TRANSCRIBED DEAN ORTEGA NOTESCIVIL PROCEDUREPART I ORDINARY CIVIL ACTIONS- Anna Fe Abad & Darrell Lao Bagang -CAPTER !F"r#$ S$e% - F"l"ng T&e Co'%la"n$ In T&e Pro%er Baranga(Republic Act 7160 Chapter 7: Katarungang PambaranggaySection 412 o complaint or petition !hall be commence" #ithout the party$! con%rontation be%ore the proper barangay& 'ther#i!e( the a")er!e party can *le a motion to "i!mi!! the ca!e&+ Cler, o% court or"ere" not to "oc,et a ca!e #ithout certi*cation i!!ue" by the barangay !ecretary&Re-ui!ite! %or a complaint to be go)erne" by the ,atarungang pambarangay1& .he partie! to the contro)er!y are all natural per!on! an" no /uri"ical entity i! in)ol)e"& 2& 0% any o% the partie! are public o1cer!( the contro)er!y !houl" not in)ol)e the per%ormance o% their public %unction! or "uty&2& Partie! mu!t re!i"e in the !ame city or municipality not nece!!arily the !ame barangay&34P.: #here the partie! re!i"e in a"/oining barangay!( although in "i5erent citie! or municipalitie!( i% they agree" to !ubmit their "i!pute to the proper barangay&4& 6hen the "i!pute in)ol)e! R3A7 PR'P3R.8( !uch property mu!t be !ituate" in the !ame city or municipality #here the partie! re!i"e& 9%orcible entry an" e/ectment inclu"e":;& .he contro)er!y !houl" not ari!e %rom an employer+employee relation!hip or it mu!t not be a labor "i!pute&34P.: i% employer+employee relation!hip ha! alrea"y en"e" an" it in)ol)e! reco)ery o% bac,#age! 9purely money claim: barangay /u!tice can !ettle it&6& .he "i!pute !houl" not ari!e %rom lan"lor"+tenant relation!hip or go)erne" by the agrarian re%orm la#&7& .he "i!pute !houl" not in)ol)e the go)ernment or any o% it! !ub"i)i!ion or in!trumentality& iling %ee any action cannot be con!i"ere" *le" unle!! "oc,et %ee ha! been gi)en& ?*ling@ upon payment o% right amount o% "oc,et or *ling %ee to the barangay trea!urer& 'ther#i!e( the complaint i! a mere !crap o% paper&Proper barangay %or *ling the complaint !hall be:1& .he barangay #here the partie! re!i"e i% they all re!i"e in the !ame barangay( or 2& .he barangay #here the re!pon"ent or any o% the re!pon"ent! re!i"e i% the partie! re!i"e in "i5erent barangay!&2& 0% the "i!pute in)ol)e! real property or intere!t therein( the barangay #here the real property i! !ituate"&o 0% !ituate" in more than 1 barangay( #here the larger portion o% the real property i! !ituate"&4&0% the complaint aro!e in a #or,place( the barangay #here the #or,place i! !ituate"& Pro)i"e"( both partie! re!i"e! in the !ame city or municipality #here it i! !ituate"& ;& 0% the "i!pute aro!e at an in!titution #here the partie! are enrolle"( the barangay #here !uch in!titution i! locate"( i% partie! re!i"e in the !ame city or municipality&'.3: in barangay a")er!e party i! not calle" "e%en"ant an" complaining party i! not calle" complainant& .he!e term! are only u!e" in court& 6hen barangay me"iation( although re-uire"( may be "i!pen!e" #ith an" a complaint may be "irectly *le" in court:a& 6here the cau!e o% action i! about to pre!cribeb& 6hen the action call! %or any pro)i!ional reme"y un"er the rule! o% court 9pro)i!ional reme"ie! are "e)i!e" in or"er to imme"iately !ee, reme"ie!& Aence( #hen time i! o% the e!!ence( the ci)il rule! o% proce"ure! #ill re-uire pro)i!ional reme"ie!&i& Preliminary in/unctionii& Preliminary attachmentiii& Appointment o% a recei)eri)& Reple)in)& Application %or !upport pen"ent lite)i& BA6C barangay can i!!ue pro)i!ional reme"yc& 6here a #rit o% habea! corpu! i! calle" %or& "&e& 7upon tagapag!un"o an" Pang,at tagapamayapa +"e*ne" by la#+ 0n conciliation #hen "i!pute in a lupon i! not !ettle"( it #ill be re%erre" to the proper pang,atPage ! o% )* Anna Fe Abad & Darrell Lao Bagang+ 0% the partie! agree" to an amicable !ettlement( partie! may a"opt a contract o% conciliation !ettlement& Such conciliation !ettlement ha! the %orce an" e5ect o% a /u"gement o% a court o% la#& Cnle!!( the !ame #a! repu"iate" be%ore the lap!e o% 10 "ay! %rom it! appro)al&+ 6hen the ca!e i! not !ettle" in a lupon( it !hall be re%erre" to the pang,at&+ .he pang,at #ill "etermine #hether partie! are agreeable to !ubmit their ca!e %or arbitration& 0% not( barangay inter)ention en"! an" !ecretay i!!ue! certi*cation that "i!pute i! not !ettle" in barangay an" thi! i! u!e" to *le in a court o% la#& + 0% partie! agree( the pang,at #ill continue or con"uct the arbitration& Re!olution in an arbitration i! calle" an ?a#ar"@+ 0t may be repu"iate" #ithin 10 "ay! a%ter it ha! been han"e" "o#n& 'ther#i!e( it become! *nal an" eDecutory& 9re! a"/u"icata:%&g& 3>>3C. o% procee"ing! be%ore the barangay1&upon *ling the complaint #ith the proper barangay( the pre!cripti)e perio" o% the cau!e o% action !hall be interrupte" an" !u!pen"e" %or not more than 60 "ay! %rom !uch *ling&2& .he conciliation !ettlement or the arbitration a#ar" ha! the %orce an" e5ect o% a /u"gement o% a courto% la#& 0t become! *nal an" eDecutory a%ter 10 "ay! %rom the "ate thereo%( unle!! repu"iate"& 2& Such !ettlement may be repu"iate" #Ein 10 "ay! %rom the "ate thereo% only on the groun" that con!ent i! )itiate" by:a& >rau" Fb& Biolence F in #hich ca!e a certi*cation %or *ling the ca!e in court may be i!!ue"c& 0ntimi"ation F by the barangay !ecretary&4& 3Decution o% !ai" !ettlement or a#ar" may be en%orce" by the lupon #ithin 6 month! %rom the "ate o%*nality thereo%& 9A%ter 6 month! perio" ha! lap!e"( an action to en%orce the !ame be%ore the proper =e.C or =.C i! nece!!ary&:;& .he arbitration a#ar" may be a!!aile" in a petition to annul *le" be%ore the proper =e.C or =.Ch&i& Re! Gu"icata rule on conclu!i)ene!! applie! i% partie! !ettle"&/&,& Commencement o% action in a court o% la# #hen:a& .he barangay /u!tice !y!tem "oe! not go)ern b& .he me"iation proce!! be%ore the barangay may be )ali"ly "i!pen!e" #ithc& Harangay me"iation #a! ha" but not amicable !ettlement #a! arri)e" at&l&m& 7IC authoriJe! to re%er a ci)il ca!e alrea"y *le" in court to any barangay #hether or not the /uri!"iction o% !uch court to con"uct conciliation bet#een the partie! in)ol)e"( #hen the court belie)e that litigation can be "i!pen!e" #ith through conciliation( me"iation( arbitration bet#een an" among partie! in)ol)e" in the litigationn&o& Policy #here amicable !ettlement i! po!!ible( the court may re!ort to thi! #ithout going to the trial on p& the merit!-& .enet a)ail o% alternati)e "i!pute re!olution an" a)oi" litigation to "eclog "oc,et! o% court! 9public r& policy:!&t& Ci)il action i! commence" in 2 #ay!:1& >ile the complaint #ith barangay( an"Eor2& >ile the complaint #ith a court o% la#&u&)& Complaint+ Harangay or"inary meaning any #ritten or oral grie)ance+ Court mu!t %ollo# legal %ormPage + o% )* Anna Fe Abad & Darrell Lao Bagang#&,- CAPTER +(- Se.ond #$e% Co''en.e'en$ o/ $&e ."0"l a.$"on "n a .o1r$ o/ la23- 4"/ 5a$ar1ngang %a'baranga( doe# no$ a%%l( or $&e %ro.ed1re go0ern# &ad no#e$$le'en$ 2a# arr"0ed a$6aa&ab& 0.R'KCC.0':ac&a"& action i! "i5erent %rom procee"ing! + action commence" by a complaint+ procee"ing !pecial ci)il action! commence" by petitiono petition %or "eclaratory relie%o petition %or certiorari( prohibition( or man"amu!o petition -uo #arrantoo contemptae& !pecial ci)il action! commence" by petition& Aence( calle" ?petitioner@a%&ag& Plea"ing! plainti5! action i! ,no#n a! complaintah&ai& Action )in"ication co)ere" the ?re!@ o% a grie)ance a/& brought about by )iolation o% the "e%en"ant o% hi! correlati)e obligation to re!pect the right! o% the plainti5& 0t i! a")er!arial& .here i! al#ay! an a")er!e party&a,&al& Procee"ing a mere application in court !ee,ing %or am& recognition %rom the court o% eDi!tence o% %act or right or !tatu!&+ Petition %or "eclaration o% ab!ence 9recog o% %act:+ Petition %or !upport by illegitimate chil" 9recog o% right:+ Petition %or naturaliJation 9recog o% !tatu!:an&ao& An!#er+ plea"ing o% party again!t #hom a claim i! ap& brought to court& Ienerally it i!a plea"ing o% a "e%en"ant& Hut i% "e%en"ant rai!e" a counter claim( the plainti5 become! a "e%en"ant hence may al!o *le an an!#er&a7-I- PREPARATION OF A CO8PLAINT TA5ING CONSIDERATION OF TE FF9ar-!-:URISDICTION+the authority o% the court to hear an" "eci"e ca!e!&+ Guri!"iction !igni*e! "i5erent connotation !ub/ect matter o% the action( o)er the partie!( o)er the cau!e o% action( o)er the re! or the property !ub/ect o% litigation&a!&at& Guri!"iction o)er the !ub/ect matter+ .he more "eci!i)e matter o% /uri!"iction i! that o)er the !ub/ect matter o% the action& .hi! i! con%erre" by la#& .o ,no# thi! you mu!t be %amiliar #ith the la# that !houl" go)ern&+ 3)erything that the court #ill "o on a ca!e #ill not be )ali" i% a%ter all that ca!e i! not #ithin the /uri!"iction o% that court& + 0% the complaint #a! *le" #ith the court #hich ha! no /uri!"iction o)er the nature o% the action( e)erything that the court #oul" "o #oul" ha)e no legal e5ect( it i! !imply null an" )oi"& au&+- VENUE+ the place or court #here the action !houl" be *le"&o .he "i!tinction bet#een the t#o : Guri!"iction a5ect! the relation o% the partie! to the court( not to each other& .hat i! #hy the partie! cannot !tipulate or agree on /uri!"iction #hether they li,e it or not they ha)e to act in con%ormity #ith #hat the la#! !ay!&a)& Benue connote! the relation!hip o% the partie! to each other& .hat i! #hy the partie! are allo#e" to agree or !tipulate on )enue becau!e thi! i! %or the con)enience o% the partie!& 0% the -ue!tion i! about the court on "i5erent le)el! that !houl" hear the ca!e( it$! one o% /uri!"iction& 0% the -ue!tion i! #hether the ca!e !houl" be *le" in a city or municipality but the !ame le)el o% court the -ue!tion i! one o% )enue& 3rror in )enue "oe! not in)ali"ate the procee"ing "one by the court although not properly ma"e& 3rror in /uri!"iction ma,e! the procee"ing! null an" )oi"& 0n ci)il ca!e! the place #here the action !houl" be *le" )enue& 0n criminal action the place #here the criminal ca!e mu!t be hear" an" trie" i! /uri!"ictional( it! not a matter o% )enue& .hi! i! #hat you call territorial /uri!"iction in Crim Pro& Heing /uri!"ictional it cannot be agree" upon by the partie!& 0t i! !et by la#& Cn"er crim pro +rule 110 a! to the place #here the criminal action mu!t be in!titute"( it i! /uri!"ictional&a#&+ 0n ci)il ca!e!( the partie! can agree or !tipulate here the "i!pute may ari!e in their tran!action t i! re!pecte" a! long a! not contrary to la#( cu!tom( public moral( public intere!t&aD&+ About the !tipulation on )enue( the !tipulation #ill be eDclu!i)e o% all other court! in "i5erent place!i% the !tipulation i! eDclu!i)e or re!tricti)e o% the particular court #here the contro)er!y may be litigate"& ay&+ 0n ci)il tran!action! you may !ee thi! !tipulation on )enue in !ale! in)oice! or o1cial receipt! in !mall printe" letter! "i!pute or contro)er!y that may ari!e %rom thi! tran!action !hall be !ub/ect o%an action be%ore the proper court o% the city o% manila& .hat mean! to !ay the action #ill pre%erentially be *le" in the proper court in the city o% manila& aJ&+ Cn"er the rule! o% court( a! to the )enue o% the action( the "etermining %actor i! #hther the action i!per!onal action or a real action&o A per!onal action i! one pre"icate" on the pri)ity o% contract !uch a! "amage! ari!ing %rom breach o% contract( o% claim! o% money un"er a contract( o A real action i% the ba!i! o% the action i! real property o% intere!t therein&ba&o in per!onal action! the rule! lay the )enue o% the action in the place #here the plainti5 re!i"e! or #here the "e%en"ant re!i"e!& At the option o% the plainti5& o 0n real action!( the )enue i! at the place #here the real property in)ol)e" in the action i! !ituate" an" i% !ituate" in more than one city or municipality( then it !hall be at the place #here the greater porton o% the real property i! !ituate"& bb&+ Although you ha)e the!e rule! *Ding #here the action !houl" be *le"( the!e rule! are not obligatory& .he partie! may agree on a "i5erent place #here the action !houl" be *le"& o 3Dample: po!!e!!ion o% real property !ituate" in the city o% manila& Ab!ent any !tipulation the action to reco)er that po!!e!!ion may be *le" in the city o% manila& 0% the action #a! *le" not in the city o% manila but in a "i5erent city or municipality( a motion to "i!mi!! the action on the groun" o% )enue #a! improperly ma"e( may bring about the "i!mi!!al o% the ca!eo Ao#e)er( i% the "e%en"ant #oul" /oin in the contro)er!y "e!pite improper )enue an" *le an an!#er an" litigate" be%ore the court o% the #rong )enue( !ince )enue o% an action can be #ai)e"& .he partie! cannot belate"ly rai!e the -ue!tion o% improper )enue& 'nce it ha" begun litigating alrea"y& .hi! i! becau!e )enue i! #ai)able&o So you may thin, a! a layman that i% the action in)ol)e! a contro)er!y o)er a parcel o% lan" in Cebu& .he action i! to reco)er po!!e!!ion %rom the "e%en"ant but the action #a! *le" in the city o% manila becau!e the plainti5 re!i"e! here& .hat the city o% manila can act on the action #hat i! in)ol)e" i! only )enue( an" it can be mo)e"& 0% the action i! not *le" in the R.C( then it i! a matter o% /uri!"iction( thu! nulli%y the procee"ing!&bc&b"& Benue the more important -ue!tion here i! #here the partie! ha)e agree" on #here the contro)er!y may ari!e bet#een them !houl" be ma"e !ub/ect o% a court ca!e or litigation& .he rule i! that any !peci*cation o% )enue #ill only be regar"e" a! in a""ition to #hat the rule! o% curt pro)i"e a! to the )enue o% an action& So un"er thi! rule( i% the action in)ol)e! real property or intere!t therein( i% %or eDample i! !ituate" in Cebu( un"er the rule! it mu!t be*le" in Cebu( but i% partie! agree" that it may be *le" in the proper court in the city o% manila( then the agreement authoriJe! the partie! to *le in cebu or in manila& 0t i! regar"e" only a! an a""ition to #hat the rule! o% court pro)i"e!& be&b%& 'n the other han"( i% the agreement o% the partie! ma"e an eDclu!i)e !peci*cation o% )enue(the action can only be properly *le" at that )enue agree" upon by the partie!& o other one !hall be allo#e"& bg&bh& So un"er the !ame eDample( the real property in Cebu( the )enue un"er the rule! mu!t be n Cebu( partie! agree" that it !hall be in manila& .hi! !hall be in a""ition& Hut i% the !tipulation !ay! that ?any contro)er!y !hall be *le" in the proper court in the city o% manila '78@ it cannot be *le" in cebu becau!e the !tipulation i! re!tricti)e eDclu"ing all other court!&bi&b/& 0% the ca!e #a! *le" in the #rong )enue the a")er!e party or "e%en"ant can *le a motion to "i!mi!! the ca!e on the groun" that )enue i! improperly ma"e& =otion to "i!mi!! i! pro)i"e"in rule 16 o% the R'C go)erning ci)il action! an" among the groun" !tate" there you *n" improper )enue a! a groun" %or a motion to "i!mi!!&b,&bl& 9He%ore: 6hen a litigant -ue!tion! the #rong )enue through motion to "i!mi!!( he cannot rai!e any other contention& 6hen the mo)ant *le! a motion to "i!mi!! #ith improper )enue a! a groun"( he !houl" not rai!e any other groun" %or "i!mi!!al other#i!e( improper )enue i!#ai)e" becau!e he #oul" a!, the court a1rmati)e relie% an" to loo, into the merit! o% the ca!e& 0% "e%en"ant *le! an an!#er ( he !ubmit! to the /uri!"iction o% the court&:bm&bn& '6: the "e%en"ant can -ue!tion )enue or any groun" %or the "i!mi!!al o% the ca!e either by *ling a motion to "i!mi!! un"er rule 16 o% the R'C or *ling an an!#er un"er rule L an" 11un"er the rule!& bo& Ae can no# rai!e it in the an!#er( no motion to "i!mi!! i! nece!!ary& An!#er i! a plea"ing& A motion to "i!mi!! i! not( it may be !ummarily "i!po!e" o%& .hereby bringing more "elay& bp&+ 'nce the an!#er i% *le"( the i!!ue! are /oine"& An" the court #ill ha)e to loo, into the i!!ue! but #here the groun" i! only improper )enue there%ore the "elay&b-&br& 0% o)er !ub/ect matter 9lac, o% /uri!: outrightly "i!mi!!e"& ull an" )oi"& b!& Stipulation #ill not control& + .here i! an eDception to thi! #hen the !tipulation on )enue #oul" operate a! a "enial o% %ree acce!! to the court& .he !tipulation !hall be regar"e" a! null an" )oi"& >or being contrary to public policy&o 0llu!tration: the partie! in)ol)e" entere" into a tran!action in Pampanga& .hey ha)e agree" upon any contro)er!y !hall be !ub/ect o% litigation only in proper court in bacolor( Pampanga&'78 ma,e! the !tipulation eDclu!i)e or re!tricti)e& Hut then came eruption o% Pinatubo an" the #hole place #a! burie"& .he court room #a! no#here an" the ca!e cannot be *le"( another court mu!t be e!tabli!he" there%ore a "enial o% %ree acce!! thu! #oul" be contrary to the %un"amental la# guaranty 9%ree acce!! to court!:bt&;-PARTIES TO BE 8PLEADED+ .he ba!ic rule( the action mu!t be brought in the name o% the real party in intere!t& 0t "oe! not re-uire that the real party in intere!t mu!t acti)ely han"le the ca!e( #hat i! re-uire" only i! that theaction mu!t be brought in hi! name(!o that the eDecution o% the /u"gement i! ma"e by the real party in intere!t& 0t may be pro!ecute" by another&bu&b)& 0n"i!pen!able party+ #oul" ren"er the procee"ing! in)ali" i% the procee"ing! #ent on #ithout them being /oine" a! a party to the ca!e& 9eDample: in an action %or partition or real property an" there are 10 partie! to #hom it i! to be parte"( each o% the co o#ner i! an in"i!pen!able party( i% any one o% them i! omitte" ( the procee"ing #ill be null an" )oi"& >un"amental la# pro)i"e! that no per!on !hall be "epri)e" o% property #ithout "ue proce!! o% la#& 0% a co o#ner ! le%t out an" not plea"e"( it i! tantamount to "eny him opportunity in hi! !hare& b#&bD& ece!!ary party+ one #hich i! re-uire" to be /oine" to ha)e a complete "etermination o% a ca!e i! totally arri)e" at& 9eDample( mortgage( 2n" mortgage i! nece!!ary to realiJe completely:& Re-uire" to be implea"e" in or"er to bring about a complete "etermination o% the contro)er!y in)ol)ing the !ub/ect matter o% the action& .heir non inclu!ion in the action ho#e)er( #ill not amount to a nulli*cation o% the procee"ing! that may be ha"& 0t i! !imply that the /u"gement ren"ere" in the action #ill not pre/u"ice the nece!!ary party #ho #a! not /oine"& 0n /u"icial %oreclo!ure o% mortgage( i% the mortgage" property i! al!o encumbere" #ith a 2n" mortgage( the 2n" mortgagee !houl" be implea"e" other#i!e hi! right to re"eem property e)en though %orclo!e" by 1!t mortgagee i! not a5ecte"& Ae can %orclo!e e)en though he i! only the 2n" morgagee( he i! a nece!!ary party& Hut the procee"ing! are )ali" a! long a! the implea"e" are concerne"& Hut !houl" not a5ect intere!t o% tho!e nece!!ary not implea"e"by& 9e# rule!: Proper party eliminate"&:bJ&ca& Goin"er o% partie!+ An in"i!pen!able party mu!t be /oine" other#i!e procee"ing! are null an" )oi"& F man"atory that he be /oine"& .he rule! pro)i"e that the non /oin"er or mi!/oin"er o% a party to a ci)il action i! not a groun" %or a "i!mi!!al o% the action& .he court !houl" only "irect the plea"er to inclu"e the in"i!pen!able party to be /oine" or "rop the party not to be /oine"& ot be "i!mi!!e" by the court& .hi! i! not a groun" %or the "i!mi!!al o% the action& .hi! i! ma"e to a)oi" multiplicity o% !uit!& cb&)-CAUSE OF ACTION+ Ki5erent %rom right o% action+ Right o% action+ i! "eci!i)e %rom the la# #hich "e*ne" the right to litigation o% e)ery citiJen an" i%tho!e right! #ere )iolate" it #ill bring about reme"y pro)i"e" un"er the la#& A matter "etermine"%rom the la# #hich i! the ba!i! o% the plainti5$! complaint& + Cau!eo% action+ "etermine"bytheallegation#hichmu!tcomply#iththere-uire"allegationun"er the la# on proce"ure&+ .he plea"er !tate! be%ore the court the cau!e that the plainti5 i! complaining about& A! to ho# thi!cau!e !hall be allege" i! regulate" by the Rule! o% Court& .he!e allegation! "etermine #hether thecomplaint #hich i! the initial plea"ing *le" by the plainti5 con!titute! a cau!e o% action or not& + Although the plainti5 in the ci)il ca!e may ha)e the right o% action( i% the allegation o% hi! complaint%ail! to comply #ith the cau!e re-uire" by la# to be !tate"( the complaint "oe! not !tate a cau!e o%action&+ Cn"er the Rule! o% Proce"ure the primary con!i"eration i! #hether the complaint !tate! a cau!e o%actionor not& >or althoughtheplainti5mayha)earight o% actionun"er thela##hich#a!committe" by the "e%en"ant( i% the complaint *le" by him %ail! to ma,e !uch allegation #hich un"erthe proce"ural rule #ill bring about a cau!e o% action( a motion to "i!mi!! the complaint may be*le" on the groun" that the complaint %ail! to !tate a cau!e o% action& 0t i! not there%ore the lac, o%the right o% action #hich #ill be con!i"ere" but the lac, o% cau!e o% action& + 0% a motion to "i!mi!! the complaint #a! *le" becau!e o% the %ailure o% the complaint to !tate acau!e o% action( the court i! limite" only to the allegation in the complaint in re!ol)ing #hether acau!e o% action i! !tate" or not&+ 0t i! not allo#e" %orthe court to recei)e e)i"ence onthi! matter becau!e the onlyba!i! i!theallegation in the complaint& So i% the allegation in the complaint %aile" to comply #ith the re-uire"cau!e o% action( the right o% action o% the plainti5 i! in thi! point irrele)ant becau!e #hether theplainti5 ha! a cau!e o% action or none "epen"! only on the allegation! ma"e in the complaint&+ 0llu!tration!:1 0n an action to e/ect a le!!ee %rom the property lea!e" by him( i% the ba!i! o% the action %ore/ectment i! becau!e the le!!ee %aile" to comply #ith the payment o% the rental( the allegationin the complaint re-uire that there mu!t be a "eman" alrea"y ma"e upon the "e%en"ant tocomply #ith the contract o% lea!e& 'ther#i!e the complaint "oe! not !tate a cau!e o% action& 2 3)en though the plainti5 actually ma"e a "eman" upon the le!!ee to pay the rental #hen itbecame "ue( i% the complaint "oe! not !tate an allegation to that e5ect the allegation "oe! not!tate a cau!e o% action& that i! true i% the right o% the "e%en"ant to remain in the premi!e! ha!alrea"y become a groun" %or breach or )iolation o% the agreement o% the lea!e contract& An"that i! not re-uire" i% the right o% the "e%en"ant o% po!!e!!ion o% the "e%en"ant ha! alrea"yen"e" becau!e the contracto% lea!e ha! alrea"y eDpire"&Aence( e)en #ithoutthe "eman"(there i! a cau!e o% action& 2 0% ca!e %or e/ectment i! *le" on the ba!i! o% %ailure to comply #ith the term! an" con"ition! o%the contract o% lea!e( a "eman" i! nece!!ary& .he "eman" !houl" not only be to )acate thepremi!e! but mu!t primarily be to comply #ith the con"ition #hich #a! not complie" #ith bythe "e%en"ant& cc& .hi! i! true i% the e/ectment ca!e i! %or unla#%ul "etainer& Hut thi! i! not true i% the e/ectmentca!e i! %or %orcible entry& c"&+ Rule 70 o% the Rule! o% Court+ #here a re-uirement %or one action i! "i5erent %rom the re-uirement!in the other action& Although both are action! to e/ect the "e%en"ant %rom the premi!e! belonging tothe plainti5&+ .he allegation that "eman" #a! ma"e i! in"i!pen!able a! a cau!e o% action becau!e ?an obligor i!not con!i"ere" to be in "e%ault i% there i! no "eman" upon him to comply #ith the con"ition! #hichhe %aile" to comply #ith&@ ' K3=AK( ' K37A8& + Cnla#%ul "etainer+ a "eman" to )acate i! e!!ential to the !ucce!!%ul pro!ecution o% the action& 0% noallegationthat "eman"#a!ma"e( that complaint #ill be!tric,en"o#ninameremotionto"i!mi!!& Hecau!e allegation %ail! to !tate a cau!e o% action&+ Iroun"! %or "i!mi!!al o% the action i! !tate" un"er Rule 16+ among them i! the %ailure to !tate acau!e o% action&ote that the groun" "oe! not !ay that the plainti5 ha! no right o% action&+ 0% the ca!e i! "i!mi!!e" "ue to %ailure to !tate a cau!e o% action( one cannot reco)er the *ling %eeanymore&ce&c%& IR'CKS >'R G'0K3R '> CACS3S '> AC.0' + Principle: RC i! a)er!e to multiplicity o% !uit!& .he rule! are again!t *ling more than one action& + Aence( the policy !tate! that: ?.he plainti5 may /oin in one complaint a! many cau!e! o% action a !hemayha)eagain!t the"e%en"ant pro)i"e"that thecau!e!o% action/oine"are#ithinthe/uri!"iction o% the court #here the ca!e i! *le"&@+ 3)en though the cau!e! o% action /oine" are incompatible #ith each other( the plainti5 #ho i! theplea"er *ling the complaint can rai!e a! many cau!e! o% action a! he may ha)e again!t the !ai""e%en"ant a! long a! it i! #ithin the competent /uri!"iction o% the court& + 7imitation: #hile the cau!e o% action #oul" con!titute !pecial ci)il action un"er RC an" the othercau!e!o% action/oine"there#ithcon!tituteor"inaryci)il action!uchcau!e!o% actionarenotallo#e" to be /oine" in one complaint& .he cau!e! o% action %or a !pecialci)il action mu!t be a!ub/ect o% a !eparate complaint&+ Rea!on: !pecial ci)il action i! not go)erne" by the or"& rule! o% proce"ure& RC pro)i"e! abbre)iate"proce"ural rule! %or !pecial ci)il action& 0t "oe! not %ollo# the proce"ure %or or"inary ci)il action&'ther#i!e the court #ill a"opt a rule o% proce"ure %or the or"inary an" other rule! o% proce"ure %orthe !pecial& + 6hile /oin"er o% cau!e! o% action i! being encourage in the !en!e that a party *ling a ca!e a !ai""e%en"ant!houl"/oina!manycau!e!o%actiona!hemayha)eagain!t"e%en"ant( #herethecau!e o% action in)ol)e! !pecial an" or"inary cau!e o% action the rule !hall not apply becau!e that#ill bring about con%u!ion& + 70=0.A.0': a! to the /uri!"iction o% the court #here there are !e)eral cau!e! o% action /oine"( ta,enote that /uri!"iction o% the court i! "etermine" by the cau!e! o% action /oine" an" not alone by thela# enumerating the !ub/ect matter that i! #ithin the /uri!"iction o% that le)el o% court&cg& 0% the ca!e i! *le" #ith the court! o% 1!t le)el 9=.C( =e.C( =C.C: the!e are court! o% limite"/uri!"iction& .hey can only act on a ca!e #hich the la# eDpre!!ly con%er /uri!"iction to them&=emoriJe #hat are the!e ca!e!& ch& 0% the complaint i! to be *le" #ith any o% the!e court! o% 1!t le)el( all the cau!e o% action inthe complaint mu!t be #ithin the /uri!"iction o% !uch court& 'ther#i!e !uch court cannot acton the cau!e o% action #hich i! beyon" it! /uri!"iction& + 0naca!ein)ol)ingmoneyclaim!ucha!%oreDampleclaim!%or"amage!( therulei!thatthe/uri!"ictiono% thecourt !hall be"etermine"bytheaggregateor totalityo% themoneyclaimin)ol)e"& .hi! i! calle" .'.A70.8 RC73 or AIIR3IA.3 RC73& ci& 34: 6here there are ; cau!e! o% action /oine" an" the ; cau!e! o% action( the amountin)ol)e" in each "oe! not eDcee" P200(000 out!i"e o% =etro =anila( that i! #ithin the limit o% the/uri!"iction o% the court! o% 1!tle)el( !ince the ; cau!e! o% action are /oine" the totality rule !hallapply 9P200(000 D ;: amounting to a total o% P1(;00(000 that i! no longer #ithin the /uri!"iction o%the court! o% 1!t le)el&Aence in thi! ca!e( the complaint mu!t be *le" #ith the R.C& + 0% the complaint /oine" cau!e! o% action #here !ome cau!e! o% action are #ithin the /uri!"iction o%the in%erior court #hile the other cau!e! o% action in)ol)e! ca!e! #here the /uri!"iction i! #ithin theR.C( i% that complaint #ill be *le" #ith the court! o% 1!tle)el( the ca!e #ill be "i!mi!!e" becau!enot all o% the cau!e! o% action /oine" are #ithin the competence o% the court! o% 1!t le)el&+ 0% that complaint #ill be *le" #ith the R.C( e)en though !ome o% the cau!e! o% action are not #ithinthe competence o% the R.C it i! allo#e" that !uch complaint be *le" #ith the R.C an" that i! )ali"&Hecau!e e)en thought !ome o% the cau!e! o% action are !ub/ect o% a !eparate complaint #ith thecourt! o% the 1!tle)el court!( #hate)er /u"gment #ill be ma"e by the court o% 1!tle)el coul" beappeale" to #ith the R.C& R.C ha! the ultimate !ay a! to the merit o% that ca!e&+ Rule! re-uire that e)ery cau!e o% action !houl" be "e!ignate" a! 1!t cau!e o% action( 2n" cau!e o%action( 2r" an" !o %orth& 0t al!o re-uire! "e%en"ant to ma,e hi! allegation! by #ay o% An!#er to thecau!e o% action /oine" to ma,e re%erence a! An!#er to the 1!tcau!e o% action( an!#er to the 2n"cau!e o% action 2r"an" !o %orth& 0t mu!t be allege" !eparately an" not intert#ine"M other#i!e theclient #ill be con%u!e"& c/&c,&cl&ailure to comply #ith thi! certi*cation o% non+%orum !hopping cannot be cure" by amen"ment& .heca!e #ill be "i!mi!!e"& >iling %ee cannot be reco)ere" any more&+ 3Dception: in a ca!e( SC allo#e" amen"ment "e!pite lac, o% certi*cation o% non+%orum !hoppingbecau!e the *ling %ee i! #orth more than 1 million& .he Court rule" that to "i!mi!! the ca!e an"%or%eit the *ling %ee i! con!i"ere" uncon!cionable& So although rule! re-uire" that no amen"mentcan be ma"e( SC !ay! that %or the rea!on that SC can al#ay! "e)iate %rom the rule!( #hene)er therule! #ill bring in/u!tice to the litigant( SC in)o,e! the prerogati)e no# that the litigant may ma,ethe amen"ment& + 1re-uire"allegationinacerti*cateo% non+%orum!hoppingi!that i% theparty#ho*le!theinitiatory plea"ing #oul" learn therea%terthatthere i! another ca!e pen"ing bet#een the !ameparty in another tribunal( court or other -ua!i+/u"icial agency( he un"erta,e! to bring the !ame tothe attention o% the court #ithin ; "ay! a%ter learning the ca!e& 0n thi! ca!e( the plea"er i! allo#e"to amen" the complaint& + 0% the party *ling the petition complie! #ith the certi*cation o% non+%orum !hopping but un"erta,e!tobringtotheattentiono% thecourt the!ameca!epen"ingbe%oreanother tribunal #ithinR3AS'AH73 .0=3( in!tea" o% the re-uire" ; "ay!( the SC "eclare" that the ca!e mu!t be "i!mi!!e"%or non+compliance& Hecau!e rea!onable time i! a -ue!tion o% %act an" ha! no "e*nite "uration&+ Ao#e)er inaca!e#herethepartie! arehu!ban"an"#i%etheca!ein)ol)e! property( thecerti*cate o% non+%orum !hopping carrie! the name o% the hu!ban" an" the #i%e #ho are !uppo!e"to*leit becau!etheyaretheparty+litigant inthecomplaint( but onlythehu!ban"ha! the!ignature abo)e hi! name( !o the other party mo)e" to "i!mi!! the complaint %or %ailure to comply#ith the rule #hich i! man"atory& .rial ca!e grante" the motion to "i!mi!!& CA a1rme"& SC grante"anamen"ment !ayingthat there#a!!ub!tantial compliance& Rea!on: 0ntheeye!o% thela#(hu!ban" an" #i%e po!!e!! uni%orm intere!t a! one& .hi! i! true in the >amily Co"e e!pecially no#that the property regime i! ab!olute community& Aence( the #i%e may a1D her !ignature later on&c!&II- FILING OF CO8PLAINT IN COURTct& A30RARCA8 '> C'CR.S #hich la# authoriJe! to act on !peci*c "i!pute!:1& .R0A7 C'CR.Sa& Court! o% *r!t le)el competent to try ca!e! eDpre!!ly con%erre" to by la#& =.C in chartere" citie! not metropolitan area =e.C in metro citie! =C.C in remote municipality #here /u"ge! are roaming %rom one court to anotherb& Collegiate court! court! o% general /uri!"iction All matter! not eDpre!!ly con%erre" by la# %or trial can be *le" at thi! le)el unli,e *r!t le)el court! #hich nee"! eDpre!! pro)i!ion! o% la#& R.C inclu"e! %amily court( !pecial commercial court! San"iganbayan /uri!"iction to try criminal ca!e! brought be%ore it at *r!t in!tance an" not on appeal&2& APP377A.3 C'CR.Sa& Court o% appeal!b& Court o% taD appeal!c& San"iganbayan 9on it! appellate /uri!"iction only in criminal ca!e!"& Supreme court 9highe!t tribunal:cu&c)& Keci!ion that i! null an" )oi" "oe! not pre!cribe& Hut a party may be e!toppe" %rom -ue!tioning #hat i! null an" )oi" on the ba!i! o% lache! or e!toppel& ot pre!cription becau!e anything null an" )oi" i! ineDi!tent& 0% greater in/u!tice by "i!turbing the procee"ing#hich i! null an" )oi"( the procee"ing !hall not be "i!turbe"& Pre!cription i! "etermine" by la#( lache! i! "etermine" by ine-uity o% matter #ill be "i!turbe"&c#&cD& RA 76L1 eDpan"ing the /uri!"iction o% court o% *r!t le)elcy& Rule: la#yer! !houl" ,no# the proper court %or i% #rong%ully *le"( the court i! boun" to "i!mi!! the ca!e an" not "uty boun" to re%er the ca!e to the proper court& + 0% the perio" %or appeal ha! lap!e"( the la#yer cannot tran!%er the ca!e to re%er the ca!e to the proper court& + Ab!ent /uri!"iction o)er partie! )oi"cJ&"a& R.C both trial an" appellate court&+ Gu"gment! ren"ere" by 1!t le)el court! are appealable only to the R.C&+ 6hat can be rai!e" in the trial court cannot be rai!e" %or the *r!t time on appeal&+ Ca!e! not capable o% pecuniary e!timation mu!t be *le" #ith the R.Co 0llu!tration: ca!e %or !peci*c per%ormance re-uire! "eli)ery o% property not "eli)ere" an" i! !ee,ing re!ci!!ion an" to be pai" 100K #here !houl" it be *le"N R.C !ub/ect matter i! re!ci!!ion #hich i! not capable o% pecuniary e!timation&"b&"c& >070I '> K'CK3. >33""& Cnle!! an" until the correct amount o% the *ling %ee ha! been %ully pai"( the complaint or petition!hall not becon!i"ere"a!*le"& 0n!hortpayment o% thecorrectamounto% the*ling%eei!acondition sine qua non to the court ac-uiring /uri!"iction o)er the ca!e& At thi! /uncture( 0 #oul" call your attention that the rule! on *ling legal %ee! un"er RC ha)e beenamen"e"& So you ha)e to go o)er the rule! go)erning the legal %ee! to ,no# the correct amount o%the "oc,et %ee& Hecau!e 0% the correct amount a! !tate" there ha! not been %ully pai"( the "oc,et%eeincourt%orthecomplaintorthepetitioni!con!i"ere"%or%eite"a!notlegally"one( i% thecorrect amount ha! not been pai"& 0% there ha! been an hone!t mi!ta,e a! to the amount o% the "oc,et %ee( the party #ho %ail! to paythe correct amount o% the "oc,et %ee the party may be allo#e" by the court to pay the petition %eean" the ca!e can procee" pro)i"e" that the cau!e o% action ha! not yet pre!cribe"& Hut i% the cau!e o% action ha! alrea"y pre!cribe" prior to the payment o% the correct "oc,et %ee( thecorre!pon"ing payment o% the "oc,et %ee #ill not re)i)e the cau!e o% action& .he cau!e o% action!hall be regar"e" a! alrea"y pre!cribe"& 8ou cannot collect bac, the "oc,et %ee& 6here the non payment o% the correct "oc,et %ee #a! not attributable to an hone!t mi!ta,e ratherthe party #ho !houl" pay the "oc,et !peculate" on the amount that !houl" be pai"( the SC outright"i!mi!!theca!ee)eni% hei!#illingtopaythe"e*ciency( theSCuphel"the"i!mi!!al&Hecau!enonpaymento% the"oc,et%eecannotbeattribute"toanhone!tmi!ta,ebutratherbrought about by !peculation& So the SC !ai" that the con"uct o% the petitioner in !peculating a! tothe correct amount o% the "oc,et %ee i! apart %rom being reali!tic& So "i!mi!!al i! uphel"& Ae cannotre+*le it anymore& Ki!mi!!al amount! to the a"/u"ication on the merit!& An" that i! /u!ti*e" a! apuni!hment %or the litigant %or hi! trying to !peculate again!t the right o% the court to recei)e the"oc,et %ee& >iling o% the complaint in court #ill be "one per!onally or by regi!tere" mail& An" i% in the place#here the plainti5 re!i"e! there i! no regi!tere" mail a)ailable the plainti5 can !en" it by or"inarymail& but i% there i! a regi!tere" mail he !houl" "o it by regi!tere" mail& '7K =A40=: 0% the *ling #a! "one through regi!tere" mail the "ate o% mailing !hall be regar"e" a!the "ay o% *ling& HC. .A0S 0S ' 7'I3R .RC3& 36 =A40=: the payment o% the correct amount o% the "oc,et %ee that #ill "etermine #hether theplea"ing i! properly *le" or not& Aence the rule thati% the *ling o% petition #a! "one by regi!tere"mail the "ate o% mailing i! the "ate o% the *ling o% the plea"ing #ill be correct i% the *ling %ee i! al!oenclo!e" #ith the regi!tere" mail& !o that #hen the cler, o% court recei)e the regi!tere" mail thecorrect amount o% the "oc,et %ee i! inclu"e" there& 0% the *ling %ee i! not ma"e e)en i% the cler, o%court alrea"y recei)e" the mail( the ca!e !hall not be con!i"ere" *le" until an" unle!! the correct*ling %ee i! pai"& 0% amount pai" i! !till le!! than #hat the rule a! amen"e" i! *le" %or the ca!e the complaint orpetition i! not con!i"ere" *le"& 0t #ill be con!i"ere" *le" only #hen the correct amount i! pai"& 0%"uring the time that the correct amount o the "oc,et %ee i! not yet pai" the pre!cripti)e perio" o%the cau!e o% action continue! to run becau!e the ca!e i! not yet con!i"ere" to be *le" in court& 0% by the time the correct amount o% "oc,et %ee i! pai"( the cau!e o% action ha! alrea"y pre!cribe"payment o% the "e*ciency #ill not re)i)e the cau!e o% action& 6hen a "e%en"ant an!#er! the complaint he may rai!e in hi! an!#er a counter claim again!t theplainti5 claiming that the action i! #ithout merit& An" #hen the "e%en"ing party rai!e the counterclaimin)ariablyhemay!tateanamount greater thantheclaimo% theplainti5inor"er tointimi"ate the plainti5 %rom procee"ing #ith the action& .hi! i! particularly true i% the ca!e i! *le" inthe court! o% 1!tle)el #here the /uri!"ictional amount i! only P200(000+out!i"e =etro =anila( an"P400(000 #ithin =etro =anila( o)er an" abo)e thi! the R.C alrea"y& .he An!#er i! not an initiatory plea"ing& So the !ame nee" not contain a certi*cation o% non+%orum!hopping& certi*cation o% non+%orum !hopping i! man"atory in initiatory plea"ing& An An!#er i! *le"in re!pon!e to the complaint !o it i! not an initiatory plea"ing& Hut i% the An!#er to be *le" i! toinitiateCounter+Claima!%ar a!that counter+claimtheAn!#er become!aninitiatoryplea"ing&.here%ore a certi*cate o% non+%orum !hopping i! re-uire"& Kno#the "i5erence bet#een counterclaim#hich i! ,no#n un"er the la#a! C'=PC7S'R8C'C.3RC7A0= an" the counterclaim un"er the la# ,no#n a! P3R=0SS0B3 C'.3RC7A0=& Acounterclaimi!aclaimbythe"e%en"ingpartyagain!t thepartyclaimingagain!t him& .hecounter claim that the "e%en"ing party may rai!e again!t the party *ling the action i! allege" to hi!an!#er in the complaint& So he nee" not *le a !eparate plea"ing& Acounterclaimi!regar"e"a!C'=PC7SAR8C'C.3RC7A0=an"mu!tbeallege"inthe!amean!#er *le" by the plainti5 i% !uch counter claim aro!e out o% the !ame tran!action or occurrencethat #a! the!ub/ect o% theplainti5$! complaint& .hi! i! compul!ory becau!ei% thi! ,in"o%counterclaimi!notrai!e"inthe!ameactionthattheplainti5*le"( thecounterclaim!hall becon!i"ere")oi"an"it i!con!i"ere"aban"one"an"the"e%en"ant cannot collect it anymore&Purpo!e( the court a)oi"! multiplicity o% claim& Counterclaim !hall be regar"e" P3R=0SS0B3 i% it aro!e out o% a "i5erent tran!action or occurrence%rom the !ub/ect o% the plainti5$! complaint& 0t i! calle" permi!!i)e becau!e the "e%en"ant i! onlypermitte" to rai!e it in the !ame action that #a! commence" by the plainti5& Hut i% the "e%en"ant"i" not #ant to rai!e it in the !ame complaint it i! alright& .he counterclaim !hall not be con!i"ere"a! aban"one"& 0% the counterclaim rai!e" by "e%en"ant i! P3R=0SS0B3 it i! in e!!ence a "i5erent claim ha)ing norelation #ith the claim rai!e" by the plainti5& .he court may or may not allo# the "e%en"ant to rai!eit in the !ame action *le" by the plainti5& A court may not allo# i% it #ill only con%u!e the re!olutiono% the action& Hut generally the court #ill allo# thi! becau!e o% the principle in proce"ural la# i! toa)oi" multiplicity o% !uit& 0% the ca!e #a! *le" by the plainti5 be%ore a court o% the 1!t le)el the amount an" the nature o% thecounterclaim mu!t be #ithin the /uri!"iction o% that court becau!e court! o% 1!tle)el are court! o%limite"/uri!"iction& 6hat thela#"oe! not con%er uponthemtheyha)eno competencetoa"/u"icate& R.C i! a count o% general /uri!"iction !o e)en though the ca!e #a! not con%erre" by la#to them a! long a! it i! not con%erre" by la# in any other tribunal the R.C ha! /uri!"iction to act onthe ca!e& 0% the permi!!i)e counterclaim i! %oreign or alien to the claim o% the plainti5 in the latter$! complaint%or all legal intent! an" purpo!e! a permi!!i)e counterclaim i! a claim #here the "e%en"ant i! theclaimant an" the plainti5 i! the "e%en"ant& So it i! tantamount to *ling a "i5erent complaint again!ttheplainti5& 'nlyit i! calle"counterclaimbecau!eit i! *le"inthe!ameclaimagain!t the"e%en"ant( i% not thi! #ill no longer be calle" counterclaim anymore& Aence( i% the amount o% thecounterclaim ma"e by the "e%en"ant in a permi!!i)e counterclaim i! out!i"e the /uri!"iction o% thecourt #here the plainti5$! ca!e #a! *le"( the "e%en"ant cannot rai!e it a! a counterclaim becau!ethe court ha! no /uri!"iction to con!i"er the !ame& .he "e%en"ant #ill be compelle" to *le it in a!eparate procee"ing& 0% he #ill ha)e to *le it in a !eparate procee"ing he #ill ha)e to pay "oc,et %ee& An" e)en i% herai!e" it #ith the !ame action *le" by the plainti5 he #ill !till ha)e to pay "oc,et %ee becau!e %or alllegal intent! an" purpo!e! it i! con!i"ere" a !eparate action& 0% correct "oc,et %eei!not pai"thecounterclaim#ill ha)eno!tan"ingincourt& Hecau!ethecounterclaim !hall be con!i"ere" a! not *le" at all i% the "oc,et %ee ha! not been %ully pai"& de-d/- CAPTER ;dg- T&"rd S$e% I##1an.e o/ S1''on# b( $&e .ler? o/ .o1r$ 1%on @l"ng o/.o'%la"n$"h&"i&"/& 0SSCAC3 '> SC=='S+ 0n e)ery court there i! a cler, o% court& Hut the cler, o% court i! only one& 0t i! in hi! o1ce #here !ummon! are prepare"& 0% the complaint #oul" allege #here the "e%en"ant may be !er)e" #ith !ummon! an" it i! the re!i"ence o% the "e%en"ant( it #ill be !er)e" there& 0% the place i! the o1ce orbu!ine!! a""re!! ( then it !hall be a""re!!e" there& + 6hen you come to the !tu"y o% legal %orm!( one o% the %orm! to be !tu"ie" i! the complaint& .he plea"ing *le" by the one complaining( he "i!clo!e! #here the per!on he i! !uing may be !er)e" #ith !ummon!( in the /uri!"ictional allegation generally in the 1!t paragraph( the plainti5 #ho i! *ling the ca!e #oul" !tate hi! legal capacity to !ue( the a""re!! #here the "e%en"ant may be !er)e" #ith !ummon!& ",&"l& .he !er)ice o% !ummon! nece!!ary to ac-uire /uri!"iction o)er the per!on o% the "e%en"ant& .hi! i! a re-ui!ite %or a /u"gment to be )ali" again!t a "e%en"ant& Guri!"iction o)er the "e%en"ant may be ac-uire" "m&1& by )oluntary appearance o% "e%en"ant in the court #here the ca!e again!t him i! *le" an"!ubmi!!ion to the authority o% that court& 0% "e%en"ant *le" a motion to "i!mi!! on groun" that courtha! no /uri!"iction o)er hi! per!on F not )oluntary appearance( he i! not !ubmitting to the authority o% court& o Hut i% "e%en"ant !ubmitte" eDten!ion o% time to an!#er the complaint( !ummon! not nece!!ary anymore( that e-ual! !ubmi!!ion to the authority o% the court to procee" again!t him&2& !er)ice o% !ummon! in per!on( !ub!titute" manner( thru publication( an" a! no# recogniJe" in ne# rule! thru any other mean! by #hich the "e%en"ant i! in%orme" o% the ca!e *le" again!t him #hich the court *n" !u1cient to ac-uire /uri!"iction o)er the "e%en"ant& 0% the court *n"! that the "e%en"ant #a! a%ter all in%orme"( trial court may *n" it !u1cient to procee" again!t the "e%en"ant& 2& .here may be %ailure o% !ummon!( or )oluntary appearance( but i% in %act the "e%en"ant learne" %rom another that he ha" been !ue" in court( the court may a%ter in-uiring about that manner o% in%orming the "e%en"ant i! alrea"y !u1cient %or the court to procee"& .here i! not !peci*c manner by #hich he i! to be boun"( it i! in the trial court! !oun" "i!cretion& A%ter all the "e%en"ant alrea"y ,no#! that he ha" been !ue" in court& "n&"o& 6hen a "e%en"ant *le! 0n court any motion that #oul" imply that he i! in)o,ing the authority o% the court that motion i! regar"e" a! )oluntary appearance& .he court then #ill ac-uire /uri!"iction o)er him& Hut i% the "e%en"ant *le" a motion to "i!mi!! -ue!tioning the authority o% the court to act on the ca!e again!t him( the !ame may amount to a non+!ubmi!!ion to the authority o% the court an" there%ore #ill not be con!i"ere" a! )oluntary appearance& Hut he more common manner o% ac-uiring /uri!"iction o)er the per!on o% "e%en"ant i! through !ummon!&"p&"-& Summon! + i! a legal proce!! i!!ue" by the court #here the ci)il ca!e #a! *le" to in%orm the "e%en"ant about the ca!e *le" again!t him an" re-uiring the "e%en"ant to an!#er the !ame& So !ummon! i! nece!!ary to ac-uire /uri!"iction an" enter /u"gement again!t the "e%en"ant& "r&"!& Rule 14 o% the R'C pre!cribe! 2 #ay! o% !er)ing !ummon!&1& Pre%erably the !ummon! i! re-uire" to be !er)e" upon the "e%en"ant in per!on& the !ummon! mu!t be ten"ere" to the "e%en"ant him!el%& .he other manner o% !er)ing !ummon! #ill only be )ali"i% !er)ing the "e%en"ant in per!on cannot be ma"e #ithin a rea!onable time& 'ther#i!e( the court may not ac-uire /uri!"iction o)er the "e%en"ant i% !ummon! #a! not properly !er)e"&"t&o Cpon the *ling o% the complaint( recei)e" by the o1ce o% the cler, o% court( a%ter payment o%"oc,et %ee( that o1ce #ill i!!ue !ummon!& "u&2& 6hen it come! to !ub!titute" !er)ice( + it i! )ali" only i% !er)ice to the "e%en"ant in per!on cannot be ma"e "e!pite allo#ing rea!onable time to "o !o& So i% the !ummon! #a! a""re!!e" to the re!i"ence o% the "e%en"ant an" !heri5 #ent there( the "e%en"ant ha" gone to mar,et( #hen the !heri5 arri)e"( the "e%en"ant #a! not there( but hi! #i%e #a! there( !ub!titute" !er)ice may be ma"e to a per!on o% !u1cient age an" "i!cretion re!i"ing in the !ame place #here the "e%en"ant re!i"e! a! in"icate" in the !ummon!& ")&o So although the "e%en"ant #a! not aroun" #hen the !heri5 came #hen !er)e" !ummon!( !er)ing the !ummon! to the #i%e o% "e%en"ant i! '. BA70K %or being a !ub!titute" !er)ice& .hi! cannot ta,e the place o% per!onally !er)ing it i% a%ter all it i! !till po!!ible to !er)e it per!onally&o .he "e%en"ant i! not aroun"( an" there i! no "e*nite time #hen he #ill be aroun"( i% the "e%en"ant #oul" be out o% hi! re!i"ence %or a time that i! alrea"y incon!i!tent #ith #hat i! rea!onable then an" only then may the !heri5 !er)e !ummon! by !ub!titute" !er)ice&o 0% in an o1ce to that in charge o% that o1ce or bu!ine!! o% !u1cient age an" "i!cretion"#& Bali" !er)ice i! pi)otal to ha)e a )ali" /u"gment an" properly en%orce"& 0% not %ailure o% "ue proce!! o% la#& 0t i! by !ummon! that "e%en"ant i! in%orme" o% the ca!e *le" again!t him an" gi)en opportunity to be hear" through an!#er *le"& "D&2& .he rule! allo# upon lea)e o% court !er)ing !ummon! by publicationo Publication al#ay! re-uire an application *le" in the court #here the ca!e i! *le" a!,ing %or lea)e o% court or permi!!ion o% the court to !er)e !ummon! by publication !o thi! manner o% !er)ing !ummon! cannot be ha" #ithout prior lea)e o% court& o ote: the in!tance! #hen !ummon! may be !er)e" by publication& 9out!i"e the!e in!tance! !er)ice !ummon! by publication i! not allo#e":Ko not thin, that i% per!onal an" !ub!titute" !er)ice cannot be "one publication can be ma"eO 'P 0t #ill only be )al"ly "one i% the courtallo#e" it to be "oneP Proper application mu!t be *le" in a court #here ca!e #a! *le"& 0% court grante" lea)e( then the court #ill i!!ue an or"er to thi! e5ect& ot only the !ummon! #ill be publi!he" by al!o a copy o% the complaint #hich i! to be attache" to the !ummon!( al!o the court or"er appro)ing the !er)ice o% !ummon! by publication&"y&o .he court or"er then #ill !peci%y the ne#!paper o% general circulation #here publication i! tobe "one t i! not the pri)y o% the plainti5 to publi!h the !ummon! an" other paper at hi! o#n "i!cretion& .hi! i! controlle" by the court& "J&o Publication i! not complete #ithout copie! o% the paper #here it #a! publi!he"& 0t al!o by regi!tere" mail to the la!t ,no#n a""re!! o% the "e%en"ant an" all hi! coun!el an" proo% o% !er)ice by publication an" the regi!tere" mail mu!t be *le" in court to atte!t to the proper !er)ice o% the !ummon! by publication& ea&o Ienerally( !er)ing !ummon! by publication "oe! not operate i% the action in)ol)e" i! an action in per!onam& Ienerally( publication i! allo#e" only in action! in rem or -ua!i+ in rem& Hut #here the "e%en"ant i! a re!i"ent o% the Philippine! but temporarily out o% the country !ummon! may be !er)e" upon him by !ub!titute" !er)ice or by publication& 6ithout regar" to the nature o% the action& He%ore( publication i! limite" only to in rem or -ua!i in rem( but !ince the ne# rule! allo# !er)ing !ummon! by publication #here the "e%en"ant i! a re!i"ent o% the Philippine! but temporarily out i% the country( it i! !ubmitte" that thi! ha! no regar" #hether the action i! one in per!onam or in rem or -ua!i in rem& 0% the "e%en"ant i! not a re!i"ent o% the RP an" publication i! ha"( an" action i! in per!onam( that publication i! not a )ali" !ummon 6hether the action i! in per!onam( in rem or -ua!i in rem i! not !ynonymou! to a real or per!onal action&eb&+ 6hether the action i! per!onal or real action( i! "etermine" by the !ub/ect matter in)ol)e" in the action& + .he action i! regar"e" a! per!onal i% the !ub/ect matter thereo% aro!e %rom a claim o% money or "amage! or ari!e! out o% the pri)ity o% contract& + 0t i! a real action #hen the !ub/ect matter thereo% i! real property or intere!t therein& .hi! cla!!i*cation o% action i! rele)ant to the "etermination o% Benue& + 6hether the action i! in per!onam or in rem i! "etermine" by the bin"ing e5ect o% the /u"gement that may be ren"ere" in the ca!e&+ 0% the /u"gement that may be ren"ere" in the ca!e i! bin"ing only on the partie! litigate" an" their !ucce!!or in intere!t o% pri)ie!( then it i! an action in per!onam&+ 0% the action #oul" bring about a /u"gement that i! bin"ing not only upon the litigant! but any party#ho may be min"e" to rai!e a claim on the !ub/ect matter o% the action then it i! an action in rem+ 'bligation i! generally re-uire" o% !uch action a! a re-uirement o% "ue proce!! o% la#& Since not only the litigant! #ill be boun" by the /u"gement ren"ere" but any other per!on that may be min"e" to rai!e a claim on the !ub/ect matter o% the ca!e( then "ue proce!! re-uire! that there mu!t be publication to in%orm all about the pen"ency o% the action&+ .he action i! regar"e" a! -ua!i in rem #here the /u"gement #ill be bin"ing only upon the litigant! their pri)ie! or !ucce!!or! in intere!t but he /u"gement !hall be eDecute" again!t a particular property only by the "e%en"ant& So it i! the property or the re! in)ol)e" that #ill an!#er %or the /u"gement although the /u"gement can only bin" the partie! to the action an" pri)ie! or !ucce!!or!in intere!t& ot anybo"y can claim the bene*t o% the /u"gement&+ 6here the action i! in per!onam( !er)ing !ummon! by publication I33RA778 i! not allo#e"( the party litigant mu!t be in%orme" o% the ca!e in per!on not by publication& 6here ho#e)er the action in per!onam ha! been con)erte" to an action -ua!i in rem( the /u"gement that may be ren"ere" out o% the property in)ol)e" in the action an" the e5ect #ill be again!t all #ho may lay a claim on that property& So i% the nature o% the action i! one in per!onam( an" the "e%en"ant i! not a re!i"ent o% the Philippine!( !er)ing !ummon! by publication! #ill not be allo#e" unle!! the action i! con)erte" to an action -ua!i+ in rem& .hi! i! "one by plainti5 or hi! coun!el locating any property !ituate" in the Philippine! #here the "e%en"ant ha! an intere!t or the "e%en"ant claim! a right to the property in)ol)e"& .he plainti5 or hi! coun!el may cau!e the preliminary attachment o% that property in or"er to con)ert the action to -ua!i in rem in!tea" o% an action in per!onam& So the /u"gement that #ill be ren"ere" in the ca!e #ill be bin"ing upon the partie! to the ca!e but the !ame #ill be !ati!*e" out o% the property attache" locate" an" !ituate" in the Philippine! authoriJe! !er)ing !ummon! by publication& ec&e"& Publication i! not legally allo#e" may be con)erte" to an action at lea!t -ua!i in rem to allo# !er)ing !ummon! thru publication& .hi! i! "one by locating any property #here the "e%en"ant ha! any intere!t %oun" in the Philippine! an" ha)e the!e propertie! attach by a #rit o% preliminary attachment( by that attachment ma,e! the action initially in per!onam to a -ua!i in rem&ee&e%& Hut that i! true only %or a! long a! the "e%en"ant #ho #a! !ue" in the action ha! not yet *le" hi! an!#er or ha! not yet appeare" in the ca!e& 'nce /uri!"iction o)er the action o% the "e%en"ant i! ac-uire"( the action re)ert! bac, to an action in per!onam an" there%ore notice! o% the procee"ing! mu!t be !ent or !er)e" t the "e%en"ant litigant in per!on& 0t i! only %or purpo!e! o% !er)ing !ummon! that the action i! con)erte" into an action -ua!i in rem& 'nce /uri!"iction i! ac-uire" it re)ert! bac, to in per!onam !o any !ub!e-uent notice! mu!t be !er)e" in the manner applicable to action in per!onam not by publication anymore& eg&eh& P7A0.0>> GCR0SK0C.0' 'B3R A0S P3RS' + i! ac-uire" by the court upon the *ling o% the complaint& Ko not thin, that !ummon! are to be !er)e" to plainti5 thi! i! true only to the "e%en"ant& 6here the action i! one in rem or -ua!i in rem/uri!"iction o)er the action i! ac-uire" the moment the court ac-uire! /uri!"iction o)er the re! or matter in)ol)e" in the litigation& .he "e%en"ant i! !er)e #ith !ummon! only to comply #ith the re-uirement o% "ue proce!! o% la#& Pre%erential /uri!"iction o)er the re! or matter in)ol)e" i! the one important&ei&+ 6here the /uri!"iction i! on the plainti5 upon the *ling o% the complaint in court( /uri!"iction o)er the per!on o% the plainti5 i! ac-uire" becau!e he !ubmit! to the /uri!"iction o% the court& So i% he *le! in the #rong court #hich ha! no /uri!"iction o)er the matter( the plainti5 can no longer rai!e the -ue!tion that the court #hich ren"ere" /u"gment on the ca!e ha! no /uri!"iction o)er the action!ince it #a! he #ho brought about the /uri!"iction o% the court erroneou!ly& Plainti5 i! e!toppe" or preclu"e" %rom -ue!tioning the /uri!"iction o% the court #here he *le" hi! complaint& Cpon !uch *ling( the court ac-uire! /uri!"iction o)er the plainti5( !o he cannot a!!ail that /uri!"iction i! "e%ecti)e( only "e%en"ant can rai!e thi!&e/&+ 0n the matter o% !er)ing !ummon!( you #ill notice un"er rule 14 that rule! pro)i"e %or a "5erent !er)ice o% !ummon! to nature per!on! an" /uri"ical per!on!& 0n the ca!e o% /uri"ical per!on!( the rule! "i!tingui!he! #hether the /uri"ical entity i! a "ome!tic corporation or partner!hip or the !ame i! a %oreign corporation or partner!hip&e,&+ 0n the ca!e o% a partner!hip( note that /uri"ical per!onality i! ac-uire" only i% the partner!hip #a! regi!tere" in accor"ance #ith la# #ith the S3C other#i!e it i! only an or"inary partner!hip not regi!tere" not /uri"ical per!on& 0t mu!t be reg!ter" accor"ing to la# #ith the S3Cel&+ 0n the ca!e o% "ome!tic /uri"ical entitie!( in a corporation !ummon! mu!t be !er)e" to the pre!i"ent( the general manager( the corporate !ecretary( the trea!urer or the in hou!e coun!el o% the corporation& An" it mu!t be in that or"er o% pre%erence& So !er)ing the !ummon! to the general manager #here the pre!i"ent #a! there i! there i! not )ali"& Cnle!! it #a! !ho#n that the general manager ga)e the !ummon! to the pre!i"ent the !er)ice to the pre!i"ent i! e-ui)alently e5ecte" al!o& So i% thi! or"er o% !er)ing !ummon! #a! not %ollo#e" a motion to "i!mi!! the ca!e on the groun" that !ummon! #a! not !er)e" upon the "e%en"ant may be *le"& em&+ .he rule! no# !pea, o% the trea!urer not the ca!hier& .rea!urer a! an o1cer o% the corporation& .he rule no# ma"e it categorical that the !er)ice #here the pre!i"ent or general manager i! not a)ailable mu!t be ma"e to the corporate !ecretary& He%ore it #a! only ?!ecretary@ it #a! con%u!e" to inclu"e pri)ate !ecretary& o# it i! !peci*c to be the corporate !ecretary a! *le" in the S3C& the la#yer #ho may al!o be !er)e" !ummon! mu!t be an 0 A'CS3 la#yer& en&+ Regi!tere" partner!hip !er)e" to the managing partner& ot /u!t to any partner&eo&+ >oreign corporation *n" out #hether it ha! a re!i"ent agent in the Philippine! becau!e he i! "oing bu!ine!! here( or he "oe! not ha)e a re!i"ent agent& 0% the %oreign corporation ha! one !er)ice !hall not be ma"e to pre!i"ent( gen magager( etc& it !hall be !er)e" to the re!i"ent agent( an" i% the corporation ha! no re!i"ent agent an" it i! "oing bu!ine!! here( then un"er the K.0( !ummon! !hall be !er)e" to the public o1ce eDerci!ing !uper)i!ion o)er the %oregin corporation 9eDample in!urance company to the in!urance commi!!ioner( i% o5!hore ban,ing unit to the !uperinten"ent o% the Central ban,:ep&+ 0% the !e-uence i! not %ollo#e" then !er)ice o% !ummon! may be regar"e" a! in)ali" an" there%ore /uri!"iction i! not ac-uire" o)er the "e%en"ant& .here i! ho#e)er a ruling by the !upreme court that although a corporation #a! not properly !er)e" #ith !ummon! i% a%ter all the corporation i! in%orme" that the ca!e ha" been *le" again!t it( !uch corporation !houl" not capitaliJe on the improper !er)ice o% !ummon! but !houl" *le a motion to "i!mi!! to in%orm the court that !ummon! #a! !er)e" to it improperly& 0% the "e%en"ant corporation !imply ,ept -uiet on the erroneou! !er)ice o% !ummon! an" the !heri5 *le" a return in court that !ummon! #a! !er)e" to the "e%en"ant to thi!a""re!!( the court #ill rely on the return *le" by the !heri5( ha! the bene*t o% goo" %aith becau!e o%the pre!umption that public o1cer! per%orm their "utie! #ith regularity& Aere he mu!t ma,e an a1rmati)e !tep i% he ,ne# about the *ling o% the ca!e& .here i! ba" %aith in thi! !ituation&e-&+ 0t #oul" be "i5erent i% the erroneou! !er)ice "enie" the "e%en"ant "ue notice #here he ne)er learne" about he action& SC : %ailure o% "ue proce!!& ot properly in%orme"& So no /u"gment #ill be)ali"& er&e!&et& 34.RA.3RR0.'R0A7 S3RB0I '> SC=='S+ 3)en !er)ing !ummon! in per!on to the "e%en"ant can be "one eDtra territorially& 0% a ca!e #a! *le"a per!on in the CS( an" here i! a %ello# #ho ,no#! the "e%en"ant an" he #a! re-ue!te" by the plainti5 to !er)e the !ummon! to that "e%en"ant in per!on abroa"& .hat cannot be "on$t #ithout lea)e o% court& Cn"er!tan" that !ummon! a! a /u"icial porce!! can only be !er)e" #ithin the /uri!"iction o% the court& eu&+ 0% upon hearing( that per!on #ho )olunteere" to !er)e the !ummon ha! a!!ure" the court that he #ill "o it( the court may then "eputiJe the per!on to !er)e !ummon! to one #ho i! abroa"( that per!onal !er)ice can only be "one upon proper application to the court #here the ca!e i! *le" an" upon proper hearing #here lea)e o% court i! gi)en %or the !ummon! to be !er)e" eDtra territorially& e)&+ 6here the action *le" again!t "e%en"ant abroa" in)ol)e! the per!onal !tatu! o% the plainti5( that procee"ing i! in rem& So !er)ing !ummon! either by publication or per!onal !er)ice #ith prior lea)e or court i! !till )ali"& .he action i! an action in rem& 'r #here !ummon! i! !er)e" an" it in)ol)e! property locate" in the Philippine! #here the "e%en"ant ha! intere!t claim! a right in rem F publication !ummon! i! al!o )ali"&e#&eD& Sub!titution !er)ice i! not really in the nature o% !ub!titution !er)ice F only "one i% not po!!ible to be "one in per!on& SC metione" that i% !heri5 came to hou!e o% "e%en"ant( the !heri5 !houl" a!, #here the "e%en"ant i! an" *n" out i% he i! to come bac,& .he !heri5 mu!tgo bac,& Ae i! not allo#e" to ma,e /u!t one attempt& 3arne!t e5ort mu!t be eDerci!e" to !eeto it that !er)ing !ummon! #oul" be complie" #ith&ey&e3- CAPTER )/a- Fo1r$& S$e% De/endan$A# o%$"on# a/$er &a0"ng been #er0ed 2"$& #1''on#/b-/.-%"& 'P.0'SABA07AH73.'K3>3KA.CK3R.A3RC73S'>C'CR.A>.3RAAB0IH33S3RB3K 60.A SC=='S:!- >ile a ='.0' .' K0S=0SS un"er RC73 16M+- >ile a ='.0' >'R H077 '> PAR.0CC7ARS un"er RC73 22M;- >ile a ='.0' >'R SC==AR8 GCKI=3. un"er RC73 2;M)- >ile an AS63R in accor"ance #ith RC73S 6( 7( C'CRS3 or ='.0' R3IARK3K AS A =A..3R'> C'CRS3& .he!e are =otion! that "o not a5ect the right o% the a")er!e party but only a""re!! onthe !oun" "i!cretion o% the Court acting on the ca!e& %J& 3D: =otion %or the 3Dten!ion o% .ime+ R3AS' #hy you ha)e to "i5erentiate a 70.0IA.3K ='.0' %rom a ='.0' '> C'CRS3 : a 70.0IA.3K ='.0' #oul" only parta,e a! a mere !crap o% paper C73SS it carrie! #ith it a'.0C3 '> A3AR0I #hich i! a""re!! to the a")er!e party in%orming the latter o% the "atean" time that =otion !houl" be argue" in Court& So that the a")er!e party #ill appear in thecourt #ithin the place an" time !peci*e" in the notice& 6hen a 70.0IA.3K ='.0' i! #ithout a otice o% #hen the motion i! to be hear"( thi! i!#hat i! calle" an ?34 PAR.3 ='.0'&@ A litigate" motion cannot be re!ol)e" by the court eDparte becau!e it #oul" )iolate the con!titutional pro)i!ion on the "ue proce!! o% la#& 'nly the ='.0' '> C'CRS3 that the court may act upon eD parte e)en #ithout notice o%hearing to the a")er!e party becau!e it i! only a""re!! to the !oun" "i!cretion o% the court& ga&gb& RC73 16: ='.0' .' K0S=0SS+ '7K RC73: 0% "e%en"ant *le! a =otion to "i!mi!!( the perio" %or reacting i! )acate" until the motioni! re!ol)e" #hether grante" or "enie"& 0% the =otion i! "enie"( the "e%en"ant #ill ac-uire a ne#perio" to an!#er the complaint #hich mean! another 1; "ay!&+ '6: upon *ling o% the =otion to Ki!mi!!( the perio" that ha! alrea"y elap!e" #ill be "e"ucte"%rom the perio" allo#e" %or the "e%en"ant to react to the !ummon!& Aence( i% "e%en"ant *le" a =otion to Ki!mi!! on the ;th"ay( he #ill only ha)e 10 "ay! toan!#er the complaint i% the motion #a! "enie"& 0% themotioni!*le"beyon"1;"ay!%romthereceipt o% !ummon( hei!con!i"ere"in"e%ault& Ao#e)er( the ne# rule allo#! the "e%en"ant i% he *le! the motion to "i!mi!! #ithin the la!t ;"ay!o%theperio" allo#e"%orhimto react( %oratlea!t;"ay!to*lean an!#erto thecomplaint& gc& 3D: A *le" =K on the 11th "ay %rom the "ate o% the receipt o% !ummon!& Hut the Court"enie" the =K& A !till ha! a perio" o% ; "ay! to an!#er the complaint& g"&+ '7K RC73: #hen a ca!e i! *le" in #rong )enue( the "e%en"ant can -ue!tion the *ling o% the ca!eonly through a =otion to Ki!mi!!& An" in the =otion to Ki!mi!!( he i! not allo#e" to rai!e any othergroun" %or "i!mi!!al that #ill re-uire the court ton rule on any other groun"& .he implication i! thatit i! tantamount to telling the court that it i! not the proper court to act on the ca!e !o that i% herai!e" any other groun"( thi! i! incompatible #ith the groun" o% improper )enue&+'6: #hate)er i! the groun" among tho!e enumerate" in Rule 16 the "e%en"ant may either *le a=K or *le an An!#er #here the groun"! in the =K are rai!e" a! a matter o% "e%en!e& +0% the "e%en"ant *le! a =K( thi! i! not a plea"ing& 0% he *le! an An!#er #here he rai!e" the groun"in the =K a! an a1rmati)e "e%en!e thi! i! a plea"ing& + 0% thegroun"%or "i!mi!!al #a!rai!e"intheAn!#er( themo)eo% theplainti5toamen"hi!complaint to a)oi" the grant o% "i!mi!!al #ill re-uire prior lea0e o/ .o1r$& Hut i% the "e%en"ant *le!a =K& #hich i! not a plea"ing( the plainti5 can amen" the complaint e)en #ithout lea)e o% court&+ 6hy: becau!e it i! only #hen the plea"ing i! *le" that amen"ment cannot be ma"e #ithout priorlea)e o% court& + ?7ea)e o% court@ mean! permi!!ion o% the court& ge&+ '7K RC73: .here are only t#o groun"! be%ore #hich cannot be rai!e" in the An!#er an" there%ore i%the!e groun"! #oul" be rai!e" by the "e%en"ant( he cannot a)oi" the *ling o% a =K& An" the!e are:1& 0mproper )enue( an"2& 7ac, o% /uri!"iction o)er the per!on o% the "e%en"ant&g%& All other groun"! may be rai!e" either in the =K or a! an a1rmati)e "e%en!e in the An!#er&+ '6: all the groun"! in the =K may either be rai!e" in the =K or in an An!#er& Hut any groun" notrai!e" #hether in the =K or in the An!#er i! alrea"y 6A0B3K an" cannot be rai!e" any %urther& Aence( i% "e%en"ant *le! =K #ithout rai!ing groun"! that he may rai!e( he may not !tate!uch groun" in the An!#er& Ae can only rai!e thi! groun" in the An!#er i% he "i" not *le a=K& Ao#e)er( the rule that groun"! that are not rai!e" in the =Kare "eeme" #ai)e"pre!uppo!e! that the groun"! in)ol)e" are #ai)able& Hecau!e there are groun"! #hich arenot #ai)able becau!e they are matter! o% la#& gg& 34: .he action i! ba!e" on a labor "i!pute thi! i! beyon" the /uri!"iction o%or"inarycourt!but#ithinthe/uri!"ictiono% the7RC& Soe)eni% the"e%en"ant"i" not *le a =K( it i! not con!i"ere" a! #ai)er& Hecau!e /uri!"iction o)er!ub/ect matter i! con%erre" by la# an" beyon" the #ill o% the partie! to control&gh& '.3: .AK3 '.3 '> .A3 IR'CKS 6A0CA AR3 '. 6A0BAH73& g"-+ I33RA7 RC73: i% a =K i! alrea"y *le"( no other !ub!e-uent =K can be *le"& 'nly o ne =K&+ 34C3P.0': i% the !ub!e-uent =Krai!e! a groun" #hich i! '. 6A0BAH73( the *ling o% a!ub!e-uent =K i! allo#e"& + R3AS': .he!e groun"! #hich are not #ai)able i% rai!e" #oul" be %or the bene*t o% the court !othat it #ill not be acting in %utility& + Although a =K i! *le"( it "oe! not %ollo# that the court #ill grant !uch =K& + Hecau!e i% the "e%ect rai!e" can be correcte" by mere amen"ment( the court may /u!t re-uire theplainti5 to amen" in!tea" o% "i!mi!!ing the !ame& .hi! i! to a)oi" multiplicity o% !uit& + .he "i!mi!!al coul" only be "one i% the groun"! rai!e" cannot be correcte" by mere amen"ment& + .he court are prohibite" %rom re!ol)ing =K #ithout granting or "enying it but !imply by i!!uing anor"er !tating that the groun" rai!e" in the =K "oe! not appear to be in"ubitable& Hecau!e in *nethi! mean! "i!mi!!alor "enialo% the =K& .hi! i! prohibite" becau!e it i! pro)en to be a moneyma,ing !cheme o% the court! an" i! tainte" #ith corruption&+ TC3S.0': can a "e%en"ant *le more than 1 =KN+ AS63R: Ienerally( '& Hecau!e #hen =K i! *le" all groun"! not rai!e" are "eeme" #ai)e"& g/& 3Dception!( 1: a!ub!e-uent =Kcanbe*le"i% thegroun"rai!e"inthe!ub!e-uent=K i! '. 83. ABA07AH73 at the time #hen the =K #a!*le"&g,& 2:#hen thegroun" rai!e" in the =K i! '. 6A0BAH73& gl&+ ote: H3>'R3 #hen an action #hich mu!t be re%erre" to the appropriate barangay #hich i! a con"itionprece"ent be%ore re%erring it to court i! not complie" #ith( the groun" #hich mu!t be rai!e" in the =Kcan be Iroun" 9/: ?a con"ition prece"ent i! not complie" #ith@ or 9b: ?the lac, o% /uri!"iction o)er the!ub/ect matter o% the action@& gm& '6: .hi! i! no longer an appropriate groun"& .he only appropriate groun" i! 9/: acon"ition prece"ent i! not complie" #ith& 'ther#i!e( the court #ill !imply "eny the =K& + .hi! i! al!o the appropriate groun" in ca!e! o% the "i!pute bet#een %amily member! #here the Ci)ilCo"e re-uire! litigant! to *r!t be gi)en the opportunity to compromi!e& + 0% the groun" rai!e" i! not the correct groun" then the =K !hall be "enie"& + Aence( i% there #a! no groun" %or #hich the "e%en"ant may *le a =K !o that 1!t option i! not open tohim& Ae may ho#e)er a)ail o% other option! a)ailable to him un"er the Rule!& gn&go-+ND OPTION- FILE A 8OTION FOR BILL OF PARTICULARS 1nder RULE ++gp& H077 '> PAR.0CC7AR-i! a !tatement o% the matter !ub/ect o% the ca!e "ome #ithparticularity %or the a")er!e party to un"er!tan" #hat i! being complaine" again!t&+ '7K RC73: A Hill o% Particular 9HP: may be *le" on 2 groun"!:1&that the allegation in the complaint lac, !u1cient particularity !o much !o that the "e%en"ant i!pre)ente" %rom ma,ing an intelligent re!pon!e to the plea"ing& 2& .he nece!!ary particulariJation i! nee"e" %or the "e%en"ant to enter trial& g-&+ .hi! motion to be *le" re-uire! to !peci%y 2 thing!: 1& 0t !houl" point out the "e%ect "e!ire" to be clari*e" by the HP&2& 0t !houl" point out the paragraph #here !uch allegation that nee"! to be particulariJe" i! %oun"&gr& PCRP'S3: %or the court to "etermine #hether: the HP i! not merely "ilatory an"to "etermine #hether the "e%en"ant un"er!tan"! the complaint& g!& Aence( i% the paragraph i! ambiguou! then the court #ill grant the HP& 0% it i! alrea"yclear the court #ill "eny& 2& 0t !houl" point out the particular! "e!ire"& gt&+ 6hen a motion i! allo#e" un"er the Rule but on !peci*c groun"( an" i% !uch motion #a! *le" noton the groun" !peci*e" in the Rule!( the !ame i! calle" BPRO FOR8AC- An" it "oe! not ha)e anylegal e5ect& .he ?pro %orma@ motion i! regar"e" !imply a! "ilatory& Al!o #hen the "e%en"ant ma,e!hi! o#n Rule an" not the rule! pro)i"e" by the court then the court #ill not grant that&+ 0% the=otion%orHP"oe!not!peci%ythe!e2thing!thenthemotion#ill beregar"e"a!?pro%orma@&+ .heHPmu!tbe*le"#ithintheperio"allo#e"bytheRule!%orthe"e%en"anttoreacttothe!ummon& .he e5ect i! parallel to the =K& Cpon *ling a =otion %or HP the perio" %or *ling an An!#er i!interrupte" an" !u!pen"e"& .he "e%en"ant #ill ha)e the remaining perio" to *le an An!#erin ca!e! #hen HP i! "enie"& .he perio" i! not )acate"& 6hen the =otion %or HP i! *le" at lea!t ; "ay! be%ore the eDpiration o% the perio" to *le anAn!#er to the !ummon( the court #ill allo# the perio" o% not more than ; "ay! a%ter thereceipt o% the or"er "enying the HP( %or the "e%en"ant to *le hi! An!#er& + 6hen a Hp i! *le"( the particulariJe" allegation %orm! part o% the plea"ing that the plainti5 ha!*le"& .hi! mean! that it %orm! part o% the allegation! o% the complaint& .hi! i! legally !igni*cant&Cn"er the Rule! o% 3)i"ence( the allegation! o% a plea"er in the plea"ing *le" parta,e! the nature o%a /u"icial a"mi!!ion!& Ae i! not allo#e" to contra"ict thi! anymore becau!e the /u"icial a"mi!!ion!are conclu!i)e again!t the party ma,ing the !ame& + Cnle!! the allegation! #ere allo#e" by the court to be #ith"ra#n or amen"e" becau!e it i! pro)ento ha)e been ma"e out o% mi!ta,e( the motion cannot be mo"i*e" anymore& .he plainti5 mu!t *r!t*lea=otion%or7ea)eo% Courttocurethemi!ta,e& 6ithoutthatthemi!ta,eturn!outtobeconclu!i)e&+ 36RC73S: theHPmaybea!,e"%orbythe"e%en"antonlyi% thenece!!aryparticulariJationpre)ent!him%rom*linganAn!#er& .heothergroun"#hichtheol"rule!allo#e"i!nolongerallo#e" here& .he HP cannot be a)aile" o% to enable the other party to prepare %or trial& + Al!o( HPcanonlybea)aile"o% #henthe"e%en"ant ha!not yet *le"anAn!#er& 6henthe"e%en"ant ha! alrea"y *le" one( the purpo!e %or motion %or HP "i!appear!&+ 6hentheCourt grant!the=otion%orHP( the"utyo% the"e%en"ant to*leanAn!#ertothecomplaint remain! !u!pen"e" until the plainti5 comply #ith the or"er an" *le a HP& + Ienerally( the court or"ering plainti5 to !ubmit the HP !peci*e! the perio" #ithin #hich the plainti5!houl" comply& 0% the or"er "oe! not !tate a perio"( Rule 12 !tate! he !hall ha)e 10 "ay!& + 0% the plainti5 %ail! to comply #ith the court or"er #ithin the perio" gi)en by the court or #ithin 10"ay!( the court upon motion o% the "e%en"ant may !tri,e out the allegation #here the ambiguity#hich re-uire! particulariJation& + 0% thematter that re-uire!particulariJationa5ect!thecau!eo% actiona!a#hole( theentirecomplaint may be !tric,en out o% the recor"& Aence( no more ca!e&+ .he HP a! an option i! a)ailable only %or the "e%en"ant an" not the plainti5& Hecau!e the plainti5allege! an" the "e%en"ant only an!#er! the allegation!& .hi! option i! limite" only %or thepreparationo% theAn!#er i% the"e%en"ant cannot prepareanintelligent An!#er becau!etheallegation o% the plainti5 lac,! particularity& &+ An" i% there i! no rea!on to a)ail o% the HP( another option a)ailable %or the "e%en"ant un"er Rule!o% court i! a =otion %or Summary Gu"gment& gu&g0- ;RD OPTION- 8OTION FOR SU88ARY :UDG8ENT 1nder RULE ;oreign 0n!urance Company+ '1ce o% the 0n!urance Commi!!ionerhe& >oreign .ra"ing Company+ K.0 .he perio" %or *ling an An!#er i! 20 "ay! a%ter the notice #a! !er)e" by that go)ernmento1cer to the %oreign corp& #hich #a! the "e%en"ant o% the ca!e&h%& 0% the !ummon #a! !er)e" by publication( the perio" i! at lea!t 60 "ay! a%ter notice i! !er)e"re-uiring the "e%en"ant to *le hi! an!#er un"er Sec& 14 o% Rule 14&hg&&&- CAPTER ile a =otion %or Summary Gu"gment un"er Rule 244 >ile a Reply&l-&'- !#$ o%$"on- F"le a 8o$"on $o De.lare $&e De/endan$ "n De/a1l$ 4R1le FE Se.- ;6&n- .hi! motion i! proper in 2 !ituation!:! 6here the "e%en"ant "i" not *le any an!#er or re!pon!i)e plea"ing to the complaint "e!pite)ali" !er)ice o% !ummon!&+ 6here the "e%en"ant *le" an!#er or re!pon!i)e plea"ing but beyon" the reglementary perio"%or *ling an an!#er& ; 6herethe"e%en"ant*le"an!#erincourtbut%ail!to!er)etheplainti5#ithacopyo%hi!an!#er in the manner re-uire" by the rule!& .he con!e-uence i! o >iling o% an an!#er #a!ma"e&ho&hp& 0mportant a!pect!:+ .hi! i!apri)ilegeo%theplainti5& 0%he #oul"not*lethi! motion e)enthoughthe*lingo%the"e%en"ant o% the re!pon!i)e plea"ing i! long o)er"ue the court i! not competent to "eclare the"e%en"ant in "e%ault& 0n!tea" the court may "i!mi!! the action on the groun" o% %ailure to pro!ecuteon the part o% the plainti5& Aence( there mu!t be a motion o% that e5ect ma"e by the plainti5& .hi!"i!mi!!al i! pro)i"e" %or un"er Rule 17& + 2n"!ituation: the"e%en"ant *le"an!#er or re!pon!i)eplea"ingbut beyon"thereglementaryperio"%or*linganan!#er& 0% any!tepre-uire"bytherule!tobeta,enbyalitigant#ithina!peci*e" perio" o% time ha" not been ta,en( that or"er *le" by the litigant in court pur!uant to thatoption*le"outo% time!hall beregar"e"a!amere!crapo% paper& 0t#ill notha)eanylegal!tan"ing in court an" the court !houl" not act on that an!#er #hich #a! belate"ly *le"&+ 6here the "e%en"ant #oul" be *ling hi! an!#er but beyon" the perio" !peci*e"( the "e%en"ant!houl" *le a =otion to A"mit the an!#er #hich !houl" be anneD to the motion& Such =otion toA"mit !houl" !tate the rea!on #hy the "e%en"ant #a! not able to *le the re!pon!i)e plea"ing #ithinthe perio" *De" by the Rule! o% Court&+ 2r"!ituation: the "e%en"ant *le" an!#er in court but %ail! to !er)e the plainti5 #ith a copy o% hi!an!#er in the manner re-uire" by the rule!& + Cn"er Rule 12 eDcept a! to the *ling o% the Complaint all other !ub!e-uent plea"ing( motion! ormemoran"a !houl" be con!i"ere" *le" only i% the a")er!e party in the ca!e i! properly !er)e" #itha copy o% that an!#er or plea"ing or memoran"a&+ Sec 11 Rule 12: Ser)ice o% any plea"ing !ub!e-uent to a complaint may be "one per!onally( or byregi!tere" mail( or by !ub!titute" !er)ice& - 0% copy %or the a")er!e party #a! not !er)e" per!onally( let u! !ay !er)e" by regi!tere" mail or!ub!titute"manner( Sec11re-uire!theparty!er)ing!uchplea"ing( motionormemoran"atoeDplain #hy the copy #a! not !er)e" per!onally an" #hy it i! not practicable to "o !o& 'ther#i!e!uch plea"ing( motion or memoran"a not !er)e" per!onally #ithout eDplanation !hall be con!i"ere"a! '. >073K A. A77&+ '6: 6hen a "e%en"ant i! con!i"ere" in "e%ault( he cannot therea%ter participate in the trial o% theca!e unle!! he #oul" mo)e to !et a!i"e that or"er& Although #hene)er the plainti5 #oul" be *lingany legal paper in court( the "e%en"ant !till ha! the right to be !er)e" a copy o% !uch legal paper&An" he !hall recei)e a copy o% the or"er o% the court once it reache" it! )er"ict& .hi! i! pur!uant tothe re-uirement o% KC3 PR'C3SS&+ R3AS': i% the "e%en"ant #a! or"ere" by the court through Summon! to an!#er the complaint o%the plainti5( %ailure o% the "e%en"ant to obey the !ummon! i! tantamount to !nobbing the court&Aence the court al!o ha! the right to treat "e%en"ant a! '. A PAR.8 to the litigation( !o he i! notallo#e" to participate in the trial anymore&+ .he"e%en"ant#oul"regainhi!righttoparticipateinthetrial onlya%terthecourtgrante"hi!motion to !et a!i"e the or"er o% the court& + '7K RC73:'nce "e%en"ant i! "eclare" in "e%ault he totally lo!!e! hi! per!onality to participate inthe trial&Ae ha!no right to recei)e notice o% the hearing or copy o% the plea"ing! *le"by theplainti5& Ae can only ha)e a copy o% the or"er ma"e by the court( other than that( no more& + 0% the plainti5 ha! alrea"y complete" the pre!entation o% hi! e)i"ence #hen the court li%te" the"eclaration o% "e%ault again!t the "e%en"ant( the "e%en"ant #ill not ac-uire the opportunity to cro!!eDamine the plainti5$! #itne!!e! anymore& 6hat i! *ni!h i! *ni!h& 0t cannot "i!turb the or"er o% thetrial be%ore the "e%ault #a! li%te" or !et a!i"e& 0t cannot unma,e the procee"ing! alrea"y ta,en&+ Cn"er rule! on Ke%ault( a motion to "eclare a "e%en"ant in "e%ault cannot anymore be ma"e ?eDparte@ or #ithout the bene*t o% a hearing on that motion& + '7K RC73: once a "e%en"ant #a! "eclare" in "e%ault the court may allo# the plainti5 to pre!ente)i"ence on hi! complaint ?eD parte@ al!o or #ithout the "e%en"ant being pre!ent& + R3AS': the !ummon! i!!ue" by the court !o that "e%en"ant coul" an!#er the complaint& 6hen!uch !ummon i! not hee"e"( the "e%en"ant #ill not be allo#e" to inter%ere or *le an!#er anymore&+ '6: the court a%ter the "e%en"ant ha! been "eclare" in "e%ault may procee" #ith the ren"ition o%/u"gment by "e%ault again!t the "e%en"ant& .here #ill be no reception o% e)i"ence %or the plainti5anymore& + '7K: the %act that "e%en"ant ha! been "eclare" in "e%ault i! not an a!!urance that the plainti5 #ill#in& Hecau!e he i! re-uire" to a""uce e)i"ence to pro)e allegation! in hi! complaint& 0% he cannote!tabli!h the merit! o% hi! ca!e the court #ill "i!mi!! the ca!e& + '6: the plainti5 may not be re-uire" anymore to a""uce e)i"ence ?eD parte@ in !upport o% hi!complaint& .he court it!el% motu propioly procee" #ith the ren"ition o% /u"gment by "e%ault on theba!i! alone o% the allegation! in the complaint #ithout e)i"ence being pre!ente" by the plainti5& + 0n ren"ering !uch /u"gment( the Rule! gi)e! the trial court the "i!cretion to litigate the )ali"ne!! o%the claim praye" %or by the plainti5& So i% the court belie)e! that the claim o% the plainti5 i! o)erly!tate" the court may !imply re"uce the amount& A%ter all( the plainti5 "i" not e!tabli!h the !ame&+ Although thi! i! the rule( the plainti5 may *le motion in court to allo# him to a""uce e)i"ence toe!tabli!h the amount o% hi! claim e!pecially i% it #a! a claim %or "amage!& 'ther#i!e( the court #illprocee" to ren"er /u"gment& An" it may motu propio re"uce the amount o% "amage! that !houl" bea#ar"e"&+ 6hen thereare 2 ormore "e%en"antagain!t #hom plainti5 *le" hi!complaint i%the complaintplea"e" a common cau!e! o% action the court may or"er to procee" to ren"er /u"gment again!t all"e%en"ant becau!e it i! ba!e" on a common cau!e o% action& + 0% one o% the "e%en"ant *le" an an!#er an" the other! "i" not( i% the action i! ba!e" on a commoncau!e o% action the "e%en!e o% one #ill apply to another& Aence( e)en i% only one "e%en"ant *le" anan!#er an" the other! "i" not the ca!e #ill be "eci"e" on the ba!i! o% the an!#er *le" by thean!#ering "e%en"ant& Aence( no /u"gment by the court can be ren"ere" again!t the other non+an!#ering"e%en"ant i% a%ter all the"e%en"ant i!!ue"un"er acommoncau!eo% actionan"e)eryone one *le" an an!#er ba!e" on a common "e%en!e& + 34C3P.0': Hut i% the an!#ering "e%en"ant *le" hi! an!#er to the complaint an" rai!e" a"e%en!e per!onal to him only( li,e hi! minority( the court can procee" to ren"er /u"gmentagain!t tho!e#ho"i"not *le"anan!#er& Hecau!ea%ter all( thean!#er *le"bythean!#ering "e%en"ant cannot be u!e" %or the bene*t o% the other "e%en"ant! i% they are notminor!& .hat "e%en!e i! per!onal to the an!#ering "e%en"ant an" cannot be ta,en in %a)or o%other "e%en"ant&+ A!tothe"amageclaime"bytheplainti5( an"#herethe"e%en"ant"i"not*leanAn!#erorre!pon!i)e plea"ing the court can ren"er /u"gment #ithout e)i"ence a! to the amount o% "amage!claime" i% the "amage! claime" #ere in the nature o% a !tipulate" "amage!& 'ther#i!e( only claim%or "amage! un"er Ci)il Proce"urei!#hether a"mitte"bythea")er!eparty& 'nlyclaim%or"amage! mu!t at lea!t be !ub!tantiate" #ith e)i"ence by the claimant& Hecau!e "amage! al#ay!re-uire proo%&h-&+ '.3 >'R 1S. 'P.0':1 =otion %or the plainti5 i! nece!!ary& .he court cannot motu propio "aclare "e%en"ant in "e%ault#ithout motion by the plainti5&2 .he =otion to "eclar4e "e%en"ant in "e%ault can no longer be "eclare" by the court ex parte.2 =otion to "eclare "e%en"ant in "e%ault mu!t be "n 2r"$"ng an" the Rule! re-uire "ue notice o%hearing to the "e%en"ant be%ore he i! "eclare" in "e%ault& 0t mu!t be !che"ule" in the calen"aro% trial! o% the "ay&hr& '7K RC73: .he plainti5 may !imply mani%e!t to the court that the perio" %or *ling an!#erha" alrea"y lap!e" an" the "e%en"ant ha! not yet *le" hi! an!#er& An" thi! can be "one orallyon the "ate o% the initial trial&h!&+ 0n re!ol)ing the motion to "eclare "e%en"ant in "e%ault the mo)ant i! the one #ho !et the motion%or hearing& 0% not( the court #ill not bother to !et the motion %or hearing& 0t #ill remain only a! apiece o% paper& + .he !etting o% the motion %or hearing at mo!t mu!t be !che"ule" no$ 'ore $&an !I da(# a%ter the*ling o% that motion to the court #hich #ill re!ol)e the !ame&+ '7K RC73: the mo)ant may !che"ule the "ate o% hearing !o that the court may re!ol)e it e)enbeyon" the 10 "ay perio"& + 0% the "e%en"ant ha! complie" #ith the !ummon! an" *le" a re!pon!i)e plea"ing( a "eclaration o%the court i! not proper& So the 1!t option cannot be a)aile" o% un"er Rule 24 another option i! gi)enht&hu&&0- +nd o%$"on- F"le a 8o$"on /or :1dg'en$ on $&e Plead"ng 1nder R1le ;)+ 6hentheplainti5*le"thi!motiontheimplicationi!thatatrial ontheca!ei!notnece!!arybecau!e an!#er *le" by the "e%en"ant "oe! not ten"er an i!!ue& + ?"oe!notten"erani!!ue@mean!inproce"ural la#that there!pon!i)eplea"ing*le"bythea")er!e party "i"not "enyeDpre!!ly or implie"ly the allegation %ormingthe plainti5$!cau!eo%action& Aence( it implie! that the "e%en"ant a"mit the allegation& .here%ore the court can alrea"yren"er /u"gment ba!e" on the allegation! #hich are "eeme" a"mitte"&+ .hea"mi!!ion!o% theallegation!o% %actinthecomplaint mayari!ebecau!eo% the%ailureo%"e%en"ant to ma,e a !peci*c "enial& + Cn"er therule!( the"e%en"ant inma,ingthe"enial o% theplainti5$! cau!eo% actioninthecomplaint it re-uire! either toma,e!peci*c "enial #hich!er)e! a! anegati)e"e%en!e( or"e%en"ant may implie"ly a"mit the allegation! o% the plainti5 but he #oul" rai!e ne# matter! on"enying the claim! or "e%eat reco)ery o% the plainti5 un"er hi! complaint( thi! i! calle" a1rmati)e"e%en!e or con%e!!ion an" a)oi"ance& + 6hen the "e%en!e rai!e" by the "e%en"ant i! by #ay o% Con%e!!ion an" A)oi"ance the court mayre)er!etheor"er o% trial& 0n!tea"o% theplainti5pro)ing#hat heclaime"#hichi!implie"lya"mitte"( the court may or"er the "e%en"ant to pre!ent hi! e)i"ence& An" the plainti5 #ill onlypre!ent rebuttal e)i"ence& .hi! i! calle" trial in the re)er!e&+ 6hen the plainti5 *le" a motion %or /u"gment on the plea"ing in e5ect the plainti5 i! a!,ing thetrial court !implytoren"er /u"gment ba!e"on#hat areallege"ontheplea"ing*le"bythe"e%en"ant an" the plainti5& o trial #ill be con"ucte"& .he court #ill !imply ren"er /u"gment ba!e"on the allegation& + Aence( the plainti5 in e5ect !ubmit! hi! ca!e #ithout !ubmitting e)i"ence but only ba!e" on #hati! allege" in hi! complaint an" #hat i! allege" by the "e%en"ant by #ay o% "e%en!e in hi! An!#er&.hecourt cannot gotoanyother !ourceout!i"etheplainti5$!complaint an"the"e%en"ant$!an!#er in ren"ering /u"gment in the ca!e&+ Con!e-uently( !ince"amage! cannot bereco)ere"#ithout beingpro)en( ine5ect !tipulate""amage! al!o calle" li-ui"ate" "amage! are agree" upon by the partie!&Aence no nee" to pre!ente)i"ence to pro)e "amage!& Any claim other than thi!( the plainti5 ha! the obligation to pro)e or!ub!tantiate the claim! %or "amage!& 'ther#i!e( the court i! not allo#e" to grant "amage! #hichare not clearly pro)en by e)i"ence&+ 6hen the plainti5 *le" a motion %or /u"gment on the plea"ing the implication i! that the An!#er "i"not ren"er any i!!ue( #hich mean! that the an!#er %ail! to "eny the material allegation! in theplainti5$! cau!e o% action& + .he"e%en"ant$!%ailureto"enyi!notbecau!ehea"mit!theallegation& .hea"mi!!iono% theplainti5$!allegationi!acon!e-uencei% the"e%en"ant ma"ehi!"enial but not inthetenantre-uire" by the rule! o% court& + .he Rule! re-uire! that the "enial mu!t be ma"e in the particular language& .here i! a particularmanner o% !tating the "enial#hich the rule! re%erre" to a! ?!peci*c "enial@& ot e)ery "enial i!regar"e" a! a !peci*c "enial& .here are "enial! #hich are regar"e" a! implie" a"mi!!ion o% #hat#a! allege"& + 0% the court #ill re!ort to e)i"ence out!i"e o% the plea"ing *le" by the partie! to pro)e that theAn!#er "oe! not ten"er any i!!ue( the court then acte" in error& 6hate)er procee"ing therea%ter i!null an" )oi"& Hecau!e #hen a plainti5 *le" a =otion %or Gu"gment on the Plea"ing he in e5ect#ai)e! pre!enting any other e)i"ence beyon" #hat he allege" in hi! complaint an" beyon" #hatthe "e%en"ant allege" in hi! an!#er& o out!i"e e)i"ence or eDternal e)i"ence may be in-uire" into&+ 6henthi!i!nota)ailable( theplainti5i!allo#e"anotheroption( thati!( =otion%orSummaryGu"gment& &2-&,-;rd o%$"on- 8o$"on /or S1''ar( :1dg'en$ 1nder R1le ;)+ .hi! option i! al!o a)ailable to the "e%en"ant& + Cn"er Rule 24( Sec 1: i! %or the plainti5 to *le a =otion %or Summary Gu"gment 9SG:&+ Cn"er Rule 2; Sec 2: i! %or the "e%en"ant to *le a =otion %or SG& + .he =otion %or SG i! proper #hen trial i! not nece!!ary anymore becau!e the material allegation! inthe complaint or an!#er are not genuine& 0n other #or"!( the plea"ing o% the partie! allege! ani!!uebut that i!!uecanbe!ho#na!!hamor not genuinethrougha1"a)it!o% #itne!!e!orthrough"epo!ition! or througha"mi!!ion! or anyother e)i"enceconte!tingthetrutho% theallegation!& + 0%the"e%en"antcontentioni!thattheplainti5$!complaint%ail!to!tateacau!eo% action( theproper reme"y i! to *le a =otion to Ki!mi!! un"er Rule 16&+ Ki!tinction! !houl" be ma"e bet#een a ?Right o% Action@ an" a ?Cau!e o% Action@&+ .he ba!i! o% a =K i! a cau!e o% action an" not right o% action& Cau!e o% action re%er! to #hat areallege" in the complaint& + Right o% action re%er! to #hat the la# con%er! to the plainti5 to bring the action a! hi! right un"erthe la#& Hecau!e o% that right he can bring the action&+ Hut although the plainti5 ha! the right o% action but the plea"ing %ail! to !tate a cau!e o% actionthen the =K i! proper& + 6here the complaint !tate! a cau!e o% action but the cau!e o% action !tate" i! in reality not genuinean" it can be !ho#n by a1"a)it! o% tho!e #ho #itne!!e" the tran!action or "epo!ition! o% partie!in)ol)e" or by a"mi!!ion! ma"e by the partie! be%ore the action can be *le" or by any e)i"ence#hich can !ho# that #hat i! being claime" i! a !ham or not genuine( the complaint !till !tate! acau!e o% action& Aence( =K i! not the proper reme"y but a =otion %or SG&+ =otion %or SG #hether a)ailable to the plainti5 or to the "e%en"ant can only be a proper option i%there i! no i!!ue o% %act at all that #ill re-uire a trial& 0% there #a! a i!!ue o% %act that #ill re-uire!ubmi!!ion o% e)i"ence a motion %or the court to ren"er !ummary /u"gment i! not proper&+ 0% the court acte" %a)orably in that motion an" procee"e" to ren"er /u"gment #ithout bene*t o% thetrial the court acte" illegally& 6hate)er /u"gment the court ren"ere" pur!uant to that motion i! nullan" )oi" ab initio&+ Aence( =otion %or SG i! a)ailable only #hen there i! total ab!ence o% %act! that mu!t be thre!he" outin the trial& .hat i! #hy the trial i! "i!pen!e" #ith& + Since thi! #oul" in)ol)e a "etermination by the court #hether trial i! !till nece!!ary or not un"erRule