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Headend Fiber node Bridger
Fiber cable Secondary hub Line extender
Coax cable Trunk or Splitter distribution amp
Legend
Please note that some of the topologies have customized these symbols. These are labeled on the specific architectures.
HFCwith LcWDM
Fiber deep FTTH
PONwith GePON
For 500 HP/nodeBroadcast: 80 ch. NTSCNarrowcast: 24 Mbps/HPReturn: 1 Mbps/HP
For 100 HP/nodeBroadcast: 80 ch. NTSCNarrowcast: 30 Mbps/HPReturn: 2.5 Mbps/HP
For 256 HP/nodeNarrowcast: 10 Mbps/HP
Return: 10 Mbps/HP(No broadcast)
For 256 HP/nodeBroadcast: 80 ch. NTSC
Narrowcast: 23.4 Mbps/HPReturn: 2 Mbps/HP
TraditionalHFCFor 500 HP/nodeBroadcast: 80 ch. NTSCNarrowcast: 6 Mbps/HPReturn: 0.25 Mbps/HP
Optical tap(2, 4, or 8 port)
Optical tap
Networkinterface device
Single familyresidential
(extended reach)
Single familyresidential(direct link)
MDU
Commercial
DistributionCustomerpremiseHeadend
Virtual hubw/EDFA
Digitalreturn
1310 nm
1 GHz1550 nm
transmitter
Analogreturn
1310 nm
Harmonic’s scalable WDM architecture
Masterheadend
Secondaryheadend Hub
Hub
MAXLink Plus1550 nm redundant
headend interconnect
MAXLink 1550 nm broadcast
Scalable PWRBlazer node
Deep fiber node
DWDM PWRLink1310 nm
METROLink DWDM
WDM analog returnWDM 48/65 MHz
digital return
Celltowers
FLXLink commercialservices solution
100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, T-1
MotorolaAXS2200 optical
line terminal
Motorolasingle family ONT
Motorolasingle familyindoor ONT
GPON
Motorolamulti-dwelling
ONTVoIP/SIP,HSI
GR-303,TR-08
MotorolaAXSvision EMS
VDSL/Ethernet
MotorolaDSL gateway
5E, DMS,EWSD
IPDSLAM
MotorolaDSL gateway
GigE
Motorolasmall business ONT
Connectedhome
Data
NMS, OSS
Connectedbusiness
Connectedhome
Connectedhome
Connectedhome
Voice
Master headend Optical hub HFC
PON
Switchrouter
VODserver
D9032encoder
DNCS
D9900DCM*
Analog CWDM Tx
1 GHz GainMaker revsegmentable node
Prisma II 1310 nmmulti-wavelength
optics
Prisma IInext-genbdr Rx
1550 nmTransAmp
Prisma IPE-series
Prisma IPE-series
Prisma IPE-series
PSTN
Internet
Videosources
VODcontent
DWDM
DWDM
PrismaIP
DWDM
SME
FiberLinXmedia
converter
FiberLinXmedia
converterCPE
Cellularbackhaul
Wireless
4x4GS7000node
1 GHzFSTtaps
Next-genbdr reverse
GS7000optical
hubHigh output
1 GHzGainMaker
amps
Prisma IPE-series
Prisma IPE-series
Prisma IPE-series
Switchrouter
Customerpremise
DWDM
DWDM
Drop andcontinueVOD
DWDM
DWDM
PrismaIP
DWDM
DPONONT
DPONONT
QPSKDS
QPSKUS
CMTS
Switchrouter
RF
signal
manager
9010decoder
D9900DCM
Combiner
Continuummodulator
1550 nm Prisma IITx and EDFA
1 GHz Prisma IIoptical Rx
1 GHz Prisma IIHD rev Rx
VODcacheserver
SDVserverD9500
Adserver
Adserver
Switchrouter
xDQA 24QAM/GQAM
xDQA 24QAM/GQAM
Digital hub
Comcast’s Dual Ring Star/BusThe network is best described as a scalable architecture that is config-
ured as a dual ring, star/bus. The primary ring (A) deploys DWDM transportto carry GigE, SONET and proprietary digital transport technology. It feeds asecondary route-diverse triple (broadcast + narrowcast + upstream) ringusing DWDM technology (B). The fiber-to-the-node network (C) feedseither scalable optical nodes for fiber-to-the-serving area (FSA; approxi-mately 1,000 homes/node), non-scalable nodes (approx. 250homes/node), or fiber-deep, where fiber is extended to mini-nodes, thelast active devices. The routes with fibers feeding the nodes are selected sothat a fiber cable cut cannot affect more than 4,000 homes. FSA’s scalablenodes feed RF buses that are limited to 300 homes passed, with each busconfigured so that it can be activated as an individual node. The mini-nodes feed, on average, an area of 70 to 100 homes, and are physicallylinked in logical groups of no more than 600 homes.
Cox Communications’ “ring-in-ring” fiber architecture includes fiber route diversityand optical electronic redundancy to each node serving area providing uninterruptedvideo, voice, data and commercial services. Many MSOs have diversely routed fiber tocritical commercial customers; Cox’s success in the commercial marketplace led to thedecision to provide commercial-grade availability to all customers. As a result, the com-pany has virtually eliminated large fiber outages.
Cox’s “ring-in-ring” design is created by routing a fiber cable sheath into the commu-nity through a number of node serving areas and returning to the point of origin toclose the path. This process is repeated until all node serving areas are ringed, takingadvantage of previous routes to minimize construction costs. Each ringed sheath con-tains fibers dedicated to each node serving area, fibers for future nodes and a numberof commercial threaded fibers based upon the business potential along the ring path.Commercial threaded fibers sometimes called “metro fibers” are used to deliver fiber-based services to schools and businesses along the ring using the most cost-effectivetransport. Commitment to ringed fiber routes requires good capacity planning as a com-munity grows and creative techniques for controlling construction costs, but the resultsare well worth the effort.
Aurora Networks’ Access Platform Architectures
CommScope’s BrightPathFTTx Architecture
FTTH made simple. CommScope’s BrightPath isan innovative fiber-deep distribution systemdesigned to work seamlessly with existing hybridfiber/coax (HFC) networks. BrightPath is fully com-patible with existing headend and subscriberequipment, allowing operators to cost-effectivelydeliver their current suite of analog, digital andinteractive services all over fiber-to-the-home. This system can be deployed selectivelyas required to provide a competitive advantage, with lower upfront cost and mainte-nance relative to traditional passive optical networks (PONs). The BrightPath architec-ture is a unique, all-optical distributed tap design that mirrors HFC in design andimproves performance capability at a comparable cost. It allows an operator to deployFTTH yet maintain the same back office support, CMTS, subscriber equipment and ser-vices. Once installed, if business cases for advanced services are identified, the fiberinfrastructure of BrightPath can be easily adopted to support wavelength services usingknown WDM technologies.
Motorola’s FTTH Solution: Optical Access ArchitectureOptical access via Gigabit Passive Optical Networking (2.4 GB upstream and 1.2 GB downstream per GPON) provides the
foundation for the delivery of advanced Ultra-Broadband services today and in the future. An end-to-end optical access architec-ture hosts the optical line terminal (OLT) and various types of optical network terminals (ONT) that support service delivery andprovide connectivity to the subscriber end point. The OLT is the system hub that aggregates services both to/from the networkand to/from the access network and subscriber. The OLT can act as an Ethernet aggregation point for access side Ethernet-basedIP traffic and also support IPDSLAM or DSL-based service distribution via direct Ethernet links serving area remote terminals (RT)in FTTN applications. ONTs are intelligent devices supporting embedded services such as SIP/H.248 clients, IGMP multicastingand direct software upgrades, and are designed to connect single family, small business and multi-dwelling living units to multi-services. The optical access architecture also includes interfaces providing North-bound linkage to quality TDM or IP voice ser-vices via integrated voice gateways, broadcast and on-demand IP video and very high-throughput data services. Scalable andreliable system software with advanced access to business and operational support systems (such as XML interfaces) and arobust EMS are the most important features of any end-to-end optical access system. Of importance here will be the ability torapidly provision services, manage problems and drive down operational costs by incorporating easily managed business tools.
Aurora supplies optical transport equipment with the greatestflexibility to design a “best fit“ solution. Aurora nodes are aproven access platform optimized for scaling bandwidth persubscriber to match service level requirements by supportingmultiple transport technologies (LcWDM, DWDM, CWDM) anddeployable in a wide variety of network topologies (traditionalHFC, segmented-node HFC, Fiber Deep, PON). Feature-richnode plug-ins manage single or multiple counter-propagating,multi-wavelength fiber links.
Aurora provides comprehensive “pay as you grow“ solutionsfor incremental upgrades and its digital return technologyresolves upstream bandwidth fiber starvation. Aurora’s completeoptical product lines allow one-stop shopping for advancedsolutions. As service requirements expand and protocols continue to evolve, Aurora‘s “future-proof“ reconfigurable solutions easily parallel these advances, ensure networksremain state-of-the-art, and minimize operating and maintenance costs to obtain the highest level of profitability.
Harmonic’s Network Solutions for Advanced ServicesHarmonic’s flexible fiber architecture uses the latest in WDM (wave division multiplexing) technolo-
gy to leverage the existing outside plant, minimize operating expenses, and deliver a full range of resi-dential and commercial services. Harmonic’s MAXLink Plus 1550 nm transport system enables head-end consolidation over distances of 300 km or more, reducing the operating costs of secondary orremote headends while allowing operators to get the most out of their capital equipment budgets.The complete lineup of broadcast television is transmitted over the video backbone to each hubusing Harmonic’s MAXLink 1550 nm solution. Data, VoIP and VOD content are carried on DWDMwavelengths from the headend to hubs using Harmonic’s METROLink DWDM transmitter. In the lastmile, Harmonic’s PWRLink 1310 nm and METROLink DWDM transmitters efficiently deliver the fullrange of content and services to PWRBlazer nodes.
Nodes deeper in the network can also be reached without the need for costly installation of fiberbetween the hub and the primary node. Four-way segmentation for both the forward and the returntransmission is achievable with the scalable PWRBlazer nodes. This is achieved using Harmonic’s fullrange of dedicated analog and digital return path transmitters that are based on CWDM and DWDMtechnology, including a 65 MHz digital solution. The high output power node is also very well adapt-ed for extremely deep deployments such as node-plus-zero or node-plus-one architectures.
In addition, Harmonic’s FLXLink Commercial Services Solution is ideal for providing high-speed network access and managed services to commercial entities for a variety of applications, includingcell tower backhaul.
Scientific Atlanta’s NetworkArchitecture
This architectural approach optimizes both transport and access networks to support digital simulcast, ad and program insertion, switched digital broadcast, video-on-demand (VOD), high-speed data (HSD), voice (VoIP), wireless mesh and commercial services applications todeliver the highest network performance and future scalability. Today’s network engineers are challenged toconstruct systems that can offer new services, compete innon-traditional and yet-to-be-defined markets, and increasevalue for MSO shareholders. *DCM = Digital content manager
NodeA
NodeB
Rx RxDLC DLC
Hea
dend
Node A - dedicated
Node B - dedicated
Broadcast backup - loop through
Digital - loop through
2 node ring-ring schematic
Hub interconnect
Ring A
Ring B
4 fibers per node (i.e., 2 fibers each dedicated to routing signals from both directions to each node for route diversity), plus 12 fibers threaded through all nodes.
CED®
Cox’s Ring-in-Ring (Only one ring cluster shown)
PH
PH
PH
Route diverse
DWDM
Primaryring
60,000-100,000
homes passed
10,000-20,000homespassed
= Primary hub= Secondary hub
Primary ring
A
SecondaryringB
Fiberdistribution
C
Coax network
D
SH
PH
SH
SH
