Opportunities for NEES Research Utilization
Robert D HansonProfessor Emeritus
University of Michigan
Who is responsible for adapting Who is responsible for adapting NEES research data?NEES research data?
• The NEES researchers are responsible
• Code committees and design professionals digest and adapt this data with active participation by researchers
• This is done by active participation in code committees and professional activities by researchers
How can this be enhanced? How can this be enhanced?
• NEES research proposals should include input and recommendations by the expected users
• NEES research efforts should included these professionals at the initiation, intermediate and concluding stages of the project
• These professionals can help disseminate the applicable results to the design community
Research Priorities – How are Research Priorities – How are they / should they be they / should they be
established? established? • NAE, EERI, BSSC, FEMA, NIST and material
groups have identified research needs• Each has a recommended priority – with
many listed at equal priority• A group of professionals and researchers
without a vested interest in a specific research agenda should create a priority list for use by NSF proposal review panel use
Two examples of NEES Research Two examples of NEES Research Opportunities – How these Opportunities – How these
projects identify priority needsprojects identify priority needs• ATC 58 – Performance-based Seismic
Design - Continuum of performance from small response [no damage], through various amounts of damage, to building collapse. Includes existing and new construction.
• ATC 63 – Quantification of Building System Performance and Response – For use in new building design requirements to prevent life-loss.
Major contributors to the Major contributors to the following are:following are:
• Mike Mahoney – DHS/FEMA• Ron Hamburger – ATC 58 Technical lead• Bob Bachman – ATC 58 NPP Lead• Craig Comartin - ATC 58 RMP Lead• Andrew Whittaker – ATC 58 SPP Lead• Eduardo Miranda - ATC 58 NPP team• Keith Porter – ATC 58 NPP team• Charles Kircher – ATC 63 Technical Lead
Building Code ProcessBuilding Code Process• Uses post-earthquake investigations, research
information, professional judgment, and observed construction problems
• Material standards are improved• NEHRP Recommended Provisions – Evaluation of
new systems and major increments in knowledge• ASCE 7 – References material standards and uses
input from NEHRP Recommendations as appropriate to update the current Standard
• IBC and NFPA adopt ASCE 7 with or without modifications
• Local and State Codes adopt IBC or NFPA with or without modifications
Building Code ProcessBuilding Code Process
Observation of poor performance
Performance-based designPerformance-based designA new approachA new approach
DoesPerformance
MeetObjectives?
No YesDoes
PerformanceMeet
Objectives?
No Yes
SelectPerformanceObjectives
DevelopPreliminary
Design
AssessPerformance
Capability
Done
ReviseDesign
First Generation ProceduresFirst Generation Procedures
• Federal Emergency Management Agency sponsored a series of development efforts focused on existing buildings:
• Evaluation guidelines Predict types of damage a building
would experience in future events
• Rehabilitation guidelines Procedures to design building
upgrades to achievedesired performance
SeismicEvaluation ofBuildings
ASCE-31
The First GenerationThe First Generation
Damage or Loss0% 100%
Time out of servicenone permanent
Joe’s
Beer!Beer!Food!Food!
Beer!Beer!Food!Food!
Joe’s
Operational LifeSafety
CollapsePrevention
Beer!Beer!Food!Food!
Joe’s
ImmediateOccupancy
Joe’s
Beer!Beer!Food!Food!
Joe’s
Beer!Beer!Food!Food!
Operational
Beer!Beer!Food!Food!
Joe’s
Beer!Beer!Food!Food!Beer!Beer!Food!Food!
Joe’s
LifeSafety
CollapsePrevention
Beer!Beer!Food!Food!
Joe’s
Beer!Beer!Food!Food!Beer!Beer!Food!Food!
Joe’sJoe’s
ImmediateOccupancy
PerformancePerformance
• The potential consequences of building response to earthquakes, including:Life loss and serious injury (Casualties)Direct economic loss (Cost = repair and
replacement costs)Indirect economic and social loss
(Downtime = loss of use of damaged or destroyed facilities)
Verifying Performance CapabilityVerifying Performance Capability
t
GroundMotion
StructuralResponse
Damage
Performance Metrics:Casualties, Cost & Downtime
All StepsRepresented On A
Probabilistic FrameworkConsidering Uncertainty
Example building assessment – Moehle’s EERI Lecture
Height
:
3 stories; 14 ft. floor to floor; 42 ft total
above grade; no
basement
Area
:
22,736 sq.ft. per
floor; 68,208 sq.ft.
total (actual building
slightly larger)
Occupancy
:
General office space
Performance assessment Performance assessment procedureprocedure
• Determine the hazard.
• Analyze the structure.
• Characterize the damage.
• Compute the losses.
Performance group fragilities for Performance group fragilities for Damage States 1, 2 and 3Damage States 1, 2 and 3
Fragility curves for direct loss calculations
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 2 4 6 8
Story drift (% of story height)
P (
DS
> D
Si)
DS1
DS2
DS3
Example design decisionsExample design decisions
4%
4%
5%
8%
12%
25%
41%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
Roof top equipment
Structure
Contents (Ist and 2nd flr. offices)
Interior nonstructural (accel. sensitive)
Interior nonstructural (drift sensitive)
Contents (3rd flr. computer center)
Exterior envelope
Portion of annualized capital loss
Performance group fragility functionsPerformance group fragility functions
Fragility Functions
Structural Response Parameters
(Engrg. Demand Parameters)
Structural and Nonstructural Damage
• In order to establish fragilities it is necessary to establish a relationship between the building response and its associated damage
(Probabilistic Mapping Functions)
Performance group fragility functionsPerformance group fragility functions
INCREASING INTERSTORY DRIFT
DM1
First Visible Damage
DM2
Wide cracks
DM3
Punching failure
DM4
Loss of vertical carrying capacity
What Data is Needed? What Data is Needed? Protocol for data reportingProtocol for data reporting
1. Description of the specimen(s)
(Example based on research by Arnold, Uang and Filiatrault, 2002)
What Data is Needed? What Data is Needed? Protocol for data reportingProtocol for data reporting
2. Description of the loading
(Example based on research by Arnold, Uang and Filiatrault, 2002)
What Data is Needed? What Data is Needed? Protocol for data reportingProtocol for data reporting
3. Detailed description of observed damage at each loading level
(Example based on research by Arnold, Uang and Filiatrault, 2002)
IDR=0.34%
What Data is Needed? What Data is Needed? Protocol for data reportingProtocol for data reporting
(Example based on research by Arnold, Uang and Filiatrault, 2002)
IDR=0.40%
3. Detailed description of observed damage at each loading level
Interim Loading Protocols Interim Loading Protocols
• FEMA 461 – Interim Protocols for Determining Seismic Performance Characteristics of Structural and Nonstructural Components Through Laboratory Testing – provides protocols for quasi-static cyclic testing of components and shake table testing of acceleration sensitive components
How will the data be used to How will the data be used to generate fragilities?generate fragilities?
• Method A – all specimens failed at observed test levels
• Method B – only some specimens failed
• Method C – no specimens failed [qualification tests]
• Method D – analytically derived fragilities without tests
• Method E – expert opinion without test data
• Method U – updating existing fragilities using new failure data or post-earthquake investigations
Six methods are proposed depending upon the data
How will the data be used to How will the data be used to generate fragilities?generate fragilities?
Gypsum Wall Partition
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040
Interstory Drift Ratio
P( DS | IDR )
DS1 Data DS2 Data DS3 Data Lognormal Fit DS1 Lognormal Fit DS2 Lognormal Fit DS3
Gypsum Wall Partition
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040
Interstory Drift Ratio
P( DS | IDR )
DS1 Data DS2 Data DS3 Data Lognormal Fit DS1 Lognormal Fit DS2 Lognormal Fit DS3
How will the data be used to How will the data be used to generate fragilities?generate fragilities?
ATC 63 – Building Performance ATC 63 – Building Performance to Collapse to Collapse
current statuscurrent status
• Planar analytical response of reinforced concrete moment frames, reinforced concrete shear wall buildings, timber townhouse and apartment buildings, autoclaved aerated concrete buildings, and steel moment frame buildings
• Ibarra-Krawinkler degrading hysteresis model used for component behavior
ATC 63 – Building Performance ATC 63 – Building Performance to Collapse to Collapse
• Biaxial experimental data not available to perform 3-D dynamic response analyses
• Limited full-scale building test data available for system performance calibration of analyses
• Limited reduced-size building systems test data available
• Very limited experimental data available to system collapse levels of deformation
Building Performance Building Performance What can NEESR provide?What can NEESR provide?
• Sufficient archived data at all damage levels from no damage, through various damage states, to collapse. Include displacement-damage relationships and likely repairs needed for each level.
• Multiple tests of similar specimens to establish reliability coefficients for the data.
• Data on nonstructural components
• Data on structural components
• Data on systems of components
More information on projects More information on projects and participation opportunities and participation opportunities
available atavailable at
www.atcouncil.org