 12.0 oz/ac 0.12
12) Americop 40 DF IQV 40 2.5 1.00
13) Magna-Bon x Magna-Bon 5 50 oz/ac 0.19
14) Magna-Bony Magna-Bon 5 40 oz/ac 0.15
15) Untreated check 1(UTC) -- -- -- --
16) Untreated check 2(UTC) -- -- -- --
x 250 ppm, 200 ppm, 150 ppm and 100 ppm for rest of applications y 200 ppm for all apps z 6.0 oz, 5.0 oz, 4.0 oz per 80 gallons
Late April and early May rainfalls produced high
infection of fruit > 0.5 inches in diameter
Sebring RainfallApril-May 2011
Date
Apr 1
Apr 15
May 1
May 1
5
May 3
1
Rain
fall
(inch
es)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Total rainfall
15 min max
Copper spray timing
Tree with highest exposure to wind
have most fruit drop in early June
Kocide 2
000 4.0
lbs
Kocide 3
000 3.0
lbs
Kocide 3
000 2.5
lbs
Kocide 3
000 1.0
lb/M
agna-Bon 2
0 oz
NuCop 50 W
P 2.0
lbs
Nordox
1.33 lb
s
Cuprofix
Ultr
a 40 3
.0 lb
s
Kentan D
F 3.0
lbs
Americ
op 40 D
F 2.5
0 lbs
Badge X2 2
.62 lb
s
Cop-R-Q
uick 8
.0 o
z
Cop-R-Q
uick12.0
oz
Magna-B
on 50 o
z
Magna-B
on 40 o
z
UTC 1
UTC 2
Fru
it c
an
ke
r in
cid
en
ce
(%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100a
ab
ee ee cdecde e cde
abcbcde
abcdabcd
de
abcd
Kocide 2
000 4.0
lbs
Kocide 3
000 3.0
lbs
Kocide 3
000 2.5
lbs
Kocide 3
0001.0 lb
/Magna-B
on 20 o
z
NuCop 50 W
P 2.0
lbs
Nordox
1.33 lb
s
Cuprofix
Ultr
a 40 3
.0 lb
s
Kentan D
F 3.0
lbs
Americ
op 40 D
F 2.5
lbs
Badge X2 2
.68 lb
s
Cop-R-Q
uick 8
.0 o
z
Cop-R-Q
uick 1
2.0 o
z
Magna-B
on 50 o
z
Magna-B
on 40 o
z
UTC 1
UTC 2
Canker
fruit d
rop incid
ence (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
a
ababc
abcd
bcde
bcdebcde
bcde
bcde
cde cdecde dee e
de
Kocide 2
000 4.0
lbs
Kocide 3
000 3.0
lbs
Kocide 3
000 2.5
lbs
Kocide 3
000 1.0
lb/M
agna-Bon 2
0 oz
NuCop 50 W
P 2.0
lbs
Nordox
1.33 lb
s
Cuprofix
Ultr
a 40 3
.0 lb
s
Kentan D
F3.0 lb
s
Americ
op 40 D
F 2.5
lbs
Badge X2 2
.68 lb
s
Cop-R-Q
uick 8
.0 o
z
Cop-R-Q
uick 1
2.0 o
z
Magna-B
on 50 o
z
Magna-B
on 40 o
z
UTC 1
UTC 2
Fru
it d
ropped w
ith c
anker
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
6/28/11
8/9/11
9/28/11
11/16/11
GOOD NEWS: In a 3 yr Hamlin trial of 6-8 yr old trees
in the same location with hedgerows
Very low fruit infection and fruit drop
Copper reduced crop loss about 50% and returned on
cost of 4 Cu sprays in 2008 & 09, but not in 2010
Year
2008 2009 2010
Bo
xe
s/tre
e
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
without copper
with copper $365/ac
$50/ac $5/ac
*Hamlin fruit drop is highly related to early season fruit infection
* Copper sprays reduce early season infection and fruit drop and provide economic return for the cost of the additional sprays
*No more than 4 sprays are necessary to prevent crop loss as later season infections do not cause fruit drop
* Copper formulations at rates of 0.5-1.0 lb metallic copper are effective, Magna Bon at less metallic may require mixing with Kocide copper to gain comparable control (reduces Cu metal/acre)
* As trees develop hedgerows they become more resistant to canker due to reduced windblown rain penetration of the grove
* Fewer copper sprays are needed after trees canopy closure- “Internal windbreak”
* Proper spacing of trees is important to promote canopy closure as rapidly as possible
Susceptible cultivars at proper spacing on Swingle with
low canker incidence after 3 Cu sprays –
groves located in Arcadia area
8 yr-old Westin on Swingle
7 yr-old Vernia on Swingle
Soil drenches of neo-nicotinoid
insecticides (Admire, Platinum) or
Actigard for control of canker by
Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
Leafminer control essential on the leaf flushes of
young trees and all grapefruit trees
Leafminer results in explosive build-up of canker on mid-
summer leaf flushes
Lapse of leafminer and canker control in July and
resumption of control after next Admire
Canker-LM on July flush
Why control canker on young trees? Prevents cycles
of canker-induced defoliation and tree debilitation
Evaluation of 60 day rotations of SAR inducers Actigard (ASM)
Platinum and Admire for canker management on young trees
Vernia orange
UTC
ASM d
rench
ASM m
icrosp
rinkle
r
THIA-A
SM-IM
ID
ASM/C
H CH
Folia
r can
ke
r (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
a
b
c cc
c
Tree size J
a
n
Feb M
a
r
A
pr
May J
u
n
J
u
l
A
u
g
Sep O
C
t
Nov D
e
c
Reset
(<3’)
Every 8 wks
P A B B A P
Reset
(<3’)
Every 6 wks*
P A A B B A A P
1-2 yr
(3-5’)
Every 8 wks
P A B B A P
1-2 yr
(3-5’)
Every 6 wks
P A B B B B A P
3-5 yr
(5-9’)
bearing
P A
A= Admire (imidacloprid); B=Belay (clothianidin); P=Platinum (thiamethoxam); Products are positioned for use
at certain times of the year based on water solubility and likelihood for significant rain events.
* Two additional Belay applications were still possible for the 6 week schedule listed for resets less than 3 feet
in height.
Actigard and neonicotinoids systemic control of canker
inoculum on leaves insures that no control measures are
needed for canker(copper sprays)on 1-3yr old orange trees
Henry Yonce and Carol Brooks Tony McIntosh
Special Thanks to C. E. Crews Groves!