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100
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00
Narrow Medium Wide
GOOD FAIR POOR
Concrete Crack Widths (mm)
Hair
Line
10
1.0
2.5
5.0
6.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
LightMediumSevere
GOODFAIRPOOR
Asphalt(WearingSurface)CrackWidths(mm)
5
10
15
0
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
14
16
17
1
FIELD INSPECTIONGUIDE
Apr 2008
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4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1) STRUCTURAL INSPECTIONS
1. Inspection Objectives 5
2. Inspection Accuracy 5
3. Additional Investigations 6
4. Site Inspection 6
5. Post Inspection Procedures 8
2) HELPFUL HINTS
1. Condition 10
2. Excellent & Good 11
3. Recommended Work 13
4. Performance Deficiencies 15
5. Maintenance 16
APPENDIXAMATERIAL DEFECTS 171. Concrete Defects 18
2. Steel/Aluminum Defects 24
3. Wood Defects 30
4. Masonry Defects 32
6. Asphalt Defects 34
7. Coatings 42
APPENDIX B - ELEMENT LIST 49
APPENDIX C - CONDITIONSTATETABLES 52
APPENDIX DPERFORMANCE
DEFICIENCIES & MAINTENANCE 77
APPENDIX EOSIM FORMS 89
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STRUCT
HINTS
DEFECTS
ELEMENT
CONDITION
DEFICIENCIES
FORMS
97
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F
O
R
M
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5
1. STRUCTURAL INSPECTIONS
1.1 INSPECTION OBJECTIVES(Part 1, Sect. 1.2)
The goal of the structural inspection is to ensure,within an economic framework, an acceptablestandard for structures in terms of public safety,comfort and convenience. The main objectives areto:
maintain structures in a safe condition
prolong the life of structures
identify maintenance & repair needs
provide the basis for structuremanagement
1.2 INSPECTION ACCURACY(Part 1, Sect. 1.3)
In order to achieve the inspection objectives andadequate accuracy, the inspector should spend atleast 2 hours at a typical bridge site to adequatelyassess the condition of all elements.
The inspection should be a visual inspection per-formed Close enough to determine the element
condition, and generally conducted within armslength of the element.
In some cases it may be possible to inspect a por-tion of the bridge close-up and then estimating thecondition of the remaining inaccessible parts byvisually comparing them to the partial close-up in-spection. If this is done, periodic Enhanced OSIMinspections must be done to closely inspect allcomponents as described in Part 1, Section 1.3.2 ofthe OSIM.
Additional equipment should be used to facilitate
inspection, when necessary (Bridgemaster, buckettruck, ladder, etc).
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Additional specialized testing (NDT, etc) shouldbe recommended for critical structures (fatigueprone, fracture critical, hangers, etc)
1.3 ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS(Part 1 Clause 1.3.4)
If during a detailed visual inspection, theinspector feels that more detailed information isneeded, specialized inspections (within a certaintimeframe*)can be requested. Some of theseinvestigations are:
Detailed Deck Condition Survey Non-destructive Delamination Survey
of Asphalt Covered Decks
Substructure Condition Survey
Detailed Coating Condition Survey
Underwater investigation
Fatigue investigation
Seismic investigation
Structure evaluation
Monitoring, etc.* Normal timeframe is with in 2 years
1.4 SITE INSPECTION (Part 2-Clause 1.5.2)
The inspector shall:
Arrange forspecial equipment/trafficcontrol and safety devices, as requiredfor site.
Complete an overview inspection of the siteto:
Assess the overall i ntegrity of thestructure and identify areas where moredetailed examination may be required
Observe the bridge under truck loadingand identify any abnormal flexibility,deflections or noises (rattling or vibration
R
C
95
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O
R
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7
of members)
Look forabnormal deflections, settlements orrotations by looking along the rail or barrier wallor other members
Identify obstacles that may either interfere withthe inspection or indicate a need for additionalspecial equipment.
Determine the quantities in each condition statebased on the severity of material defects in theappropriate units (m2, each, etc.), for eachelement. Details of condition states and materialdefects are included in Appendix A and C.The element list is included in Appendix B andthe OSIM form for recording information isincluded in Appendix E.
Determine the performance deficiencies,maintenance needs, recommended work andtime frame for work for each element. Details ofthese are included in the Appendix D of thisGuide
Take photographs to adequately describe thestructure and the defects found including all areas
of POOR.
Update element quantities/dimensions ifrequired.
Correct missing/erroneous inventory data
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1.5 POST INSPECTION PROCEDURES(Part 2 - Clause 1.5.3)
The inspector shall:
Ensure that all inspection equipment andtemporary traffic control devices are removedfrom the site and the site is left in workmanlikeorder
Ensure the appropriate follow-up action is
taken (notify bridge owner immediately) for anycritical structural defects or deficiencies (i.e.fatigue cracks in steel, imminent deck punchthrough, etc.) and all other unsafe conditionsthat are discovered in the field.
Submit the Maintenance Needs list to themaintenance crew for action
Ensure additional investigations are initiated inthe timeframe recommended
Write all necessary follow-up correspondenceand reports
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2. HELPFUL HINTS (Part 2, Section 4)
CONDITION
First look for areas of POOR
Concrete Spalls, delaminations, severe
scaling, wide cracks (4m=1 sq.mdefect area)
Steel More than 10% section loss,
cracks and deformations Actual inspection quantity (e.g. sq.m.)
should be used for elements in Poorconditionnot percent.
Next, look for areas of FAIR Concrete
Medium defects (medium scaling,medium cracks, etc.)
Steel 1% to 10% section loss
Each Area of Poor (except for verylarge areas) should generally havean equal area of associated Fair sur-
rounding it. Remainder of areas probably in Good orExcellent Condition. Actual Good or Excellent depends
on visual inspection; however, age ofstructure can be used as a guide,depending on environmental expo-sure of element (see section 2.2 ofthis guide).
Similar guidance based on age doesnot exist for the transition from Goodto Fair Condition. Fair is determined by visual iden-
tification of defects.
91
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9011
2. EXCELLENT AND GOOD All materials must begin in the Excellent conditio
state
Once any defect is visible, it drops to the Goodcondition state
The defects may not be visible from a distance, are from close-up.
Guidance is provided below for the age of comnent when transition* from Excellent to Good isexpected:
Concrete, ACR Steel, Coated Steel, Coatin
Severe5 years
Moderate15 years
Benign25 years* Transition can be spread over afew inspections.
Defects in Good condition state include(see Tables in Appendix C for completelist):
ACR Steel First signs of patina flaking
Coated Steel
First signs of surface rust First signs of coating lifting from
steel Re-coated steel that had rust previ
ously Coating
First signs of adhesion or coating relatedefects
Concrete Hairline and Narrow cracks Surface carbonization Light scaling Other light defects
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Examples of Environments
Severe Moderate Benign
ExposedConcreteDeck
ConcreteDeck with wa-terproofing
Exterior Soffit Interior Soffit
Railings andinside faceof BarrierWalls
Outside faceof barrier wall
Abutment insplash zone
Abutment atexpansion
joint
Abutment with nojoint (integralabutment)
Pier insplash zone
Pier at expan-sion joint
Pier with no joint(where deck con-tinuous)
End Portion of
Beams (atjoints)
Remainder of
Beams
Joints
89
OSIM FORMS
(Part 2, Section 7)
APPENDIX E
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8813
3. RECOMMENDED WORK (Part 2, Sect. 7)
Work on Element
Recommended work- Must be consistent with condition of element.- Must be used for elements that cause a bridge to
be placed on a capital construction program, typically the 5 main elements listed below.
- Can be used for other elements as required.- Must not be used for work that is carried out as
maintenance.- Must not be used for additional investigations or
functional deficiencies.
Recommended work on an element can be either:- Rehabilitation- Replacement
The timeframe for the work is either:- 1 to 5 years,- 6 to 10 years
Typically, the 5 main elements require repair in 1 to 5
years when:
Deck Top 10% to 20% PoorDeck Soffit 5% to 15% PoorBarrier Wall 15% to 30% PoorExpansion Joint 15% to 25% PoorGirders 5% to 10% Poor
o Sometimes, a lower percentage of Poor
may also trigger a rehab for critical ele-ments.
o If there are immediate safety concerns
with some elements, a Structural Maintenance item should be recorded.
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Work on Structure
Work on structure is only required when there is enoughto warrant placing the bridge on the capital constructionprogram.
Recommended work on the structure can be either:- Minor Rehabilitation that include work on ele-
ments other than the deck (i.e. barriers, bear-ings, etc.)
- Major Rehabilitation that include work to thedeck (i.e. patch-waterproof-pave, overlay, etc.)plus possibly other elements.
- Replacement of entire structure.
The timeframe for the work is either:- 1 to 5 years,- 6 to 10 years
87
M
aintenanceNeed
Description
8R
epairofBridgeConcrete
Therepair
ofallconcretecomponentsofthestructure,suchascurbs,pedestrianwalks,concrete
handrailposts,parapetwalls,abutmentsandpiers,exceptwhentherepairismoredirectlyassociated
withoneoftheotherdefinedbridgemaintenanceoperationsorthequantityofrepairisexcessivefora
maintenan
ceoperation.
9R
epairofBridgeTimber
Therepair
ofallbridgetimber,includingtherepairoftimberdecksonsteelbridges.
10B
aileyBridgesInstallation,
M
aintenanceandRemoval
Theinstallation,removal,repairandmaintenanceworkthatisuniquetoBaileyBridges,butnot
includingw
orkdefinedbyotherstructuralmaintenanceoperations.
11A
nimal/PestControl
Theinstallationandmaintenanceofanimal/pestcontrold
evicesunderbridgestructuressuchas
pigeon-pro
ofing.
12B
ridgeSurfaceRepair
Therepair
ofbridgesurfacessuchaspotholepatching.
13E
rosionControlatBridges
Operationsperformedtopreventorrepairdamageduetoerosion,suchasscouratabutmentsand
aroundpie
rs,andwashoutsonslopes.Includesremova
lofobstructionstowaterflow,clearingof
vegetation
growth,extensionofdeckdrains,etc.
14C
oncreteSealing
Thesealingortreatmentofbridgeconcretesurfaceswith
approvedmaterials,aswellasthe
preparationofsurfacespriortotreatment.
15R
outandSealConcreteand
A
sphaltPavementonBridgeDecks
Theroutingofjointsand/orcracksinconcreteandaspha
ltpavementandthefillingofsamewithjoint
fillersorru
bberizedasphalticsealingcompounds.
16B
ridgeDeckDrainage
Therepair,maintenance,andreplacementofbridgedeckdrains.Includessteamingandcalcium
application
tounthaw.
17S
caling(LooseConcreteorACR
S
teel)
Theremov
alofloosedelaminatedconcreteordelaminatedpatinaofACRsteelgirdersthatposearisk
asafalling
hazard.
18O
therMaintenance
Amaintenanceactivitythatdoesnotfitintoanyothercategory.
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MaintenanceNeed
Description
1
LiftandSwingBridge
Maintenance
Theoperation,maintenanceandrepairactivitiesthata
reuniquetoliftandswingbridge
structures,
includingallmechanicalequipmentandelectricaldevicessuchassignals,flashers,
lighting,navigationlights,etc.,butnotincludingworkd
efinedbyotherstructuralmaintenance
operations.
2
BridgeCleaning
Thecleanin
gofbridgecomponentsincluding:
1)
Washingofbearings,bearingseats,trussmembe
rs,etc.
2)
Sweepingofbridgedecks,curbsandgutters.
3)
Removalofdebrisfromexpansionjoints.
4)
Debris
pick-uporminorremovalofaggregate.
5)
Cleaningofcatch-basins,man-holesanddeckdrains.
3
BridgeRailingSystem
Maintenance
Thepaintin
g,repairand/orreplacementofmetalhandrails,railingsystemsandposts,aswellas
touch-uppaintingactivities.
4
Pa
intingSteelBridgeStructures
Thepreparation(sandblasting,etc.)andpaintingofstr
ucturalsteel.Includeshandrailswhen
performedaspartofanoverallbridgepaintingoperation.
5
BridgeDeckJointRepair
Therepairand/orreplacementofexpansionand/orfixeddeckjointsandenddams.
6
BridgeBearingMaintenance
Theadjustment,repairand/orreplacementofbridgebearings.Includesallworkdirectly
associated
withbridgebearings.
7
Re
pairtoStructuralSteel
Therepairofallstructuralsteel,includingrepairorreplacementofsteelcomponents,boltsand
fasteners.
Ta
ble
6.1
:Ma
intenance
Nee
ds
(Part
2,
Sec
tion
6)
DE
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
I
E
S
15
4. PERFORMANCE DEFICIENCIES(Part 2, Section 6)
A Performance Defic iency should be recorded i fan elements ability to perform its intended functionis in question.
Suspected Performance Deficiencies are re-corded for each element
Potential Deficiencies categorized asSuspected since often difficult to ascertain thsignificance of defect at the time of the inspec-tion
Suspected Performance Deficiencies usuallyindicate some follow-up action is required(strength evaluation, specialized inspection,monitoring, etc.)
Standard List of possible deficiencies areshown on the inspection form (see Appendix Dand Appendix E).
Follow-up action can be addressed underAdditional Investigations or Special Notesfor the bridge.
Example:A severely corroded girder at the midspan
Can the girder safely carry traffic loading? Inspector cannot determine this in the field
Inspector can only indicate Suspected Per-formance Deficiency for a follow-up strengthevaluation
Only then can decision be made whetherbridge needs strengthening or posting
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5. MAINTENANCE (Part 2, Section 6)
There are two types of maintenance work that areperformed:
Structural Maintenance Work- Is work to improve the structural capacity of a
specific element and not part of a larger con-struction contract
- Is generally only done to one element- Include emergency repairs and holding strat-
egy repairs- Is work that requires engineering drawings to
complete the work.
Routine Maintenance Work- Is for preventative maintenance and minor re-
pair work that can be performed without engi-neering direction.
- Is usually carried out by bridge crews or roadmaintenance contractors
For all Maintenance work a standard list of mainte-nance needs are shown on the inspection form(see Appendix D, or Appendix E). The mainte-nance needs list should be forwarded to mainte-
nance crews for action, with urgent items flaggedfor immediate attention.
H
NT
S
85
15Unstable
Embankments
Embankments
Settlementofembankment,slope
protectionsorapproachroa
dway;
Slidingfailureofthetoeors
lopesof
theembankment;
Surfaceordeepseatedslips;
Lossofembankmentmaterialfrom
underfoundations.
Geotechnicalinvestigation
16Other
14Underminingof
Foundation
Streams&
Waterwaysor
Foundation
Lossofmaterialsupporting
foundationsduetoscouror
erosion.
UnderwaterInvestigation
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Suspected
Performance
ElementName
(Examples)
DescriptionofDeficiency
PossibleFollow-upActio
n
13Flooding/Channel
Blockage
Streams&
Waterways
Theinspectorshouldlookforthefo
llowing
evidenceofhighwaterlevels,inadequate
openingatthestructureandadverseaffectson
othercomponentsofthestructure:
Bendingorbucklingofthelowerch
ordofsteel
trussesinthedownstreamdirectionbyiceor
heavydebris;
Icescarsanddamagetosubstructures;
Coarsedebris,suchasbranchesa
ndsmall
trees,caughtorwedgedunderthe
superstructure;
Finedebris,suchasgrassandtwigs,on
fences,trees,embankments,structures,etc.;
Washlinesonbaresoilslopes;
Mudorsiltdepositedonembankments;
Marksandstainsonstructures.
Determinehistorical
frequencyoffloodingand
recordedwaterlevelsand
comparetocurrenthigh
waterelevation
Monitorwaterelevations
throughoutyear
Performhydrologystudy
Table
5.1:SuspectedPerformance
Deficiencies(Part2,
Section
5)
D
E
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
I
ES
17
APPENDIX A
MATERIAL DEFECTS
This appendix contains a simplified table formaterial defects and condition states bycombining the information from OSIM Part1, Section 2 and Part 2, Section 4
TABLES1. Concrete
2. Steel/Aluminum3. Wood4. Masonry5. Asphalt Wearing Surface6. Asphalt Covered Deck7. Coating
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1.
CONCRETE(Part
1,
Sec
t.2
.2an
dPar
t2
,Ta
ble4
.5)
DEFECT
CONDITIONSTATE
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
Sca
ling
Localflaking/lossofsurfac
eportionofconcreteormortardue
tofreeze-thaw
Up
to5mm
dep
th
6-
10mm
dep
th
>10mm
dep
th
Disin
tegra-
tion
Physicaldeteriorationorbreakingdownoftheconcreteintos
mallfragments
All
Ero
sion
Deteriorationofconcreteb
roughtaboutbywater-bornesand
andgravelparticles
scrubbingagainstsurfaces
All
Corro
siono
f
Rein
force-
m
en
t
Deteriorationofreinforcem
entbyelectrolysis
Due
todra
ins
/cha
irs
Rus
ts
tains
fromre
inforcem
en
t
Expose
dre
inforce-
men
tw
ithrus
t
Dela
mina-
tion
Discontinuityofthesurfaceconcretewhichissubstantially,butnotcompletely
detachedfromconcretebe
loworaboveit.
All
D
C
83
10SurfacePonding
Sidewalk,
Wearingsurface
Waterpondingonsidewalks/wearingsurface,
asitpresents
as
afetyhazard,especiallyifallowedtofreeze
;
Fillindepression
withasphalt
(Maintenance
Operation)
11DeckDrainage
DrainageSystem
Deckdrainsnotprovidedwherenecessary,orhaveinadequatesize
ofo
pening;
Deckdrainsanddrainagesystemsimproperlyconstructedwith
inadequateslopesorsharpdirectionalchanges;
Drainagesystempluggedorpartiallypluggedandno
tallowingfor
freeandunobstructedflowofwater;
Drainageoutletsdischargingdirectlyontostructurec
omponentsor
roa
dwaysbelowthedeck;
Drainageoutletsdischargingdirectlyontoembankmentwithout
pro
perprovisionforcollecting,channellingandcontrollingof
dischargewithsplashpads,spillwaysorgutters;
Ina
dequateprovisionfordrainageatthestructureap
proaches.
Reviewdeck
drainage
requirements
12Slipp
erySurfaces
DeckTop
Lossinridingcomfortandpotentiallossofvehiclecontrol
duetodefectsinthecomponentmaterial;
Lossofprotectiontounderlyingsurfacesduetodefectsin
the
wearingsurfacematerials;
Resurfaceproblem
area(Maintenance
Operation)
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Su
spected
Pe
rformance
ElementName
(Examples)
DescriptionofDeficiency
PossibleFollow-upAction
9Ro
ughRiding
Su
rface
WearingSurface,
Approachslabs
R
oughapproaches,settlementorconsolidationof
approachembankments,ordeteriorationofthe
approachslabsorramps,resultinginvehicle
s
"b
ouncing"ontothebridge.Inadditiontoapp
lying
excessivedynamicloadingtothebridge,this
may
alsoresultindifficultyinmaintainingvehiclecontrol
D
epressionsandcracksintheroadwaypave
ment
aboveculvertsandsoil-steelstructures;
Smoothoutasphaltat
approach(Maintenance
operation)
Strengthevaluation
8Pe
destrian/
vehicularhazard
Armouring/
retainingdevices,
Sidewalk
Verticalorhorizontalmisalignmentacrossthejoint;
Severematerialdefects(e.g.Spalling)
H
orizontal,verticalorrotationaldisplacementsin
curbsandsidewalksastheyarehazardousto
pedestrianandvehicularsafety,andpresent
obstructionstosnowplows.
In
adequatecurbheight,orlossofcurbheigh
tfor
sidewalksduetotheplacementofanadditional
la
yerofwearingsurfaceordeckoverlay
Removeobstruction
(Maintenanceoperation)
ReviewCoderequirements
forcurbheight
Ta
ble5
.1:
Suspec
tedPerformance
De
fic
ienc
ies
(Part
2,
Sec
tion
5)
19
1.
CONCRETE
DEFECT
CONDITIONSTATE
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
Sp
alling
Fragmentswhichhavebe
endetachedfromalargerconcretemass
All
Crac
king
Linearfracturewhichextendspartlyorcompletelythroughthemember.
1
.0mmw
ide
A
lka
li-
Aggrega
te
Re
ac
tion
Aggregatesreactadverselywiththealkaliesincementtoproduceahighlyexpansivealkali-
silicagel
Ha
irlinepa
tterncracks
0
.3mmw
ide
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1.
CONCRETE
D
EFECT
CONDITIONSTATE
GOOD(LIGH
T)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVEREandVERYSEVERE)
Honey
com
bing
Producedduetotheimproperorincompletevibrationof
theconcretewhichresultsin
voidsbeingleftinthe
concretewherethemortarfailedto
completelyfillthespaces
betweenthecoarseaggregateparticles
Ho
lesup
to25m
mdia
.
Ho
les
25-
50mm
dia.
Ho
lesmore
than
50mm
dia
.
Pop-O
uts
Shallowconicaldepre
ssionsresultingfromthebreaking
awayofsmallportionsofthe
concretesurface,due
totheexpansionofsomeaggrega
tesduetofrostaction.
Ho
lesup
to25m
mdia
.
Ho
les
25-
50mm
dia.
Ho
lesmore
than
50mm
dia
.
81
Sus
pected
Per
formance
Def
iciency
ElementName
(Examples)
Des
criptionofDeficiency
PossibleFollow-upAction
5
SeizedBearings
Bearings
B
indingorjammingofexpansionorrotationa
l
componentsduetocorrosion,lackoflubricationor
d
amagetoslidingsurfaces;
Strengthevaluationto
accountforchangein
articulation
LubricateBearings
(MaintenanceOperation)
6
Bea
ringnot
uniformlyloaded/
uns
table
ElastomericBearing,
RockerBearing,etc
N
on-uniformcontactofbearingsurfaceswith
each
o
therorwithbearingseat
E
xcessiveinclinationsofbearings
Regularmonitoringofbearing
movements
7
Jam
medexpansion
Joint
Armouring/
retainingdevices
Inadequatejointgaptoaccommodateanticip
ated
furthermovement;
S
urfacingmaterialshavejammedinthejointsduring
resurfacingofdeck;
D
esignorconstructionproblemsnotallowing
proper
m
ovementofmulti-sealjoints.
Regularmonitoringofdeck
movements
Cleanoutgap(Maintenance
operation)
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80
Suspected
Performance
Deficiency
ElementName
(Examples)
Description
ofDeficiency
PossibleFollow-upAction
4Continuing
Movements
AbutmentWall,
Pier,DeckTop,
Bearings,etc
Outofplu
mbofabutmentwalls,piles,piersorother
componentssupportedonthem;
TiltingorbulgingofRetainedSoilSystem(RSS)walls
Unusualo
runexpectedsubstructuremovementsocc
urring
duringthe
passageofheavyvehiclesoverthebridge
;
Taperingormisalignmentofcracksandjointsinfoun
dations,
abutments,piersorothercomponentssupportedonthem;
Suddend
ropsorkinksinthestructureprofileoverpiersor
abutment
wallswhensightingalongrailingsorbeam
lines;
Abnormallylargeorsmallopeningsormisalignmentofdeck
expansionjointsatabutmentsandpiers;
Abnormaldisplacementsorinclinationsofbearings;
Abnormallylargeorsmallclearancebetweenballast
wall
andsuperstructure;
Cracksin
abutmentwallandballastwall
Shiftinalignmentfromoriginalposition;
Regularmonitoringand
measurementofmovements,
inclinations,crackwidths,etc.
Underwaterinvestigation
Geotechnicalinvestigation
Ta
ble5
.1:
Suspec
tedPerformance
De
fic
ienc
ies
(Part
2,
Sec
tion
5)
21
1.
CONCRETE
DEFECT
CONDITIONSTATE
GOOD(LIG
HT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVEREandVERYSEVERE)
Stratifica
tion
Separationofconcreteintolayerspriortohardeningd
uetoover-vibration.
ALL
Segr
ega
tion
Concretenotuniformduetofallingconcrete(poorplacement)
ALL
Cold
Jo
ints
Causedbyhardene
dconcretepriortothenextadjace
ntpour
ALL
Depo
sits
Waterseepedthrou
ghconcrete,leachingchemicalsanddepositingthemonthe
surface-efflorescence
ALL
Abra
sion
ALL
Wearingcausedby
vehiclesorsnow-ploughblades
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1.
CONCRETE
DEFECT
CONDITIONSTATE
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVEREandVERYSEVERE)
Wea
r
Resultofdynamic
and/orfrictionalforcesgenerated
byvehiculartraffic,coupledwith
theabrasiveinfluxofsand,dirtanddebris
ALL
Slippery
Con-
crete
Surface
Smoothsurfaceresultingfromthepolishingoftheco
ncretedecksurfacebytheaction
ofrepetitivevehiculartraffic
Act
ive
We
tAreas
Concretesoffitsurfaceiswetordamp
We
tbu
tnocrac
ks
We
tw
ithcrac
ks
ALL
*includesuspected
per-
formancesdeficiencyof
slipperysurface
D
E
F
E
C
TS
79
Mis-align
ment,lateraldeformation,warping,etc.ofcomponents;
Inabilityoftheabutmenttowithstandlateralearthpr
essures,as
indicated
bylong,mediumhorizontalcracksinabutments;
Deformationoftheroofslab,floorslaborwallsofcu
lverts.
Deformationofsoil-steelstructuressuchasflattenin
gorpeakingof
thesoffit
orbucklingoftheshouldersorhaunches;
Up-liftat
endsofsoil-steelstructures
Movementscausingdistressinabearingorit'scomponents,orin
otherstructurecomponents;
3Cont
inuing
settle
ment
Foundation
Lossofs
trengthorsupportforappliedloadsduetomaterialdefects;
Lossofm
aterialsupportingfoundationsduetoscourorerosion
Consolid
ationorfailureofunderlyingsoilresultingin
crackingor
movementoffoundations,abutmentsorpiers
Lossofc
ontactbetweenpilesandpilecaporpiercap;
Changes
intheinclinationofpiles.
Rotationalmovementofpilecapsandlossoffullcontactwithpiles.
RegularMonitoringof
settlement,pierand
abutmentelevations
andcrackwidths
Strengthevaluation
Geotechnical
investigation
Underwater
investigation
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78
Suspected
Performance
Deficiency
ElementName
(Examples)
De
scriptionofDeficiency
PossibleFollow-up
Action
1Lo
adCarrying
Capacity
Girder,DeckTop,Railing
System,etc
Materialdefectsleadingtolossofstrength,orwhichare
indicativeofinadequatestrengthofthecom
ponent
(eg.20%sectionlossatmid-spanofgirder)
Detrimentalmodificationsmadesubsequen
tto
construction;
Strongevidenceofunderdesigntocurrent
loads
Strengthevaluation
Monitoringofdeforma-
tionsdisplacementsor
rotations)orcracks
2Excessive
Deformations
RailingSystem,
DeckTop,TrussChord,
AbutmentWall,
Bearings,etc
Overloading,eithersingleorrepetitiveoccu
rrence,
resultinginpermanentdeformationsofthe
deckordeck
components.
Permanentdeformations,especiallyincom
pression
components
Unanticipatedorexcessivevibrationordeflectionof
components,connectionsorjointsunderliv
eloads
Unexpectednoisefromcomponentsorcon
nectionsdueto
vehiclesmovingacrossthestructure.
Strengthevaluation
Monitoringof
deformations
(displacementsor
rotations)
Ta
ble5
.1:
Suspec
tedPerformance
De
fic
ienc
ies
(Part
2,
Sec
tion
5)
23
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24
2.
STEEL/ALUMINUM(Part
1,
Sec
t.2
.3an
d2
.6,
Part2Ta
ble4
.15
,4.1
6,
an
d4
.17)
DEFECT
CONDITIONSTATE
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
Corros
ion
Deteriorationofsteelbychemical/electro-chemicalreaction
resultingfromexposuretoair,
moisture,de-icingsalts,industrialfumesandotherchemica
ls/contaminantsintheenvironment
inwhichitisplaced
Nosec
tion
loss,
looserus
t/
pitting
inpa
int-
10%sec
tion
loss,
ex-
tens
iverus
t/
perfora
tions
Earlys
ignso
fpa
tinad
amage
Flakingo
fpa
tina
Permanen
t
Deforma
tions
Steelmemberscantake
theformofbending,buckling,twistingorelongation.
CorrugateSteelPipe(CS
P)culvertscanexhibitcusping(ab
ruptchangeincurvature,typically
atseam),crimping(local
bucklingofculvertwall),globaldeformation(changeinoriginal
curvedshape),andbolttilting(bearingfailureofbolts).
For
Mem
bers:
ALL
(Es
tima
terepa
irarea)
D
E
F
E
C
T
S
77
Performance Deficiencies andMaintenance Needs
APPENDIX
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76Wood
Su
bs
truc
tureor
Supers
truc
ture
Adetailedinvestigationofthewood
componentsusingtechniquessuchasprobing,
drilling,coring,etc.
10%ofelemen
tin
PoorConditio
nState
Part4ofthismanual
Struc
tura
lStee
l
Coating
Adetailedsurveyoftheconditionofthecoating
toconfirmthefeasib
ilityofover-coating.The
surveyinvolvestestingcoatingadhesion,dry
filmthickness,etc.Ifdeteriorationisstillinthe
earlystages(CombinedareaofFairandPoor
greaterthan25%,a
ndPoorislessthan10%at
thevisualinspection
stage),over-coatingof
thesteelmaybeav
iablerehabilitationoption.
Thisinvolvescleaningthesurfacewithawire
brushandover-coa
tingtheentiresurface.If
deteriorationexceedsthethreshold,traditional
coatingtechniques(sandblastingthesurface,
priming,etc,)would
probablyhavetobeused.
25%ofcombin
edarea
inFairandP
oor
ConditionStatesand
alsothepercentagein
Poorlessthan
10%.
StructuralSteelCoating
Manual
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
*Thistableindicatesthematerialdefectpr
oportionsthatwouldgenerallytrigger
the
needforadetailedconditionsurveytobedone.
25
2.
STEEL/ALUMINUM
DE
FECT
CONDITIONSTATE
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
Cuspingorcrimpingofc
ulverts
10mminheight*
GlobalDeformation10%
ofculvertdiameterandre-
versecurvature*
BoltTilting
Crac
king
Arelinearfractureinthe
steelextendingpartiallyorcompletelythroughthemember.Theyare
mainlycausedbyfatigue
,whichcanleadtobrittlefracture(membercrackscompletely)
throughwithoutpriorwarning)
Cracksperpendiculartostressareveryseriousandshould
have
immediateactiontaken.
ALL
(Es
tima
terepa
irarea)
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26
2.
STEEL/ALUMINUM
DEFECT
CONDITIONSTATE
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
Connec
tion
De
fic
ienc
ies
Looseconnectionscanoccurinbolted,rivetedorclamp
edconnections.Theymaybe
causedbycorrosionoftheconnector,gussetplatesorfasteners,excessivevibration,
overstressing,cracking,orthelackofpropertightening
duringconstruction.
Basedontheconditionoftheworstcompone
ntwithintheconnection
DependsonpercentageofLooseBoltsorPlanAreawithseverecorrosion
10%
*-
Thesenaturallyoccurringcracksinthewood,causedbyshrinkage,arenotassevereasoverload
crackingorsplinteringsincewoodfibresexisttobridgethecrackandreducetheimpactonthem
ember
capacity.Theactualareacontainingthedefec
tshallbedeterminedforareascontainingnumerous
defects.Forisolatedcracks,8mofcrackleng
thisequalto1squaremetreofdefectforchecks,shakes
andsplits;while4mofcracklengthisequalto
1squaremetreofdefectforcracking,splintering,crush-
ingandshattering.Thelengthofcracks,shakes,splits,etc.shallbemeasuredonallsurfaces.
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
27
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2873
Tab
le4
.18:
Streamsan
dWa
terw
ays
Exc
ellen
tCon
dition
Goo
dCon
dition
Fa
irCon
dition
Poor
Con
dition
No
observedmaterial
defects
Afewlocationsofscour
ordegradation
ofthe
streambedorstream
banksbutnotexposing
thefoundations
Numerouslocationsof
scourordegradationofthe
streambedorstream
bankstothetopofthep
re-
viouslycoveredfounda-
tions
Scourordegradationofthe
streambedorstreambanks
tothebottomofpreviously
coveredfoundations
Slightscourat
inletor
outletofculver
tsand
soil-steelstructures
Moderatescouratthein
let
oroutletofculvertsand
soil-steelstructures
Extensivescouraroundthe
inletoroutletofculvertsand
soil-steelstructureswithloss
ofembankmentfill
Streamalignment
shiftedbutnot
en-
croachingagainstcom-
ponentsprevio
uslynot
subjecttostreamflow
Streamalignmentshifted
andencroachingcloseto
componentsnotpreviously
subjecttostreamflow
Streamalignmentshifted
withstreamflowdirectly
againstmostofacomponent
notpreviouslysubjectto
stream
Afewlocationsofag-
gradationnota
ffecting
thestreamflow
atthe
structure
Mediumaggradationhav-
ingasignificanteffecton
thestreamflowatthe
structure
Extensiveaggradationvery
severelyaffectingthestream
flowatthestructure)
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72
Tab
le4
.17:
Stee
lor
Alum
inum-
Ra
ilings
Ex
ce
llen
tCon
dition
Goo
dCon
dition
Fa
irCon
dition
P
oor
Con
dition
Noobservedmaterial
de
fects
Lightcorrosionno
sectionloss
Mediumcorrosion-up
to10%sectionloss
S
evereandverysevere
c
orrosionmorethan
1
0%sectionloss
Slightlossofcableten-
sionorslightslippage
ofcableanchorsand
splices
Moderatelossofcable
tensionorslightslip-
pageofcableanchors
andsplices
S
ignificantlossofcable
tensionorslightslip-
p
ageofcableanchors
a
ndsplices
B
rokencablestrands/
s
upports
C
ollisionorvandalism
d
amage/missingsec-
tions
P
ermanentdeforma-
tions
Lightconnectiondefi-
ciencies
Mediumconnection
deficiencies
S
evereconnectiondefi-
c
iencies
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
29
3.WOOD(Part1,Sect.2.4andPart2Table4.19)
DEFECT
CONDITIONSTATE
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
W
eathering
Gradualdeteriorationofwoodduetoexposuretotheactionso
fsun,rain,wind,
frostandatmospheric
pollutants
Checks
Longitudinaltissueseparationsonthesidegrainofwoodmem
bers
Splits
Severetissueseparatio
nsextendingfromthesideintotheend
Shakes
Tissueseparationswhic
hfollowthecircularannualgrowthrings,andarevisibleontheendgrain
Weathering
10%intomember
Checks,Splits,
Shakes
10%intomember
Biologicalde
compositionofwoodcausedbym
icro-organismscalledfungi
Slightchangeincolo
urbut
woodsolid(10%
Loss)
RotorDecay
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30
D
E
F
E
C
T
S
3.WOOD
DEFECT
CONDITIONSTAT
E
GOOD(LIGH
T)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
InsectDamage
Consequenceofthetunnelling/boringbylarvae/matureinsectsthroughthewoodre-
sultinginlossofs
ection
Holesarepres
ent
(10%loss)
Abr
asionandWearDeteriorationofw
oodbroughtaboutbyvehiclesors
nowploughbladesscraping
againstwoodsurfaces,coupledwiththeabrasiveinfluenceofsand,dirtordebris.
10%loss
Cra
cking,Splinter-
ing,Crushingand
Sha
ttering
Physicaldamage
whichresultsfromvehicularcollis
ionfromoverloadingofamember
10%loss
71
T
able4
.16:
Stee
lor
Alum
inum
Su
bs
truc
turesan
dSupers
tructures
E
xce
llen
tCon
dition
Goo
dCond
ition
Fa
irCon
dition
Poor
Con
dition
N
oobservedmaterial
d
efects
Lightcorrosionnosec-
tionloss
Mediumcorrosion-up
to10%sectionloss
Severeandverysevere
corrosionmorethan
10%sectionloss
Allcracks(immediate
actionisrequired-
estimaterepairarea)
Permanentdeformations
Lightconnectiondefi-
ciencies
Mediumconnectiond
efi-
ciencies
Severeconnectiondefi-
ciencies
Evaluationandcondition
survey*if
>10%inthisstate.
*Involvesmeasuringthicknessofcriticalmemberstodeterminesectionlossasitvariesacrosstheele-
m
ent
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70
Table4
.15:
Stee
l
Atmosp
heric
Corros
ion
Res
istan
tSu
b-
st
ruc
turesan
dSupers
truc
tures
Exce
llen
tCon
dition
Goo
dCon
dition
Fa
irCon
dition
Poor
Con
dition
Noobservedmaterial
defectswithsmooth
uniformrustlayer
(patina)
Earlysigns
ofpatina
flakingand
nosection
loss
Flakinganddelamina-
tionofPatinaupto1
0%
sectionloss
Morethan10%section
loss
Allcracks
Permanentdeforma-
tions
Lightconnectiondefi-
ciencies
Mediumconnectiondefi-
ciencies
Severeconnectiondefi-
ciencies
Evaluationandcondition
survey*if
>10%inthisstate.
31
3.
WOOD
D
EFECT
CONDITIONSTATE
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
Firea
ndChem
i-
ca
lDamage
Fireisevidencedbycharringandisusuallyconfinedtothewoodsurface.Chemicaldam-
agemayresultfromth
euseofnonpreservativechemica
lsonthewoodsurfaceovera
longperiodoftime
Slig
htc
harr
ingor
so
ften
ingw
ith10%sec
tion
loss
Connec
tion
De
ficienc
ies
10mmwide
65
Tab
le4
.10:
Expans
ion
Jo
int
Seals
/Sea
lan
ts
Exce
llen
tCon
dition
Goo
dCon
dition
Fa
irCon
dition
Poor
Con
dition
Noobservedmaterial
defects
Abrasionsinsealwithno
perforations
Lossofresiliencyof
seal
butnoperforations
Cracks,tearsorholesin
theseal
Sealhasdebonded
Sealisallowingleakage
onthesubstructure.
Sealantdebonded,
pulledoutorsettled
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64
Table4.9:ExpansionJointArmou
ringandRetainingDevices
Ex
ce
llen
tCon
dition
Goo
dCond
ition
Fa
irCon
dition
Poor
Con
dition
No
observedmaterial
de
fects
LightCorros
ion*
MediumCorrosion*
SevereCorrosion*
Bolts,anchors,armour-
ing,clampingdevicesor
weldsareloose,broken
ormissing
*A
sdefinedinTable4.16.
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
37
DEFECT
5.
ASPH
ALTWEARINGSURFACE(Part1
Sec
t.2
.7,
Part
2Ta
ble4
.1)
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE
/
VERYSEVERE)
Surface
Defec
ts
Progressivedeteriorationandlossofthepavemen
tmaterialfromsurfacedownward
No
ticea
blel
osso
f
pavemen
tm
ateria
l
Sha
llow
disintegra
tion
ofpavemen
tw
ithan
open
tex
tureappear-
ance
Sha
llow
todeep
disintegra
tion
ofpavemen
tw
ithsma
ll/
numerouspo
tho
les,
open
tex-
turean
dloosesurfacema
teria
l
Slippery
Surface
Mayresultfrom
flushingorfromthepolishingofth
ecoarsesurfaceaggregatesbythe
actionofrepetitivevehic
ulartraffic
Therearenoseveri
tydescrip
tionsg
iven
forsl
ipperysurfacesas
thisisaseri-
ousan
dpo
tentia
lly
hazardouss
itua
tionresulting
inlosso
fri
dingcom
fortand
losso
fve
hicle
con
tro
l(in
dica
tesuspec
tedper
form
de
fic
iencyo
fs
lipperysur-
face
)
Flus
hing
Themigrationofasphaltupwardstothepavementsurfaceinpavementswithtoo
muchasphaltinthe
mix.
Visibleco
lou
ringo
f
thepavement
surface
occurr
ing
inloca
lize
d
areas
Distinc
tiveco
louringo
f
thepavemen
tsurface
withexcessasp
ha
lt
freeon
thepavement
surface
Excess
ive
freeasp
ha
ltg
ives
thepavemen
tsurfacea
wet
loo
k
.Visibleimprin
tsleftfrom
foo
tprin
tsorve
hicu
lar
tra
ffic
Rave
lling
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38
D
E
F
E
C
T
S
DEFECT
5.
ASPH
ALTWEARINGSURFACE(Part
1Sec
t.2
.7,
Part
2Ta
ble4
.1)
GOOD
(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
Sur
face
Disto
rtion
Whee
ltrac
k
rutting
Theformatio
noflongitudinaldepressionsinthepavementatthelocationsof
thewheeltracksofvehicles
Ru
tting
20mm
deep
Loca
lUn-
derly
ing
Defec
ts
Po
tho
les
Bowl-shapedholesinthepavementcausedby
thepenetrationofwaterthrough
thepavementandsubsequentheavingofthep
avementduetofreezingofthe
entrappedw
aterandbreakingupofthepavem
entduetotrafficaction
20mm
deep
Pro
trus
ions
(Delaminations)
Localdelaminationisvisibleasprotrusionsorbumps(oftencircularinshape)
20mm
inhe
ight
63
ExcellentCondition
GoodCondition
FairCondition
PoorCondition
Noobservedmaterialde-
fe
cts
Upto10%lo
ssofmaterial
forembankm
entsnotdi-
rectlysupportingfounda-
tions;or,upto5%
lossfor
embankment
sdirectlysup-
portingfoundations
10%-30%lossofmaterial
forembankmentsnotdi-
rectlysupportingfounda-
tions;or5%to15%lo
ss
forembankmentsdirectly
supportingfoundations;or,
lossofmaterialtothetop
offoundations
Morethan30%lossofmate-
rialforembankmentsnot
directlysupportingfounda-
tions;or,morethan15%
lossforembankmentsdi-
rectlysupportingfounda-
tions;or,lossofmaterialto
thebottomoffoundations
Tab
le4
.8:
Em
ban
kmen
ts
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62Ta
ble
4.7
:Dra
inage
Sys
tem
Ex
ce
llen
tCon
dition
Goo
dCond
ition
Fa
irCon
dition
Poor
Con
dition
No
observedmaterial
de
fects
Upto20%o
findividual
drainagesystemhas
looseordeterioratedcom-
ponents,connectionsor
fasteners
20%to60%ofindivid-
ualdrainagesystemhas
looseordeteriorated
components,connec-
tionsorfasteners
Morethan60%ofindivid-
ualdrainagesystemhas
looseordeterioratedcom-
ponents,connectionsor
fasteners
Brokenpipecomponents
resultinginwaterdraining
ontosubstructure
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
39
DEFECT
5.
ASPHAL
TCOVEREDCONCRETEDECK(P
art
1Sec
t.2
.7,
Part
2Ta
ble4
.6)
GOOD
(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
BOT TOM-UP DEFECTSW
ide
Is
olated
Crac
ks
Transverse,
long
itu
dina
l
crac
ks
Long
itu
dina
lparalleltothedirectionoftrave
l,andgenerallylocatedator
nearthecen
treofthewheeltrack,pavementedgeorcentre-lineofbridge
Transverse
acrosspavementeitherfullyorp
artially
>10mmw
idesing
le
crac
ks
Loca
l
Un
derly-
in
gDe-
fe
cts
Po
tho
les
Bowl-shapedholesinthepavementcausedby
thepenetrationofwaterthrough
thepavementandsubsequentheavingofthep
avementduetofreezingofthe
entrappedw
aterandbreakingupofthepavementduetotrafficaction
ALL
Pro
trus
ions
(Delaminations)
Localdelaminationisvisibleasprotrusionsorb
umps(oftencircularinshape)
ALL
Pa
ttern
Crac
ks
Map,
edge,
alliga
tor,
radial
ALL
Incompletes
eparationintooneormorepartsw
ithorwithoutspacebetween
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40
6.
ASPHALTCOVEREDCONCRETEDECKS
GOOD
(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
TOP-DOW
NDEFECTS
Bon
d
De
fec
ts
Losso
f
bon
d
Widespreadlossofbondanddelaminationmayoccurbetweentheasphalt
pavementanddecksurface,betweenthewaterproofingandthedecksurface,
betweenthewaterproofingandtheasphaltpa
vementorbetweenindividuallifts
ofpavement
A
LL
Ripp
ling
Theformationoftransverseundulationsinthe
pavementsurfaceconsistingof
closelyspa
cedvalleysandcrests
A
LL
Surface
De
fec
ts
Rave
llingProgressivedeteriorationandlossofthepave
mentmaterialfromthesurface
downward
A
LL
Slippery
Surface
Mayresultfromflushingorfromthepolishing
ofthecoarsesurfaceaggregates
bytheactio
nofrepetitivevehiculartraffic
A
LL
DEFECT
61
E
xcellentCondition
GoodCondi
tion
FairCondition
PoorCondition
AllBondDe
fects(e.g.rippling,loss
ofbond)inasphalt.
AllSurfaceDefects(e.g.ravelling,
flushing,slip
perysurface)inasphalt.
AllSurfaceDistortions(wheeltrack
rutting)inasphalt.
Conditionsurveyiftheareaofdete-
riorationinthisstate>10%ifnot
alreadydone.
Bas
edon
Visua
lInspec
tiono
fAspha
lt
Notes
:
(1)Forallcalculations,
theactualareashallbedeterminedforareascontainingnumerouscracks(i.e.alliga-
to
rcracks,radialcracks).Forisolat
edcracks,
4mo
fcracklengthisto
equalto1squaremetreofdefect
re
pairarea.
(2)If
abridgehasbeenrecentlyrepavedwithoutrehabilitatingthedeck,th
einspectormustestimatethecon-
ditionoftheconcretedeckusingothermeans.
Thiswouldincludeusingpreviousinspectioninformation,
Table4
.6:
Concre
te
Topo
fDe
ckBenea
thAsp
ha
ltWearing
Surface
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60
Exc
ellentCondition
GoodCo
ndition
FairCondition
PoorCondition
NoAsphaltDefects.
Top-Dow
nAsphaltDe-
fects
Bottom-
UpAsphaltDefects
Localprotrusionsinasphalt.AllPotholesinasphalt.
Lightand
medium
isolatedcracksin
asphalt.
Wideisolatedcracksin
as-
phalt.
(Cracksinclude:longitudinal
cracks,abovelocation
of
voids,edgeofbeamflanges,
jointbetweenprecastu
nits,
constructionjoints,etc.,or
transversecracks)
AllPatterncrackingin
asphalt
(e.g.map,alligator,radial,
edgecracking).
BasedonVisualInspectionofAsphalt
T
able4
.6:
Concre
te
TopofD
ec
kBenea
thAsp
ha
lt
W
earing
Surface
41
DEFECT
6.
ASPHALTCOVERED
CONCRETEDECKS
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
TOP-DOWN DEFECTS
Surface
De-
fec
ts
Flus
hingT
hemigrationofasphaltupwardsto
thepavementsurfaceinpave-
m
entswithtoomuchasphaltinthemix.
ALL
Surface
Dis-
tort
ion
Whee
ltrac
k
rutting
T
heformationoflongitudinaldepres
sionsinthepavementattheloca-
tionsofthewheeltracksofvehicles
ALL
Lightan
d
Me
dium
Iso
lated
Crac
ks
Iso
lated
crac
ksan
d
Transverse,
long
itu
dina
l
crac
ks
L
inearfractureextendingpartiallyorcompletelythroughthepavement
10%forsubstructures
DeckConditionSurveyif
areaofdeteriorationinthis
state>10%forsuperstruc-
tures
Tab
le4.5:Concrete
Su
bs
truc
turesandSuperstructures
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58
ExcellentCondition
GoodConditio
n
FairCondition
PoorCondition
Noo
bserve
dma
teria
l
defe
cts
Lightscaling
Mediumscaling
Severetoveryseverescal-
ing,erosionanddisintegra-
tion
Ruststainson
con-
creteduetocorroding
rebarchairs
Ruststainsonconcretedueto
corrodingreinforcingsteel
Mediumtoveryseverecor-
rosionofreinforcingsteel
Surfacecarbo
nation
(Reactionwith
CO2,
associateddis
colour-
ation,shrinkageand
cracks)
Surfacedefectssuchasstrati-
fication,segregation,cold
joints,abrasion,wear,slippery
surfaces,wetareasandsur-
facedeposits(excepton
soffits).
Lighthoneyco
mbing
andpop-outs
Mediumhoneycombinga
nd
pop-outs
Severetoveryseverehon-
eycombingandpop-outs
HairlineandN
arrow
cracks
Mediumcracks
Allwidecracks
Lightalkali-ag
gregate
reaction
Mediumalkali-aggregate
reac-
tion
Severeandverysevereal-
kali-aggregatereaction
Tabl
e4.5:Concrete
Substructur
esandSuperstructures
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
43
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44
DEFECT
7.COATING(PART1,Section2.8&Part2Table4.4)
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
Rutsconditionratingisavisualratingofthesurfaceappe
aranceandisbasedonASTMD610
sketchesandisalsoshowninAppendixCandOSIMPart2,Figure4.1
RustConditionRating2RustConditionRating3
RustConditionRating4ormore
Co
ating
Re
lated
De
fects
Checkingor
Crazing
Finesystem
ofminutecracksinacheckerboardpattern.Causedbyweatheringand
exposureduringcuring
ALL
Cracking
Linearpatternofcrackpenetratedthroughcoating.
Resultsfromweathering,continuing
polymerizatio
norshrinkage
ALL
Alligatoring
Largeirregularchecksacrosssurface.Causedbynoncompatiblelayersofcoatingand
hardening/sh
rinkageprocess
ALL
ChemicalAt-
tack
Coatingreac
tingadverselywithairbornechemicals
oraccidentalspills
ALL
Chalking
Powderyapp
earanceofcoatingsurface.Causedb
yreactionofcoatingresinstosunlight
andprocess
ofweathering.
AL
L
Rust
ConditionRating
57
Figure 4.4b: Rust Condition Rating Categories for Coatin
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56
Exce
llen
tCon
dition
Goo
dCon
dition
Fa
irCon
dition
Poor
Con
dition
NoObservedMaterial
Defects
Chalking
Checking,cracking,alli-
gatoring
Intercoatdelamination,
peeling(topcoaton
ly)
Undercutting,blisters,
peeling(primecoat),un-
derfilmcorrosion
Signsofchemicala
ttack
Overspray,runs,sags,
pinholing
Bridging,edgedefe
cts,
shadows
RUSTCONDITION**
RATING
CATEGORY1
RUSTCONDITION**
RATING
CATEGO
RY2
RUSTCONDITION
**
RATING
CATEGORY3
RUSTCONDITION**
RATING
CATEGORY4orhigher
CoatingConditionSurveyisrequiredifcombined
areaintheFairand
PoorConditionStatesis
greaterthan25%andtheareainthePoorCondi-
tionStateislessthan10%***
Ta
ble
4.4
a:
Coa
ting
*-
Struc
tura
lSteelSu
bs
truc
turesan
dSuper-
Struc
tures
45
DEFECT
7.
COATING(PART1
,Sec
tion2
.8&Part
2Ta
ble4
.4)
DEFECTS
*
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
Adh
es
ion
Re
lated
De
fec
ts
Un
dercu
ttingSpreading
ofcorrosionundercoatingfromab
reak.Causedbypoorsurface
preparation
Blis
ters
Domeshapedprojectionsofcoating.Caused
bysolventorwatertrapped
withinpaintfilm
Intercoa
t
De
lam
ina
tion
Onecoats
eparatesfromanother.Causedby
contaminatedsurfacesor
excessivecuringbetweencoats
Pee
ling
Separation
ofcoatingfromsteelduetopoora
dhesion
Corrosionunderthecoatingwiththehelpoffromabreak.Causedbypoor
preparation
orporouscoating
Un
derf
ilm
Corros
ion
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
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46
DEFECT
7.
COATING(PART1
,Sec
tion2
.8&Part
2Ta
ble4
.4)
DEFECTS
*
GOOD
(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
Bri
dg
ing
Coatingbridgesacrosstightcornerordebrisformingvoid.Voidcantrap
moistureandoxygen
Edge
De
fec
tsCoatingpu
llsawayfromsharpedgesandcor
ners.Duetoinsufficient
application
ofcoatingatedge
Sha
dows
Coatingisappliedtoothinintheshadowofa
rivet,bolts,orotherabruptchange
insurface
Overspray
Somepain
tparticleoutsidespraypatterndry
priortofullcoating.Leadsto
someabso
rbedsolventandamoreporoussurface
ALL
Appl
ica
tion
Rela
ted
Defec
ts
ALL
ALL
ALL
55
Ta
ble4
.3:
Coa
ting
*
Stee
lRa
iling
s
Exce
llen
tCon
dition
Goo
dCon
dition
Fa
irCon
dition
Poor
Con
dition
RUSTCONDITION**
RATING
CATEGORY1
RUSTCONDITION
RATING
CATEGOR
Y2
RUSTCONDITION
RATING
CATEGORY3
RUSTCONDITION
RATING
CATEGORY4orhigher
*
Galvanizedelementsareincluded
undertheCoatingcategory
**
RustConditionRatingsareshown
inFigure4.1.Foradditionalinform
ation,seetheStruc-
turalSteelCoatingManual.
***Inordertoconsiderovercoatinga
saviablerehabilitationoption,ad
etailedconditionsur-
veyshouldbetriggeredbeforedeteriorationistoowidespread.
C
O
O
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54
Ex
ce
llen
t
Co
ndition
Goo
d
Con
dition
Fa
ir
Con
dition
Poor
Con
dition
NoObs
ervedMate-
rialDefects
Hairlinecracksinelastomericpads
Narrowtomediumcracksin
elastomericpads
Verywidecracksinelastomericpads
and/orsteelplatesdebonded
Lightbulgingorsheardeform
ationsin
elastomericpads,orlightlocal
deformationofroller/rockerp
lates
Mediumbulging/sheardeformations
inelastomericpads,ormediumlocal
deformationofroller/rockerplates
Severebulging/sheardeformations
inelastomericpads,severelocal
deformationofroller/rockerplates
Lightscoring/scratchesinTF
Eor
stainlesssteel
Mediumscoring/scratchesinT
FEor
stainlesssteel
Severescoring/scratchesorripsand
tearsinTFEorstainlesssteel
LightCorrosion
MediumCorrosion
Severeandveryseverecorrosion
andorcracksinsteel
Anchorboltsslightlybent
Anchorboltsseverelybent/cra
cked
Anchorboltsarebroken
Guidebarsandthrustplates
slightlywornGuidebarsandthrustplatesm
oder-
atelyworn
Guidebarsandthrustplatesse-
verelywornand/orlooseormissing
nuts
Upto5%ofbondedslidings
urfaceis
debonded
5%to20%ofbondedslidings
urface
isdebonded
Over20%ofbondedslidingsurface
isdebonded
Internallyconfinedcompressionma-
terialissqueezing/squeezedout
T
able4.2
:Bearings
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
47
DEFECT
7.
COATING(PART1
,Sec
tion2
.8&Part
2Ta
ble4
.4)
DEFECTS*
GOOD(LIGHT)
FAIR(MEDIUM)
POOR
(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)
Appl
ica
tion
Rela
ted
Defec
ts
Pinho
ling
Airbubbles
trappedincoatingcreatingvoids.
Causedbyholdingsprayguntoo
close
AL
L
Runs
Downwardmovementofpaint.Causedbyover-thinningordepositingtoomuch
paintatone
time
AL
L
Sags
Similartoru
ns,thedownwardmovementofcurtainofpaint
AL
L
Pinpo
int
Rus
ting
Rustingvisibleatpointlocations.Causedbyinsufficientcoatingthicknesson
peaksofblastcleanedsubstrate
RatebasedonappearanceandRustConditionRating
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4853
ExcellentCondition
GoodCondition
FairCondition
Poor
Condition
No
ObservedMate-
rialDefects
Lightcracking
Mediumcracking
Seve
retoverysevere
cracking
Lightravelling
Mediumravelling
Seve
reandverysevere
ravelling
Allareaswithlossof
bond
LightPotholes
MediumPotholes
Seve
reandverysevere
potholes
Lightwheeltrackrut-
ting
Mediumwheeltrack
rutting
Seve
reandverysevere
whee
ltrackrutting
LightRippling
MediumRippling
Seve
reandVerySevere
Rippling
LightFlushing
MediumFlushing
Seve
reandverysevere
flushing
For
allcalculations,
theactualareashallbedeterminedforareascontainingnumerouscracks(i.e.
allig
atorcracks,radialcracks).Foriso
latedcracks,
4m
ofcrack
Tab
le4
.1:
Asp
ha
ltWearing
Su
rface
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52
C
O
N
D
T
O
N
APPENDIX C: MATERIAL CONDITIONSTATE TABLES
(Part 2, Section 4)
Four Condition States have been defined for bridgeelements, namely, Excellent, Good, Fair and Poor.
The condition of bridge elements is defined to be inany one or more of these Condition States.The severity and extent philosophy is used where,for each bridge element, the inspector assesses andrecords the amount (area, length or unit as appropri-ate) of the element in each of the four ConditionStates.
49
Element List and Condition StateCross Reference Table (Part 2, Ta
APPENDIX B
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50
Element Group Element Name6,7,8
Unit forQuantity
1,2,3,4Appl icab le Condit ionState Table Number
5
Abutments Abutment walls Sq.m. 4.5, 4.11, 4.19
Ballast walls Sq.m. 4.5, 4.11, 4.19
Bearings Each 4.2
Wingwalls Sq.m. 4.5, 4.11, 4.19
Accessories(Attachments & Signs)
Bridge Mounted SignSupports 9
Each 4.12
Electrical 9 Each 4.12
Noise Barriers m10 4.12
Other Each 4.12
Signs Each 4.12
Utilities Each 4.12
Approaches Approach slabs Sq.m. 4.5, 4.6
Barriers 9 m10 4.17, 4.19
Curb and Gutters m. 4.5
Drainage System Each 4.7
Sidewalk/Curbs Sq.m. 4.5
Wearing surface Sq.m. 4.1, 4.5, 4.6
Barriers Barrier/Parapet Walls Sq.m. 4.5
Hand Railings m. 10 4.17
Posts Each 4.5, 4.16, 4.19
Railing Systems m.10
4.17, 4.19
Beams/Main Longitu-dinal Elements
Diaphragms Each (Sq.m ifConcrete)
4.5, 4.15, 4.16, 4.19
Floor beams Sq.m. 4.5, 4.16, 4.19
Girders Sq.m. 4.5, 4.15, 4.16, 4.19
Inside boxes (sides &bottom)
Sq.m. 4.5 , 4.15
Stringers Each 4.5 , 4.16, 4.19
Bracing Bracing Each 4.15, 4.16, 4.19
Coatings Railing Systems /Hand Railings
Sq.m. 4.3
Structural Steel Sq.m. 4.4
Culverts Barrels Sq.m. 4.5, 4.14
Inlet Components Sq.m. 4.5
Outlet Components Sq.m. 4.5
Decks Deck Top Sq.m. 4.5, 4.6, 4.19
Drainage System Each 4.7
Soffit Inside Boxes Sq.m. 4.5
Soffit Thick slab Sq.m. 4.5
Soffit Thin Slab Sq.m. 4.5, 4.19
Wearing Surface Sq.m. 4.1
Embankments &Streams
Embankments Each 4.8
Slope protection Each 4.13
Streams and Water-ways
All 4.18
Foundations Foundation (belowground level)
N/A Rate performance only.
Joints Armouring/retainingdevices
m. 4.9
Concrete end dams Sq.m 4.5
Seals/sealants each 4.10
Table 2.1: Element List and Condition State Cross Reference Table
51
Element Group Element Name6,7,8
Unit forQuantity
1,2,3,4Appl icab le Con dit ionState Table Number
5
Piers Bearings Each 4.2
Caps Sq.m. 4.5, 4.11, 4.16, 4.19
Shafts/columns/PileBents
Sq.m. 4.5, 4.11, 4.16, 4.19
Retaining walls Barrier Systems onwalls
Sq.m. 4.5, 4.17, 4.19
Railing Systems m10 4.17, 4.19
Drainage Systems All 4.7
Walls Sq.m. 4.5
Sidewalks/curbs Curbs Sq.m. 4.5
Sidewalks and medi-ans
Sq.m. 4.5
Trusses/Arches Bottom chords Sq.m. 4.5, 4.16, 4.19
Connections Each 4.16, 4.19
Top chords Sq.m. 4.5, 4.16, 4.19Verticals/diagonals Sq.m. 4.5, 4.16, 4.19
Notes: 1 For All, place the entire component (100%) in one condition state.2 For Each, give the number of occurrences of the component in each state.3 For cracks in concrete, estimate repair area (4m of crack = 1 sq. m of repair).4 For cracks in steel, estimate required repair area.5 Tables given are typical for element. Use appropriate table for applicable
material. (See Section 4).6 Sub-elements (End/Middle) to be used for the following elements at expansion
joint locations: Deck Top, Girders, Inside BoxesSub-elements (End/Intermediate) to be used for the following elements at
expansion joint locations:: Floor Beams, Stringers, Bracing and Dia-phragms
Sub-elements (End/Interior/Exterior) to be used for SoffitsSub-elements (Interior/Exterior) to be used for Barrier/Parapet Walls
7 For an explanation of which bridge components are included in each element,see Table 3.1.
8 Similar element types should be grouped together (e.g. I-girders, x-frames, etc.)9 Optional element. Not required for MTO use
10 For these elements that are inspected by linear metre, a defect in the post shallbe assumed to affect the tributary area for that post.