Organization anf Regulation of Body Systems
Human Biology
4 Types of Tissues
1. Connective : connects and supports2. Muscular : moves the body3. Nervous : communicates4. Epithelial : protects
Connective Tissue
• Most abundant and diverse tissue in the body
• Cells are loosely packed scattered in an
extracellular matrix
• Matrix is collagen and/or elastin fibers in a
polysaccharide ground substance
Loose connective tissue supports epithelium and internal organs.Allows expansion of arteries, lungs, bladder
Fibrous Connective can be irregular and regular. Examples are ligaments join bone to bone
tendons muscle to boneAdipose stores Fat, it has no extra cellular matrix
Energy, Insulation, Protection
Connective Tissues begins as a fibroblast
Fibrous Connective Tissue
• Are elongated and contain different amounts of collagen, and elastin proteins
• Collagen fibers are strong, and flexible but little recoil
• Reticular fibers are thin and branched• Elastin fibers are strong but recoil because of
the elastin protin
MoreConnective Tissues
Cartilage Bone Adipose tissue
Supportive Connective Tissue includes Cartilage and Bone
• Cartilage is a solid but pliable intercellular material
• Bone is a hardened connective tissue with living cells imprisoned in their mineralized secretions
cartilage on knobby end of a long bone
compact bone tissue
spaces in spongy bone tissue
Cartilage Bone
Bone has most rigid matrixInorganic salts are deposited around protein fibers
• Compact bone: makes up shaftOne Osteon is a cylindrical unit with nerve
and blood vessels. Cell connections are canaliculi .
Osteocyte is a bone cell.
• Spongy bone: makes up the ends of long bones.
Blood is one type of Fluid CTIncludes 3 types of cells and plasma
• Classified as a connective
tissue because blood cells
arise in bone
• Transports nutrients, waste
and O2.
• Formed Elements (Red cells,
white cells, and platelets) are
dispersed in a fluid medium
called plasma
Formed Elements
• Erythrocytes: RBC, Transport O2, don’t have nuclei are biconcave
• Leukocytes: WBC, nave nucleus, are translucent, fight infection. Many types with specific functions.
• Thrombocytes: platelets are responsible for blood clotting
LYMPHthe 2nd fluid connective tissue
• Clear, watery, derived from tissue fluid. • Carries WBC• Picks up tissue fluid, cleans it in lymph
vessels returns it to cardiovascular system.
Muscle Tissue
• Composed of cells called fibers that contract
when stimulated
• Fiber cells are filled with protein filaments
(actin and myosin)
Three Types of Muscle
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle
Skeletal Muscle
• Located in muscles that attach by
tendons to bones
• Striations are alternating light and dark
bands from actin and myosin
• Voluntary
• Contractions are fast
• The fibers fuse leads to one fiber with
multiple nuclei
Cardiac Muscle• Present only in the wall of heart
• Cells are striated and branching
• Ends of cells are joined by
communication junctions called
intercalated disks (adhesion and gap
junctions)
• Involuntary contractions pump blood
and lead to heart beat
• Each cell has one nucleus
Smooth Muscle
• In walls of many internal
organs, tubes and some
blood vessels
• Cells have spindle shape
and are not striated and
taper at the ends.
• Involuntary contractions in
bladder, intestin and blood
vessels (visceral organs)
Nervous Tissue
• Detects stimuli, integrates information, and
relays commands for response (communication)
• Consists of 2 types of cells: excitable neurons
and supporting neuroglial cells
Neurons
• Excitable cells
• 3 parts are dendrites, cell body and axon.
Dendrite sense the stimulation,
Axon conducts/transmitts the electrical
impulse
Synapse.: accumulates the
neurotransmitter
• Arrival of the impulse at the neuron endings triggers
events that stimulate or inhibit adjacent neurons or
other cells
Activation of a Nerve• Resting (Polarize) -70mV
• Action (Depolarize) +40 mV
• Returing to Rest (Repolarized) returning to -70mV
• Note Na and K ions involve
volt
ag
e
Time (milliseconds)
Actionpotential
Dendrite, Cell Body and Axon
• Dendrites are extentions of plasmamembrane surrounding the cell body. It is the receiving end.
• Cell Body contains cell body and nucleus.
• Axon conducts impulses towards the synapse. Bundles of Axons in brain and spine form nerves
Neuroglia
• Constitute more than half of the nervous tissue
• Protect and support the neurons, both
structurally and metabolically
Epithelial Tissue
• Lines the body’s surface, cavities, ducts, and
tubes
• One free surface faces a body fluid or the
environment
simplesquamousepithelium
basementmembrane
connectivetissue
Simple Epithelium
• Consists of a single layer of cells
• Lines body ducts, cavities, and tubes
• Cell shapes
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
Glands
• Secretory organs that are derived from epithelium
• Exocrine glands secrete products onto free epithelial surface via ducts or tubes
• Endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones into the fluid that surrounds the gland
Organs
• An organ is a group of tissues organized to perform a task or tasks
• Heart is an organ that pumps blood through body
• Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue
Tissue and Organ Forerunners
• Ectoderm:
Gives rise to the skin’s outer layer and to the
nervous system’s tissues
• Mesoderm:
Source of muscles, bones, and most of the
circulatory, reproductive, and urinary systems
• Endoderm:
Gives rise to linings of the digestive tract and organs
derived from it
Organ Systems
• Organs interact physically, chemically, or both
to perform a common task
• Circulatory system includes the heart, the
arteries, and other vessels that transport
blood through the body
What Do Organ Systems Do?
• Maintain stable internal conditions
• Acquire nutrients and raw materials; dispose of wastes
• Protect the body against injury and attack
• Allow reproduction and nourishment of young
Major Organ Systems
• Integumentary
• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Circulatory
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Urinary
• Reproductive
• Digestive
What are the organ systems of the human body?
4.8 Organ systems
What are the organ systems of the human body?
4.8 Organ systems
Integumentary System: Human Skin
1st line of defense• Body’s largest
organ
• Two layers
– Upper epidermis
– Lower dermis
• Lies atop a layer of
hypodermis
What you need to know about skin cancer?
• 2 of the 3 types that arise in the epidermis:• Basal cell carcinoma is the most common yet least deadly
form of skin cancer• Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the
least common
• What can you do to help prevent this?• Stay out of the sun between 10am-3pm• Wear protective clothing (tight weave, treated sunglasses,
wide-brimmed hat)• Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 and protects from
UV-A and UV-B rays• Don’t use tanning beds
4.7 Integumentary system
What might skin cancer look like?
Arises in cells called basal keratinocytes in the deepest layer of the epidermis. Basal cell carcinoma relies on the surrounding supportive tissue to grow. Least likely to metastasize through blood vessels or lymphatics.
Arises in melanocytes, or pigment-producing cells, in the skin. Melanoma can spread to other areas of the body, or metastasize.
Endocrine Glands Regulate Sexual and NonSexual FunctionsHormones secreted by:
Hypothalamus : GnRH regulates the Pituitary
Pituitary gland :
The hypothalamus and pituitary 15.2 Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
KIDNEY FUNCTIONADH IS ANTIDIURETIC
WILL DECREASE URINE VOLUME
CAFFEINE
ALCOHOL
Regulation of Blood Calcium by Calcitonin and Parathyroxin
Regulation of blood sugarby Insulin and Glucagon
17.2 Pre-embryonic and embryonic development
Post FertilizationCleavage:Polarity:Blastulation:Gastrulation:Implantation:
3 germ layers for in the Gastrula
17.2 Pre-embryonic and embryonic development
Animal lifecycle Meiosis produces gametes (1N): sperm, eggs) are formed
Fertilization unites sperm and egg- zygote (2n)
Mitosis: Zygote divides produces multicellular organism
Types of Neurons1-Sensory Neurons
Takes impulses from sensory receptor to CNS
2-Interneurons Transmit impulses between the sensory and motor neurons (found only in CNS)
3- Motor NeuronsTake impulses from the CNS to an effector (i.e. gland or muscle fiber)
cervical nerves (eight pairs)thoracic nerves (twelve pairs)
ulnar nerve
lumbar nerves (five pairs)
sacral nerves (five pairs)
coccygeal nerves (one pair)
sciatic nerve
brain
cranial nerves
spinal cord
central nervous system
brain
spinal cord
sensory nerves
axons of motor nerves
somaticdivision
autonomicdivision
para-sympathetic
nerves
sympathetic nerves
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)all sensory and motor neurons of somatic and autonomic nerves
Two Divisions: Somatic division Serves the skin, skeletal muscles and tendons
Autonomic division Regulates the activity of involuntary muscles (cardiac and smooth) and glands
What are the two cardiovascular pathways in the body?
• Pulmonary circuit: the right side of the body that brings blood from the body to the heart and the lungs
• Systemic circuit: the left side of the heart that brings blood to the entire body to deliver nutrients and rid it of wastes
Two cardiovascular pathways
Visualizing blood flow through the heartThe heart is a double pump
Lymphatic System
Inflammatory Response: Nonspecific Defenses
1. Damaged cells cause MAST CELLS to release chemical signals: Histamine and other molecules.
2. Histamine stimulate “vasodilation”: Increase in local blood flow and vascular permeability
Redness, Heat
Swelling, Pain
3. Phagocytic white blood cells come into area: Engulf bacteria, dead cell parts, and other microbes.
4. Tissue heals
Development of T and B Lymphocytes
T-helper cells play a central role in immunity
HIV destroys your T-helper cells
Fig. 36-5, p.614
Major Components: Accessory Organs:
MOUTH(ORAL CAVITY)
PHARYNX
ESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE (COLON)
RECTUM
ANUS
LIVER
GALLBLADDER
PANCREAS
SALIVARY GLANDS
Table 36.4 Summary of the Human Digestive System
Table 36-4, p.628
Mouth Start of digestive system, where food is chewed,(oral cavity) and moistened; polysaccharide digestion begins
Pharynx Entrance to digestive and respiratory tract tubes
Esophagus Muscular tube, moistened by saliva, that moves food from pharynx to stomach
Stomach Stretchable sac where food mixes with gastric fluid and protein digestion starts; stores food taken in faster than can be processed; its
fluid kills many microbes
Small Receives secretions from liver, gallbladder, pancreas; digests mostintestine nutrients; delivers unabsorbed material to colon
Colon Concentrates and stores undigested matter (by absorbing mineral ions (large and water)intestine)
Rectum Distension triggers expulsion of feces
Anus Terminal opening of digestive system
What are the major digestive enzymes?
8.3 The stomach and small intestine
kidney (one of a pair) Constantly filters water and all solutes except proteins from blood; reclaims water and solutes as the body requires and excretes the remainder, as urine
ureter (one of a pair) Channel for urine flow from a kidney to the urinary bladder
Bladder Stretchable container for temporarily storing urine
uretha Channel for urine flow between the urinary bladder and body surface
heart
diaphragm
adrenal gland
abdominal aorta
inferior vena cava
Fig. 37-6, p.635
NEPHRON
COLLECTING DUCT
blood vessel entering
blood vessel leaving
a. Distal Tubular Secretion.
g Urinary ExcretionSubstance is leaving.
f hormonal actionADH binds to C.duct
Preventing water loss
RENAL CORPUSCLE
GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES+ =BOWMAN’S
CAPSULE
b Filtration.
a Blood pumped from heartTo renal corpuscle
c Proximal Tubule Reabsorption.
e Loop of Henle’s
Sarcomere has 2 types of proteinThick band made MyosinThin band made of actin
The Muscular System smallest working unit is the sarcomere
1. Supports the body2. Protects the soft body
parts3. Produces blood cells
(red bone marrow)4. Stores minerals
(calcium and phosphate) and fat
5. Allows for movement by attaching muscles
Skeletal system
• Osteoporosis – bones are weakened due to a decreased bone density
Factors affecting bone growth
Growth hormoneGrowth hormone (GH) – stimulates (GH) – stimulates general bone growth and the epiphyseal general bone growth and the epiphyseal platesplates
Sex hormonesSex hormones – increases growth during – increases growth during adolescenceadolescence
Vitamin DVitamin D – converted to a hormone to – converted to a hormone to allow calcium absorption in the intestineallow calcium absorption in the intestine
Calcium in BloodCalcium in Blood affects bone growth affects bone growth through hormones:through hormones: Parathyroid hormoneParathyroid hormone (PTH) – (PTH) –
increases blood calcium by increases blood calcium by accelerating bone recyclingaccelerating bone recycling
CalcitoninCalcitonin – decreases blood calcium – decreases blood calcium
What are the important cells in bone growth, remodeling and repair?
• Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells. Happens when body stores Calcium, Stimulated by Calcitonin. Increases bone density
• Osteocytes – mature bone cells that maintain bone structure derived from osteoblasts
• Osteoclasts – bone-absorbing cells. Happens when body needs Calcium, Stimulated by parathyroxin. Decreases bone density
• Chondroytes – cartilage-forming cells
11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair
Major Organs of Female Reproductive System:Ovaries: contain follicles that become eggs
Oviduct (fallopian tube): site of fertilization
Uterus: site of embryo implantation
Cervix and Vagina
Hormones : Estrogen and Progesterone (ovary) FSH & LH (pituitary)
Male Reproductive SystemProduces sperm and delivers sperm to female reproductive tract
Testes: make spermEpididymis: sperm will matureVas Deferens:Three accessory gland: makes ejaculatory fluidHormones: Testosterone (testes), FSH, LH (pituitary)