OOP in Java and C++
CS 123/CS 231
Outline
Program Structure and ExecutionEncapsulation and InheritanceObjects, Variables, and ArraysConstructorsMethods, Operators, and BindingContainers and ReuseGUI Programming
Program Structure
Class definition similar in Java and C++Java: two types of programs
application (with main() function)applet (typically embedded in a web page)
C++a program is (still) a collection of functions
that may use objects and classesmain() function serves as driver
Program Execution
Java: Virtual Machine (VM)programs: both compiled and
interpretedcompiler produces .class from .javaVM loads .class file(s) as needed
C++: compiled, linked, and loadedmodules separately compiledlinked to produce executablestatic vs dynamic libraries
Encapsulation
Enforced through access keywordspublic: for interfaceprivate: to make implementation
inaccessibleprotected: access for subclasses only
In Javaeach member is prefixed with a keyword
In C++public, private, and protected sections
Breaking Encapsulation
Possible in C++ through the friend keyword
A method or class may be declared as a friend of an existing class
Allows access to private members
“A friend is someone who has access to your private parts.”
Inheritance
Feature that allows a class to be defined based on another classmethods and attributes are inherited
Java and C++ difference Java: public class A extends B { … }C++: class A: public B { … }
(different types of inheritance)
Multiple inheritance possible in C++, not in JavaBut in Java, one may implement several interfaces
Objects and Identity
Questions:How/when are objects created?What is the relationship between a
variable and an object?Difference between Java and C++
distinction between primitive (built-in) type variables and variables for objects
reference relationship between variable and actual object
Variables for Built-in Types
Variables for built-in types (C++ and Java)
int x; …x = 5; 5
X
X
Reference Variables(in Java)
Reference type variables
Button x; …x = new Button(“click”);
X
X
“click”
Button Object
Variables That “hold” Objects (in C++)
Declaration of an object variable allocates space for the object
Button x(“Click”);
“click”
X
Pointers (in C++)
Variables can be explicitly declared as pointers to objects
Button *x; …x = new Button(“click”);
X
X
“click”
Button Object
Disposing ofAllocated Memory
In Java, garbage collection is automaticMemory allocated objects are reclaimed
when no variables refer to themNeed to set reference variables to null
when the object is no longer neededIn C++, object destruction is the
programmers responsibility using the delete keyword
delete in C++
There should be a delete for every newSomeClass *x = new SomeClass(…);// … use object pointed to by xdelete x; // done using object
Memory leakOccurs when you forget to deleteWasted memoryCan this occur in Java?
Object Construction
Constructorplace where you include code that
initializes the objectDefault Constructor
no additional info requiredUser-defined Constructor
with parameters that specify values or sizes
Arrays
int x[20]; Button b[20];Valid declarations in C++, not in JavaCreates 20 ints and 20 Button objects
In Java,Declaration and array creation separateFor object arrays, individual object
creation necessary
Pointers and Arrays
In C++, there is a close relationship between pointers and arrays
Instead of int x[20]; can issueint *x; x = new int[20];to allow for dynamic allocationUsage of the array (e.g., x[3] = 5;)
identical in both casesTo deallocate, use delete [] x;
Constructors in Java and C++
In Java,a constructor is invoked only through
the new keywordrecall that all object variables are
referencesIn C++,
a constructor is called upon variable declaration, or explicitly through new with pointers, or in other situations
other types of constructors
C++ Destructor
Special method whose signature is a ~ followed by the name of the classe.g., ~SomeClass();
Particularly if the class contains pointers and the constructor contains calls to new, a destructor needs to be definede.g., SomeClass() { A = new int[20]; }
~SomeClass() { delete [] A; }
C++ Control Over Copy and AssignmentIn C++, the semantics of “a = b”
(assignment) can be specifiedby defining the copy-assignment
operatorIn C++, there is a copy constructor
specifies what happens during object copying, e.g., when function parameters are passed
There is more low-level controlshallow copy vs deep copy
Methods
Defines object behaviorStatic methods vs instance methodsMethod overloading
within class, two methods with the same name but different signatures
Method overridingsame signatures across different classes
(subclass and superclass)
Operators
In C++, operators like =, +, *, ==, etc. can be defined, just like methods
Example:class Matrix {
// ... Matrix operator+(Matrix m) { … } // …}
c = a + b; // equiv to c = a.operator+(b);
Method Binding
Let Teacher be a subclass of EmployeeAlso, suppose promote() is a method defined
in both classesEmployee variables can refer to Teachers
In Java, Employee e; … e = new Teacher();In C++, Employee *e; … e = new Teacher;
e.promote() (or (*e).promote() ) calls which promote() method?
Static vs Dynamic Binding
In C++, Employee’s promote() is calledDetermined at compile time and deduced
from the type of the variable (static binding)
In Java, Teacher’s promote is calledDetermined at run-time because the actual
type of the referred object is checked then (dynamic binding)
* C++ uses virtual functions for dynamic binding
Static Binding
Pointer is typed to know the base class and is ignorant of the structure or existence of the derived classes
If the virtual keyword is NOT used, if a derived class has its own variation on the implementation of a base class member function, it will NOT cause the derived class version to be selected when a function is invoked on an object of than class through a variable declared in terms of the base class.
Another example
class Employee{public: double salary() {return sal;} double computeRaise() {return 25;} Employee(double salary) {sal = salary;}private: double sal;};
class Manager: public Employee
{public: double computeRaise() {return 100;} Manager(double
Salary) : Employee (salary)
{}};
Sample continued
Driver Code:Manager * boss1 = new Manager(2000);double boss1Salary = boss1->salary(); // 2000Employee *boss2 = new Manager(2300);double *boss2Salary = boss2->salary(); //2300double boss1Raise = boss1->computeRaise(); //
100double boss2Raise = boss2->computeRaise(); //
25
C++ Run Time Binding
If the intent is for the selection of the function to be determined by the object’s class, not by the declaration of the pointer used to address it:Declare some base class members to be
virtualIf virtual, the compiler will deposit the
“type field” of the class in the object
Virtual Functions
Base class usually defines a body for a virtual function.
Inherited by derived class as default if it chooses not to override the implementation
Virtual keyword in function declaration, not in definition
Containers
Examples: Lists, Stacks, Files, etc.Structures that “contain” elementsOften, the element’s type has little
or nothing to do with the containers’ operations
Possible room for re-useunified container code for a stack of
integers, a stack of webpages, a stack of strings, ...
Java and the Object Hierarchy
All classes extend the Object class:A variable of class Object can refer to
any Java objectExample:
public class Stack { Object A[]; int top; // … void push(Object elt) // ...}
C++ and Templates
Templates allow for a generic definitionparameterized definition, where the
element type is the parameterExample:
template<class T>class Stack<T> { T A[MAX]; int top; public: void push(T element) // …}
C++ Templates
<class T> indicates that a template is being declared
T is the type name (can be a class)Usage example:
Stack <int> iStack;Stack <Cards> cStack;
where Cards is a user defined class
A type used as a template argument must provide the interface expected by the template
Defining a Template
When defining a template member outside of its class, it must be explicitly declared a template
Exampletemplate <class T> Stack<T>::Stack()
C++ Standard Containers
Vector : 1-D array of Tlist : double linked list of Tdequeue : double-ended queue of Tqueue : queue of Tstack : stack of Tmap : associative array of Tset : set of Tbitset : set of booleans
GUI Programming
In Java, GUI is part of its development kitjava.awt.* is a collection of classes that
support visual programming and graphicsvisual objects (buttons, text fields, etc),
layout managers, events, etc.In C++
not part of the languagelibraries dependent on platform (e.g., MFCs
and Motif)