Oracle Corporation
Oracle Corporation (NASDAQ: ORCL) is an American multinational computer technology corporation
that specializes in developing and marketing hardware systems and enterprise software products —
particularly database management systems. Headquartered in Redwood Shores, California, United
States, Oracle employs 105,000 people worldwide as of 1 July 2010.[3] It has enlarged its share of the
software market through organic growth and through a number of high-profile acquisitions. By 2007
Oracle had the third-largest software revenue, after Microsoft and IBM.[4]
The corporation has arguably become best-known for its flagship product, the Oracle Database. The
company also builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software, enterprise
resource planning software (ERP), customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain
management(SCM) software.
As of 2010, Larry Ellison, a co-founder of Oracle Corporation, has served as Oracle's CEO throughout its
history. Ellison also served as the Chairman of the Boarduntil his replacement by Jeffrey O. Henley in
2004. Ellison retains his role as CEO. On August 22, 2008 the Associated Press ranked founder Larry
Ellison as the top-paid chief executive in the world.
History
Oracle headquarters front view
Ellison took inspiration[7] from the 1970 paper written by Edgar F. Codd on relational database
management systems (RDBMS) named "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks".[8] He
had heard about the IBM System R database from an article in the IBM Research Journal provided by Ed
Oates (a future co-founder of Oracle Corporation). System R also derived from Codd's theories, and
Ellison wanted to make Oracle's product compatible with System R, but IBM stopped this by keeping the
error codes for their DBMS secret. Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 with Bob Miner and Ed
Oates under the name Software Development Laboratories (SDL). In 1979 SDL changed its name
to Relational Software, Inc. (RSI).[9] In 1982, RSI renamed itself Oracle Systems[10] to align itself more
closely with its flagship product Oracle Database. At this stage Bob Miner served as the company's senior
programmer. In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to Oracle Corporation.[11]
Part of Oracle Corporation's early success arose from using the C programming language to implement
its products. This eased porting to different operating systems(most of which support C). This gave Oracle
Corporation an advantage over companies using operating-system-specific languages.[citation needed] Oracle
Corporation programmers wrote the first C compiler for the IBM mainframe platform in order to port to that
platform.[citation needed]
[edit]Overall timeline
June 16, 1977: Software Development Laboratories (SDL) is incorporated in Santa Clara,
California[1] by Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates.
1978: Oracle Version 1, written in assembly language, runs on PDP-11 under RSX, in 128K of
memory. Implementation separates Oracle code and user code. Oracle V1 is never officially released.
[12] The nameOracle comes from the code name of a CIA project which the founders had all worked
on while at the Ampex Corporation.
June 1979: SDL is renamed to Relational Software Inc. (RSI)[9] and relocated to Sand Hill
Road, Menlo Park, California. Oracle 2, the first version of the Oracle database software, as
purchased by Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, runs on PDP-11 hardware. The company decides to
name the first version of its flagship product "version 2" rather than "version 1" because it believes
customers might hesitate to buy the initial release of its product.
October 1979: RSI actively promotes Oracle on the VAX platform (the software runs on the VAX in
PDP-11 emulator mode).
1981: Umang Gupta joins RSI, where he writes the first business plan for the company and serves as
Vice President and General Manager.
February 1981: RSI begins developing tools for the Oracle Database, including the Interactive
Application Facility (IAF), a predecessor to Oracle*Forms.
1982: RSI renames itself Oracle Systems Corporation in order to align itself more closely with its
primary product.
March 1983: Oracle Database is rewritten in C for portability and Oracle version 3 is released.
April 1984: Oracle receives additional funding from Sequoia Capital.
October 1984: Oracle version 4 is released, introducing read consistency.
November 1984: Oracle database software is ported to the PC platform. The MS-DOS version (4.1.4)
of Oracle runs in only 512K of memory. (Oracle for MSDOS version 5, released in 1986, runs
in Protected Mode on 286 machines using a technique invented by Mike Roberts, among the first
products to do so.)
April 1985: Oracle version 5 is released — one of the first RDBMSs to operate in client-server mode.
1986: Oracle version 5.1 is released with support for distributed queries. Investigations into clustering
begin.
March 12, 1986: Oracle goes public with revenues of $55 million USD.
August 1987: Oracle founds its Applications division, building business-management software closely
integrated with its database software. Oracle acquires TCI for its project management software.
1988: Oracle version 6 is released with support for row-level locking and hot backups. The
developers embedded the PL/SQL procedural language engine into the database but made no
provision to store program blocks such as procedures and triggers in the database - this capability
came in version 7. Users could submit PL/SQL blocks for immediate execution in the server from an
environment such as SQL*Plus, or via SQL statements embedded in a host program. Oracle included
separate PL/SQL engines in various client tools (such as SQL*Forms and Reports).
1989: Oracle moves its world headquarters to Redwood Shores, California. Revenues reach US$584
million.
1990: In the third quarter, Oracle reports its first ever loss[citation needed]; it lays off hundreds of employees.
Ellison hires Jeffrey O. Henley as CFO and Raymond Lane as COO.
June 1992: Oracle 7 is released with performance enhancements, administrative utilities, application-
development tools, security features, the ability to persist PL/SQL program units in the database
as stored procedures and triggers, and support for declarative referential integrity.
1993: Oracle releases its "Cooperative Development Environment" (CDE), which bundles Oracle
Forms, Reports, Graphics, and Book.
1994: Oracle acquires the database-product DEC Rdb (subsequently called Oracle Rdb) from Digital
Equipment Corporation (DEC). Oracle Rdb operates only on the OpenVMS platform (also a former
product of DEC).
June 1, 1995: Oracle Systems Corporation announces the merger of Oracle Corporation into Oracle
Systems Corporation. This transaction eliminates the holding company structure and streamlines the
operating company, Oracle Corporation, with the public holding company, Oracle Systems
Corporation. As part of the merger, Oracle Systems Corporation is renamed Oracle Corporation and
is the surviving entity incorporated as a Delaware corporation.
June 21, 1995: Oracle Corporation announces new data-warehousing facilities, including parallel
queries.
November 1995: Oracle becomes one of the first[citation needed] large software companies to announce an
Internet strategy when Ellison introduces the network computer concept at an IDC conference in
Paris.
April 1997: Oracle releases the first version of Discoverer.
June 1997: Oracle 8 is released with SQL object technology, Internet technology and support for
terabytes of data.
September 1997: Oracle Corporation announces a commitment to the Java platform, and introduces
Oracle's Java integrated development environment, subsequently called "Oracle JDeveloper".
January 1998: Oracle releases Oracle Applications 10.7 Network Computing Architecture (NCA). All
the applications in the business software now run across the web in a standard web browser.
May 1998: Oracle Corporation releases Oracle Applications 11.
April 1998: Oracle announces that it will integrate a Java Virtual Machine with Oracle Database.
September 1998: Oracle 8i is released (the i stands for Internet).
October 1998: Oracle 8 and Oracle Application Server 4.0 are released on the Linux platform.
May 1999: Oracle releases JDeveloper 2.0, showcasing Business Components for Java (BC4J), a set
of libraries and development tools for building database-aware applications.
2000: OracleMobile subsidiary is founded. Oracle 9i and Application Server is released. In May,
Oracle announces the Internet File System (iFS), later re-branded as Oracle Content Management
SDK.[13]
2001: Ellison announces that Oracle saved $1 billion by implementing and using its own business
applications.
2004: Oracle 10g is released (the g stands for Grid).
December 13, 2004: After a long battle over the control of PeopleSoft, Oracle announces that it has
signed an agreement to acquire PeopleSoft for $26.50 per share (approximately $10.3 billion).
January 14, 2005: Oracle Corporation announces that it will reduce its combined workforce to 50,000,
a reduction of approximately 5,000 following the take-over of PeopleSoft.
September 2005: Oracle Corporation announces that it has agreed to acquire the private
company Global Logistics Technologies, Inc., a global provider of logistics and transportation
management software (TMS) solutions, through a cash offer.
September 12, 2005: Oracle Corporation announces its purchase of Siebel Systems, a producer of
CRM technologies and a provider of business intelligence software, for $5.8 billion.
October 18, 2005: A serious security vulnerability in Oracle database password management is
published by Joshua Wright of the Sans Institute and Carlos Cid of the University of London.[14] Oracle
Corporation replies that existing safeguards and following good industry practices were sufficient
defenses.[15] Oracle didn't close the underlying security hole until its release of the 11g DBMS in 2007.
[16]
April 12, 2006: Oracle Corporation announces its acquisition of Portal Software, Inc. (OTC BB:
PRSF.PK), a global provider of billing- and revenue-management solutions for the communications
and media industry, at $4.90 per share, or approximately $220 million.
October 25, 2006: Oracle Corporation announces Unbreakable Linux.
November 2, 2006: Oracle Corporation announces that it has agreed to acquire Stellent, Inc.
(NASDAQ: STEL), a global provider of enterprise content management (ECM) software solutions,
through a cash tender offer for $13.50 per share, or approximately $440 million.
December 15, 2006: A majority of MetaSolv stockholders approves Oracle's acquisition of MetaSolv
Software, a provider of operations support systems (OSS) software for the communications industry.
2007: Oracle 11g is released.
March 1, 2007: Oracle announces an agreement to buy Hyperion Solutions Corporation (Nasdaq:
HYSL), a global provider of performance-management software solutions, through a cash tender offer
for $52.00 per share, or approximately $3.3 billion. The acquisition officially took place on July 1,
2007.
March 22, 2007: Oracle files a court case against a major competitor, SAP AG, in the Californian
courts for malpractice and unfair competition.[17]
October 16, 2007: Oracle confirms the impending departure of John Wookey, senior vice president
for application development and head of its applications strategy, raising questions concerning the
planned release and future of Oracle's Fusion Applications strategy.
January 16, 2008: Oracle announces it will buy BEA Systems for $19.375 per share in cash for a total
of "$7.2 billion net of cash".[18]
September 24, 2008: Oracle announces it will market servers and storage in a co-developed and co-
branded data warehouse appliance named the HP Oracle Database Machine.[19]
January 27, 2010: Oracle acquires Sun Microsystems.
March 17, 2010: Oracle launches Enterprise Manager Ops Center, a platform for managing physical
and virtual Sun environments.[20]
April 16, 2010: Oracle agrees to acquire Phase Forward for approximately $685 million.[21]
July 29, 2010: Oracle is indicted for fraud by the US Department of Justice.[22]
[edit]Technology timeline
1979: offers the first commercial SQL RDBMS
1983: offers a VAX-mode database
1984: offers the first database with read-consistency
1986: offers a client-server DBMS
1987: introduces UNIX-based Oracle applications
1988: introduces PL/SQL
1992: offers full applications implementation methodology
1995: offers the first 64-bit RDBMS
1996: moves towards an open standards-based, web-enabled architecture
1999: offers its first DBMS with XML support
2001: becomes the first to complete 3 terabyte TPC-H world record
2002: offers the first database to pass 15 industry standard security evaluations
2003: introduces what it calls "Enterprise Grid Computing" with Oracle10g
2005: releases its first free database, Oracle Database 10g Express Edition (XE)
2008: smart scans in software improve query-response in HP Oracle Database Machine / Exadata
storage
[edit]Corporate acquisitions
Main article: List of acquisitions by Oracle
Company Offer Date IndustryValuation
millions USD
Rdb Division of Digital Equipment Corporation
October 1994 Relational database N/A
IRI Software August 1995 OLAP products $100
Thinking Machines Corporation
June 1999 Darwin, datamining technology N/A
TopLink January 2002 Object-relation mapping technology N/A
Indicast January 2002 Voice portals N/A
NetForce January 2002 Adverse event reporting system N/A
Steltor June 2002 Enterprise calendaring system N/A
Reliaty June 2003 Enterprise data protection N/A
SiteWorks Solutions January 2004 Clinical trials management N/A
Phaos May 2004 Identity management N/A
Collaxa June 2004 Business process management N/A
PeopleSoft January 2005 Enterprise software $10,300
Oblix March 2005 Identity management N/A
Retek April 2005 Retail-industry solutions $630
TripleHop June 2005 Context-sensitive enterprise search N/A
TimesTen June 2005 Real-time enterprise solutions N/A
ProfitLogic July 2005 Retail-industry solutions N/A
Context Media July 2005 Enterprise content-integration N/A
i-flex (Oracle Financial Services)
August 2005 Banking industry solutions $900
G-LogSeptember 2005
Transportation management solutions N/A
Innobase October 2005 Discrete transactional open-source database technology N/A
Thor TechnologiesNovember 2005
Enterprise-wide user provisioning solutions. N/A
OctetStringNovember 2005
Virtual directory solutions N/A
TemposoftDecember 2005
Workforce-management applications N/A
360Commerce January 2006 Retail-industry solutions N/A
Siebel Systems January 2006 Customer relationship management $5,850
Sleepycat SoftwareFebruary 2006
Open-source database software for embedded applications
N/A
HotSip February Communications infrastructure solutions N/A
2006
Portal Software April 2006 Communications-industry software suite $220
Net4Call April 2006 Communications-industry service-delivery platform N/A
Demantra June 2006 Demand-driven planning solutions N/A
Telephony@Work June 2006 IP-based contact-center technology N/A
Sigma Dynamics August 2006 Real-time predictive analytics software N/A
Sunopsis October 2006 Enterprise-integration software N/A
MetaSolv Software October 2006 Communications-service provider solutions $219
StellentNovember 2006
Content-management solutions $440
SPL WorldGroupNovember 3, 2006
Revenue- and operations-management software N/A
Hyperion SolutionsMarch 1, 2007
Enterprise-performance management $3,300
AppForge(intellectual assets only)
April 2007 Cross-platform handheld development N/A
Agile Software Corporation
May 15, 2007 Product life-cycle-management software $495
Bharosa July 18, 2007 Identify theft $495
NetSure Telecom Ltd.September 2, 2007
Network intelligence and optimization software Undisclosed
Active Reasoning, Inc.September 2, 2007
IT Compliance software Undisclosed
BridgestreamSeptember 5, 2007
Enterprise role-management N/A
LogicalApps October 9, Compliance software N/A
2007
MoniforceDecember 6, 2007
End-user experience management software N/A
BEA SystemsJanuary 16, 2008
Middleware software company $8,500
CaptovationJanuary 16, 2008
Document-capture software N/A
Empirix (Web)March 27, 2008
Web-application testing-software N/A
LODESTAR Corporation April 24, 2007 Utility software solutions N/A
AdminServer May 13, 2008 Insurance-policy administration software N/A
Skywire Software June 23, 2008 Insurance software N/A
Global Knowledge Software
July 31, 2008 Technical writing/training authoring software N/A
ClearAppSeptember 2, 2008
Application-management solutions for composite applications-software
N/A
Primavera SystemsOctober 9, 2008
Project portfolio management software N/A
Advanced Visual Technology
October 9, 2008
Retail-space management software $4
Haley LimitedOctober 29, 2008
Policy-modeling and -automation software N/A
mValentFebruary 4, 2009
Application configuration management software N/A
RelsysMarch 23, 2009
Drug safety and risk management solutions with advanced analytics for the health sciences industry
N/A
Virtual Iron Software May 13, 2009 Server-virtualization management software N/A
Conformia Software June 17, 2009 Product and process lifecycle management (PPLM) N/A
(intellectual assets only) software
GoldenGate Software July 23, 2009 Real-time data integration and high-availability solutions N/A
Sun MicrosystemsAugust 20, 2009
Computers, computer components, computer software, development environment and information technology services
$7,400
HyperRollSeptember 29, 2009
Warehousing-oriented data processing (e.g. aggregations), acceleration software using patented statistical and stochastic algorithms
N/A
Silver Creek [disambiguation needed] January 4, 2010
Data-quality systems connecting enterprise systems, customers, suppliers and partners
N/A
AmberPointFebruary 10, 2010
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) management. N/A
ConverginFebruary 10, 2010
Communications services brokerage $85
Phase Forward April 16, 2010Applications for life sciences companies and healthcare providers
$685
Secerno May 20, 2010 Data protection hardware and software N/A
PasslogixOctober 5, 2010
Enterprise single sign-on N/A
[edit]Products and services
[edit]Technology products
[edit]Various databases
Main article: Oracle Database
In 2004 Oracle Corporation shipped release 10g (g standing for "grid") as the then latest version of Oracle
Database. (Oracle Application Server 10g using Java EE integrates with the server part of that version of
the database, making it possible to deploy web-technology applications. The application server comprises
the first middle-tier software designed for grid computing. The interrelationship between Oracle
10g and Javahas enabled the company to allow developers to set up stored procedures written in the
Java language, as well as those written in the traditional Oracle database programming
language, PL/SQL.)
Release 11g became the current Oracle Database version in 2007.
Berkeley DB offers embedded database processing.
Oracle Rdb, a relational database system, runs on OpenVMS platforms. Oracle acquired Rdb in 1994
from Digital Equipment Corporation. Oracle has since made many enhancements to this product and
development continues today.
TimesTen features in-memory database operations.
Oracle Essbase continues the Hyperion Essbase tradition of multi-dimensional database management.
MySQL, a relational database management system licensed under the GNU General Public License,
initially developed by MySQL AB.
[edit]Oracle Fusion Middleware
Main article: Oracle Fusion Middleware
[edit]Oracle Enterprise Manager
Main article: Oracle Enterprise Manager
Some database administrators (DBAs) use Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) to manage the DBMS.
With Oracle Database version 10g, Oracle Corporation introduced a web-based rewrite of OEM called
"Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control". Oracle Corporation has dubbed the super Enterprise
Manager used to manage a grid of multiple DBMS and Application Servers as "Oracle Enterprise
Manager Grid Control".
[edit]Oracle Secure Enterprise Search
Oracle Secure Enterprise Search (SES), Oracle's enterprise-search offering, gives users the ability to
search for content across multiple locations, including websites, file servers, content management
systems, enterprise resource planning systems, customer relationship management systems, business
intelligence systems, and databases.
[edit]Oracle Beehive
Main article: Oracle Beehive
Released in 2008, the Oracle Beehive collaboration software provides team workspaces (including wikis,
team calendaring and file sharing), email, calendar, instant messaging, and conferencing on a single
platform. Customers can use Beehive as licensed software or as software as a service.[23]
[edit]Oracle Collaboration Suite
Oracle Collaboration Suite (OCS) contains messaging, groupware and collaboration applications. Oracle
Beehive has superseded OCS.[24]
[edit]Development software
Oracle Corporation's tools for developing applications include (amongst others):
Oracle Designer
Oracle Developer - which consists of Oracle Forms, Oracle Discoverer and Oracle Reports
Oracle JDeveloper
NetBeans
Oracle Application Express - also known as APEX
Oracle SQL Developer
Oracle SQL*Plus Worksheet
OEPE , Oracle Enterprise Pack for Eclipse.
Many external and third-party tools make the Oracle database administrator's tasks easier.
[edit]Hardware
The Sun hardware range acquired by Oracle Corporation's purchase of Sun Microsystems
Exadata (hardware/software integrated storage)[25]
[edit]Application products
Besides databases, Oracle also sells a suite of business applications. The Oracle E-Business
Suite includes software to perform financial- (Oracle Financials), manufacturing-, enterprise resource
planning and HR- (Human Resource Management Systems) -related functions (Oracle HR). Users can
access these facilities through a browser interface over the Internet or via a corporate intranet.
Following a number of high-value acquisitions beginning in 2003, especially in the area of applications,
Oracle Corporation currently maintains a number of product lines:
Oracle E-Business Suite
Main article: Oracle E-Business Suite
PeopleSoft Enterprise
Main article: PeopleSoft
Siebel
Main article: Siebel Systems
JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
Main article: JD Edwards
JD Edwards World
Development of applications commonly takes place in Java (using Oracle JDeveloper) or through PL/SQL
(using, for example, Oracle Forms and Oracle Reports). Oracle Corporation has started[citation needed] a drive
toward "wizard"-driven environments with a view to enabling non-programmers to produce simple data-
driven applications.
[edit]Third-party applications
Oracle Corporation works with "Oracle Certified Partners" to enhance its overall product-range.
The variety of applications from third-party vendors includes database applications for archiving, splitting
and control, ERP and CRM systems, as well as more niche and focused products providing a range of
commercial functions in the areas of human resources, financial control and governance, risk
management, and compliance (GRC)
Vendors include:
Aquire
Hewlett-Packard
HighJump Software
Human Concepts
Q Software Global Ltd , an Oracle Certified Partner specializing in the development of software in the
areas of governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC) solutions for the JD Edwards World
and EnterpriseOne applications.[26]
Solix Technologies
UC4 Software
[edit]Services
Oracle Academy (training in computing and commerce in partnership with educational institutions)[27]
Oracle Consulting
Oracle University (training in Oracle products)[28]
Oracle Certification Program
Oracle On Demand (a SaaS offering)
Oracle Support
Product support: Oracle Corporation identifies its customers and their support entitlements using
CSI (Customer Support Identifier) codes.[29] Registered customers can submit Service Requests
(SRs)[30] — usually via the web-accessible MetaLink interface or (as from September 2008) from
its super-set: "My Oracle Support".[31]
Critical Patch Updates: since 2005, Oracle Corporation has grouped collections of patches and
security fixes for its products each quarter into a "Critical Patch Update" (CPU), released each
January, April, July and October.[32]
Oracle Financing
[edit]Marketing
[edit]Sales practices
In 1990 Oracle laid off 10% (about 400 people) of its work force because[citation needed] of a mismatch
between cash and revenues. This crisis came about because of Oracle's "up-front" marketing strategy, in
which sales people urged potential customers to buy the largest possible amount of software all at once.
The sales people then booked the value of future license sales in the current quarter, thereby increasing
their bonuses. This became a problem when the future sales subsequently failed to materialize. Oracle
eventually had to restate its earnings twice, and also settled (out of court) class-action lawsuits arising
from its having overstated its earnings. Ellison stated in 1992 that Oracle had made "an incredible
business mistake".[33]
[edit]Competition
Although IBM dominated the mainframe relational-database market with its DB2 and SQL/DS database
products, it delayed[when?]entering the market for a relational database on UNIX and Windows operating
systems. This left the door open for Sybase, Oracle, and Informix (and eventually Microsoft) to dominate
mid-range and microcomputers.
Around this time[when?], Oracle technology started to lag technically behind that of Sybase.[citation needed] In
1990–1993 Sybase became the fastest-growing database company and the database industry's darling
vendor[citation needed], but soon fell victim to its merger mania and to technical issues with System X.[citation
needed] Sybase's 1993 merger with PowerSoft resulted in its losing its focus on its core database
technology. In 1993, Sybase sold the rights to its database software running under the Windows
operating system to Microsoft Corporation, which now markets it under the name "SQL Server."
In 1994, Informix Software overtook Sybase and became Oracle's most important rival. The intense war
between Informix CEO Phil White and Ellison made front-page news in Silicon Valley for three years.
Informix claimed that Oracle had hired away Informix engineers to disclose important trade secrets about
an upcoming product. Informix finally dropped its lawsuit against Oracle in 1997.[34] In November 2005 a
book detailing the war between Oracle and Informix appeared,[35] providing a detailed chronology of the
battle of Informix against Oracle, and how Informix Software's CEO Phil White landed in jail because of
his obsession with overtaking Ellison.
Once it had overcome Informix and Sybase, Oracle Corporation enjoyed years of dominance in the
database market until use of Microsoft SQL Server became widespread in the late 1990s and IBM
acquired Informix Software in 2000 (to complement its DB2 database). Today Oracle competes for new
database licenses on UNIX, Linux, and Windows operating systems primarily against IBM's DB2 and
Microsoft SQL Server (which only runs on Windows). IBM's DB2 still dominates the mainframe database
market.
In 2004 Oracle's sales grew at a rate of 14.5% to $6.2 billion, giving it 41.3% and the top share of the
relational-database market (InformationWeek - March, 2005), with market share estimated at up to 44.6%
in 2005 by some sources.[36][dead link] Oracle Corporation's main competitors in the database arena
remain IBM DB2 and Microsoft SQL Server, and to a lesser extent Sybase and Teradata [37][dead link],
with open-source databases such as PostgreSQL and MySQL also having a significant[citation needed] share of
the market. EnterpriseDB, based on PostgreSQL, has recently made inroads [38] by proclaiming that its
product delivers Oracle compatibility features[clarification needed] at a much lower price-point.
In the software-applications market, Oracle Corporation primarily[citation needed] competes against SAP. On
March 22, 2007 Oracle sued SAP, accusing them of fraud and unfair competition.[39]
In the market for business intelligence software, many other software companies — small and large —
have successfully competed in quality with Oracle and SAP products. Business intelligence vendors can
be categorized into the "big four" consolidated BI firms such as Oracle, who has entered BI market
through a recent trend of acquisitions (including Hyperion Solutions), and the independent "pure play"
vendors such as MicroStrategy, Actuate, and SAS.[40]
[edit]Oracle and SAP
From 1988 Oracle Corporation and the German company SAP AG had a decade-long history of
cooperation, beginning with the integration of SAP's R/3 enterprise application suite with Oracle's
relational database products. The marketplace[who?] regarded the two firms' products as complementing
one another, rather than as substitutes. Despite the current SAP partnership with Microsoft, and the
increasing integration of SAP applications with Microsoft products (such as Microsoft SQL Server, a
competitor to Oracle Database), Oracle and SAP continue their cooperation. According to Oracle
Corporation, the majority of SAP's customers use Oracle databases.[41]
In recent years, however, competition between Oracle and SAP has increased, and as a result, the rivalry
between the two companies has grown, even developing into a feud between the co-founders of the two
companies, where one party would frequently voice strong negative comments about the other company.
In 2004 Oracle began to increase its interest in the enterprise-applications market (in 1989, Oracle had
already released Oracle Financials). A series of acquisitions by Oracle Corporation began, most notably
those of PeopleSoft, Siebel Systems and Hyperion.
SAP recognized that Oracle had started to become a competitor in a market where SAP had
the leadership, and saw an opportunity to lure in customers from those companies that Oracle
Corporation had acquired. SAP would offer those customers special discounts on the licenses for its
enterprise applications.
Oracle Corporation would resort to a similar strategy, by advising SAP customers to get "OFF SAP" (a
play on the words of the acronym for its middleware platform "Oracle Fusion for SAP"),[42] and also by
providing special discounts on licenses and services to SAP customers who chose Oracle Corporation
products.
Currently Oracle and SAP (the latter through its recently acquired subsidiary TomorrowNow) compete in
the third-party enterprise software maintenance and support market. On March 22, 2007, Oracle filed a
lawsuit against SAP. The complaint alleged that TomorrowNow, which provides discount support for
legacy Oracle product lines, used the accounts of former Oracle customers to systematically download
patches and support documents from Oracle's website and to appropriate them for SAP's use.[43] Some
analysts have suggested the suit could form part of a strategy by Oracle Corporation to decrease
competition with SAP in the market for third-party enterprise software maintenance and support.[44][45]
On July 3, 2007, SAP admitted that TomorrowNow employees had made "inappropriate downloads" from
the Oracle support web site. However, it claims that SAP personnel and SAP customers had no access to
Oracle intellectual property via TomorrowNow. SAP's CEO Henning Kagermann stated that "Even a
single inappropriate download is unacceptable from my perspective. We regret very much that this
occurred." Additionally, SAP announced that it had "instituted changes" in TomorrowNow's operational
oversight.[46]
[edit]Slogans
As of 2008: "The Information Company"[citation needed]
"Information driven"[citation needed]
For the Oracle Database: "Can't break it, can't break in"[citation needed] or "Unbreakable"[47]
As of 2010: "Software. Hardware. Complete."
[edit]Media
Oracle Corporation produces and distributes the "Oracle ClearView" series of videos as part of its
marketing mix.[48]
[edit]Controversies
[edit]Trashgate
In 2000 Oracle gained attention from the computer industry and the press after hiring private
investigators to dig through the trash of organizations involved in an antitrust trial involving Microsoft.
[49] The Chairman of Oracle Corporation, Larry Ellison, staunchly defended his company's hiring of an East
Coast detective agency to investigate groups that supported rival Microsoft Corporation during its antitrust
trial, calling the snooping a "public service". The investigation reportedly included a $1,200 offer to janitors
at the Association for Competitive Technology to look through Microsoft's trash. Asked how he'd feel if
others were looking into Oracle's business activities, Ellison said: "We will ship our garbage to Redmond,
and they can go through it. We believe in full disclosure."[50]
[edit]"Can't break it, can't break in"
At one point, Oracle Corporation marketed many of its products using the slogan "Can't break it, can't
break in", or "Unbreakable".[51] This signifies a demand on information security. Oracle Corporation also
stresses the reliability of networked databases and network access to databases as major selling points.
However, two weeks after its introduction in 2002, David Litchfield, Alexander Kornbrust, Cesar
Cerrudo and others demonstrated a whole suite of successful attacks against Oracle products.[52]
[53]Commentators[who?] criticized the slogan as unrealistic and as an invitation to crackers, but Oracle
Corporation's chief security officer Mary Ann Davidson portrayed the criticism as unfair. Rather than
representing a literal claim of Oracle's products' impregnability, she saw the campaign in the context of
fourteen independent security evaluations[54] that Oracle Corporation's database server had passed.
[edit]Relationship with John Ashcroft
In 2004, then-United States Attorney General John Ashcroft sued Oracle Corporation to prevent a
contract acquisition. In 2005, Oracle hired Ashcroft's lobbying firm, The Ashcroft Group, LLC. Oracle, with
Ashcroft's lobbying, then went on to acquire the contract, a multi-billion dollar intelligence application.[55]
[edit]Recent news
[edit]Acquisition of Sun Microsystems
On January 27, 2010, Oracle announced it had completed its acquisition of Sun Microsystems - valued at
more than $7 billion - a move that transformed Oracle from solely a software company to a manufacturer
of both software and hardware. The acquisition was delayed for several months by the EU
Commission because of concerns about MySQL, however was unconditionally approved in the end.
[56] This acquisition was important to some in the open source community and also to some other
companies, as they feared Oracle might end Sun's traditional support of open source projects.[57] Some
now believe that these fears have been confirmed, as Oracle is apparently planning to
discontinue OpenSolaris and also announced a lawsuit against Google over their newly
acquired Java patents from Sun.
[edit]Justice Department Lawsuit
On July 29, 2010, the United States Department of Justice filed suit against Oracle Corporation alleging
fraud. The lawsuit argues that the government received deals inferior to those Oracle gave to its
commercial clients. The DoJ added its heft to an already existing whistleblower lawsuit filed by Paul
Frascella, who was once senior director of contract services at Oracle.[58]
[edit]Acquisition of Phase Forward
On August 11, 2010, Phase Forward, a company that developed data management systems for the
pharmaceutical industry, became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Oracle Corporation.[59] Some analysts
believe this acquisition has a huge impact on the healthcare and life sciences software market. For
example Loraine Lawson writes that "health care isn't just another vertical. It's the vertical to watch, an
area where spending has stayed strong despite economic turmoil in other sectors. It's also primed for
growth in the United States, where it's the focus of major government reform efforts."[60][61]
[edit]Lawsuit against Google
On August 12, 2010, Oracle announced a lawsuit against Google concerning patent and copyright
infringement of Java in Google's development of Android. Oracle claims that "Google’s Android competes
with Oracle America’s Java" and that "Google has been aware of Sun’s patent portfolio ... since Google
hired certain former Sun Java engineers".[62][63] Oracle acquired the Java patents when it bought Sun
Microsystems in January 2010. Google had developed the Android platform using Java features and
concepts that are apparently not compatible with standard Java libraries. This may have been a violation
of conditions under which Sun granted OpenJDK patents to use open source Java.[64] As of August 2010,
the lawsuit is ongoing and may take several years to reach a conclusion.[65]
[edit]Discontinuation of OpenSolaris
On August 13, 2010, an internal Oracle memo leaked to the Internet cited plans for ending
the OpenSolaris operating system project and community.[66] Apparently Oracle now plans to
develop Solaris only in a closed source fashion.[citation needed] Some observers were not surprised by this
move, as Oracle had kept delaying the release of OpenSolaris 2010 (which was subsequently never
released).[citation needed] However a fork of OpenSolaris development now continues as a project
called Illumos, started by former OpenSolaris developer Garrett D'Amore.[citation needed]
[edit]Hurd replaces Phillips as President
On September 6, 2010, Oracle announced that former Hewlett-Packard CEO Mark Hurd is
replacing Charles Phillips as Oracle Co-President. Apparently Phillips had wanted to leave Oracle since
December 2009. "Oracle is clearly capitalizing on this opportunity to get someone strong from a top
hardware company," said Forrester analyst James Staten. "In terms of how this helps Oracle against IBM,
there is reason to be optimistic."[67]
On September 7, 2010, HP announced a civil lawsuit against Hurd "to protect HP’s trade secrets".[68]
[edit]People
Larry Ellison : CEO since he co-founded the company in 1977, and Chairman from 1990 to 2004.
In 1997, Ellison became a director of Apple after Steve Jobs came back to that company. Ellison
resigned from the Apple board in 2002, saying that he did not have the time to attend necessary
formal board meetings.
On February 14, 2010, Ellison's yacht USA 17 won the second race (in the best of three "deed of
gift" series) of the 33rd America's Cup, after winning the first race two days earlier. Securing a
historic victory, Ellison and his BMW Oracle team became the first challengers to win a "deed of
gift" match. The Cup returned to American shores for the first time since 1995. Ellison was a crew
member for the second race.[69]
On August 4, 2010, Ellison announced that he intends to give away most of his wealth to charity
as part of Bill Gates' and Warren Buffett's "Giving Pledge" initiative. Ellison wrote: "Many years
ago, I put virtually all of my assets into a trust with the intent of giving away at least 95 percent of
my wealth to charitable causes. I have already given hundreds of millions of dollars to medical
research and education, and I will give billions more over time. Until now, I have done this giving
quietly--because I have long believed that charitable giving is a personal and private matter."[70]
On August 9, 2010, Ellison denounced Hewlett-Packard's board for firing CEO Mark Hurd,
writing: "The H.P. board just made the worst personnel decision since the idiots on
the Apple board fired Steve Jobsmany years ago." One month later, Ellison hired Hurd as Co-
President of Oracle. Ellison and Hurd are close personal friends - Hurd often plays tennis at
Ellison's house.[71]
Bob Miner : Co-founder of the company and co-architect of Oracle Database. Led product design and
development for Oracle Database from 1977 to 1992. Spun off a technology group within Oracle in
1992. Oracle board member until 1993.
Ed Oates : Co-founder of the company. Retired from Oracle in 1996.
Bruce Scott: One of the first employees (number 4) at Oracle (then Software Development
Laboratories), Scott served as the co-author and co-architect of Oracle V1, V2 and V3.
He originated the sample schema "SCOTT" (containing tables like EMP and DEPT) with the
password defaulted to TIGER (named after his cat).[72]
Together with Umang Gupta in 1984, Scott co-founded and became VP Engineering of Gupta
Technologies, which later became Centura Software. Subsequently he founded Inquiry.com,
again in the role of VP Engineering, and PointBase, Inc., where he acted as President and CEO.
In 2005, he moved to SenSage, Inc. as VP Engineering, and in 2006 additionally joined the
advisory board of Abrevity, Inc. In 2007, Scott became VP Engineering at ParAccel, Inc.
Umang Gupta : Former Vice President and General Manager (joined in 1981). Wrote the first
business plan for the company. Current Chairman and CEO of Keynote Systems, Inc.
Jeff Henley : Current Chairman (since 2004). Previously CFO of Oracle (1991–2004).
Safra Catz : Co-President (since 2004). In 2009 she was ranked by Fortune as the 12th most
powerful woman in business.
Charles Phillips : Past Co-President, replaced by Mark Hurd.
In 2009 Phillips was appointed a member of US President Obama's Economic Recovery Advisory
Board.
On January 21, 2010, Phillips' ex-mistress YaVaughnie Wilkins posted billboards in New York
City, San Francisco and Atlanta, revealing their extramarital affair to the public. While the
billboards were taken down after a number of days,[73] the mainstream media had already run the
story. As a result, Phillips issued a statement on January 21 saying: "I had an 8½-year serious
relationship with YaVaughnie Wilkins. My divorce proceedings began in 2008. The relationship
with Ms. Wilkins has since ended and we both wish each other well."[73][74]
Mark Hurd : Co-President (since 2010).
Before Oracle, Hurd was CEO, chairman and president of Hewlett-Packard. He was responsible
for turning HP into one of the world's largest and most profitable IT companies. He accomplished
this through large acquisitions and aggressive cost-cutting, including major employee layoffs and
pay cuts.
On August 6, 2010, Hurd resigned from all of his positions at HP, following discovery of
inappropriate conduct in an investigation into a claim of sexual harassment made by former
reality TV actress Jodie Fisher.[75]
On September 6, 2010, Hurd was hired by Oracle as Co-President.[67]
On September 7, 2010, Hurd was sued by HP "to protect HP’s trade secrets".
Offices
Oracle Corporation has its world headquarters on the San Francisco Peninsula in the Redwood
Shores area of Redwood City, adjacent to Belmont, near San Carlos Airport (IATA airport code: SQL).
Oracle HQ stands on the former site of Marine World Africa USA, which moved from Redwood Shores
to Vallejo in 1986. Oracle Corporation originally leased two buildings on the site, moving its finance and
administration departments from the corporation's former headquarters on Davis Drive, Belmont,
California. Eventually, Oracle purchased the complex and constructed a further four main buildings.
The Oracle Parkway buildings featured prominently as the futuristic headquarters of the fictional company
"NorthAm Robotics" in the Robin Williams film Bicentennial Man (1999).
500 Oracle Parkway at the Oracle Corp.
headquarters in Redwood Shores, California.
Oracle Aoyama Center Building, with
Lexus International Gallery Aoyama
Oracle HQ in Series
The Oracle Conference Center at the Oracle
Corp. headquarters in Redwood Shores,
California
Fountain in the Oracle lake, Redwood
Shores
Oracle Corporation have a major business
campus at Thames Valley Park in
Reading, England
Oracle Corporation HQ
See also
San Francisco Bay Area portal
Companies portal
List of acquisitions by Oracle
Oracle Applications
Oracle Certification Program
Oracle Clinical
Oracle OpenWorld (cf MIX Conference)
Oracle Technology Network
Oracle Enterprise Linux
Oracle User Group
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