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Contents
Part 1 – Generality and infrastructureTeam news, new test hall, workflow improvements
Part 2 – Accelerator projectsHILUMI, LIU …
Part 3 – Sensors and instrumentationRotating coil systems, mappers and other R&D
Overviewof Magnetic Measurements at CERN
D. Akhmedyanov, M. Amodeo, P. Arpaia, J. Bardanca, A. Beaumont, R. Beltron Mercadillo, M. Bonora,N. Bruti, M. Buzio, E. M .Cervera, A. Chiuchiolo, E.J. Cho, R. Chritin, M. Dantas, G. Deferne, V. Di Capua,
O. Dunkel, L. Fiscarelli, J. Garcia Perez, D. Giloteaux, G. Golluccio, X. Gontero, C. Grech, F. Greiner,S. Gutzeit, R. Jaeger, A. Junge, K. Kaismoune, P. Kosek, M. Liebsch, A. J. Malibiran, K. Monneron,Hans G. Mueller, A. Parrella, M. Pentella, C. Petrone, I. Pschorn, P. T. Rogacki, S. Russenschuck,
V. Sinatra, S. Sorti, E. Tournaki, J. Vella Wallbank, V. Velonas, M. Verwiel, A. Windischhofer, T. Zickler
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Formal/informal collaborations:
IntroductionCERN Magnetic Measurement team: growing in size and decreasing (collectively) in age
total: 42
median age: 36
Electronic instrumentation and metrology, software engineering
Electrical machines and actuators
Mechatronics, translating fluxmeter
Magnetic materials metrology
Mappers, electromagnetism andBoundary Element Method
MEMS transducers
Real-time magnetic measurementshysteresis modelling
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Part IInfrastructure
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New test hall (bldg. 311)
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New test hall (bldg. 311)
2 1.5 T, 80 mm gap reference dipolesNMR mapped for flip-coil area calibration
2 9.5 T/m, 125 mm gap reference quadrupolesfor rotating coil radius calibration
reference solenoid
15+ rotating coil systems8 to 300 mm, 150 mm to 2.5 m length
3D LEICA laser trackersfor axis fiducialization
1D/3D Hall-probe and fluxmeter field mappers
• Finished in Dec 2017 at the cost of 7.5 MCHF (well on time and wthin budget)• 1600 m2 on two floors, 17 independent test benches, 2 water cooling circuits• 40-ton crane (adequate for all beam-line magnets in the complex)• Thermal stabilization 212.0 °C
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New test hall (bldg. 311)• Separated high-accuracy test hall with high mechanical/thermal stability (210.5 °C)• Optimized AC airflow for vibrating wire systems• 5 T crane
Low-resonant frequencygranite benches
Vibrating/translating stretched wire systems(reference for integral field strength and axis)
NMR/Hall-probe teslameters
Helmholtzcoil system
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Automated DC distribution (bldg. 311)
Converter 1
Converter 2
Converter 7 or 8
.
.
.
SwitchboardFully controlled by PLC
PLC
Current control- “FFMM” mag. meas. software (C++) through serial/USB- “Power” application (LabView) through TN- “Tera Term” through serial/USB
Current control
TE-MSC-MM 2018
PC state, power permission
Gateway
Interlocks, warning lights, …
Current reading
Interbox 1
.
.
.
Magnet under testD
CC
T 1
Interbox 2Magnet under
testDC
CT
2
Interbox 17Magnet under
testDC
CT
17
Cu
rren
tco
ntr
ol
Signal l ines (commands, interlocks, …)
Bi-polar power lines
Technical Network
Dedicated network (Ethernet or WorldFip or ProfiBus)
Serial/USB
7 lines 750 A DC
2 x 240mm2
/pole
Max. length 15 m
Type Spécifications Official name: Alimentation
COMET 2p 500A/120V RPADA.311.COMET_2P.1 3 x 400 V , 125 Arms
COMET 2p 500A/120V RPADA.311.COMET_2P.2 3 x 400 V , 125 Arms
APOLO 2p 400Arms, 900Apeak/450V RPADG.311.APOLO_2P.1 3 x 400 V , 320 Arms
Transtechnik LHC600A/40V 600A/40V RPMC.311.TRANSTECHNIK.1 3 x 400 V + N , 63 Arms
Transtechnik LHC600A/40V 600A/40V RPMC.311.TRANSTECHNIK.2 3 x 400 V + N , 63 Arms
Transtechnik LHC600A/40V 600A/40V RPMC.311.TRANSTECHNIK.3 3 x 400 V + N , 63 Arms
COMET 4p 750A/120V RPAGE.311.COMET_4P.1 3 x 400 V + N , 250 Arms
• Requirement: safe, high-turnover magnet connections (50100 tests/year)
• 7 high power, CERN-made converters switchable onto 17 benches (sparse matrix!)
• Motorized circuit breakers + blade switches• Cabling up to 750 A DC• Full set of interlocks and remote diagnostics
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Reference magnets2 1.55 m reference quads13.33 T @ 450 A, L = 1.55 m- Int. gradient cross-check- Int. roll angle cross-check and offset
calibration- fiducialization cross-check
2 2.5 m reference dipoles2.61 Tm @ 316 A, NMR-mapped- Int. strength cross-check- Calibration of coils and other sensors- Material and component tests
350 mm reference quadXXX T/m @ XXX A, NMR-mappedcalibration of large rotating coils
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Workflow management tools• Long-standing problem: organize, trace and follow up several 100s of magnets and test
sessions/year, using 1000s of sensors, instruments, calibration datasets• Solution: new toolset based on Infor/EAM light web services
Operations Management
Web form for MM requests
Kanban boardfor detailedfollow-up ofwork orders
• Systematic, hierarchical classification of equipment according to a predefined equipment structure and naming convention
• Labelling and automated identification
Asset Management
Data Management (in progress)
• Storage of test configuration metadata• Retrieval of equipment and calibration parameters• Storage and retrieval of test data and (raw, post-
processed, validated, synopsis) and analysis subroutines
• Integrated in FFMM C++ framework
Credit:E. Tournaki, T. Zickler
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Part IIProjects
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• Highest-priority project:- replace rad-damaged IR quads- 10 luminosity = +25% discovery range
• 100 magnets of 11 types to be measured before end 2023
• Main challenge: first operational accelerator-quality Nb3Sn magnets ever- XX, 60 mm, 10 m long 11 T dipoles- XX, XX mm, X m long X T/m quads
• Magnetic measurement challenges:- XX warm rotating coil systems to be operated on manufacturer’s premises- 130 mm anticryostats and 10 m long rotating coil systems- longitudinal alignment IR triplets
Hi-Luminosity LHC
Credit: L. Fiscarelli, S. Russenschuck
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• 24+6, 60 mm 10 m, 11 T bending dipoles• install in 2020 at IP X and X to make room for new collimators
11 T dipoles
LBH_A LBH_BBy-pass cryostat
• “Clean” training curve• Single quench to nominal current• Even at 4.5 K reaching almost ultimate current
(good temperature margin for nominal operation)• 94% of conductor short sample reached @ 4.5 K• Better training in first cool down than all models• Coil limit @ 4.5 K = 300 A > best model magnet 0 2 4 6 8
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30AP1
kA
un
its
b2
b3
b4
b5
0 2 4 6 8-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30AP1
kA
un
its
a2
a3
a4
a5
• Magnetic measurements done with legacy LHC system (15 m ceramic shafts)• Compared to NbTi dipoles: large harmonics hysteresis, flux jumps
Credit: L. Fiscarelli
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1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 15000.975
0.98
0.985
0.99
0.995
1
1.005
s
Strain gage 201 Th2 up
Hall Sensor C
• Models critical for Nb3Sn R&D, must measure absolute field, field profile• Combination of induction coils + Hall probes very useful
to detect subtle dynamic effects
Racetrack model coils
Unprotected AREPOC Hall probessoldering broke during cool-down
Aerospace-grade Lakeshoreprobe provided better results
(but: non-linear calibration needed)
Credit: C. Petrone
0.5% drift over 60 s
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• Aim: increase intensity and enable injector chain to sustain high-luminosity LHC operation• More than 120 new or refurbished magnets to test until 2020 (80 done to date)• Mostly regular tests with existing equipment
LHC Injectors Upgrade Project
orbit corrector for the new transfer lines Linac4 → PSB “Y-shaped” switching dipole for the PSB extraction
new PS extraction bumper with extra loopsfor passive sextupole compensation New main PSB insertion and extraction dipole
quadrupole for the PSB extraction line to PS
quadrupole for the new transfer lines Linac4 → PSB
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• Three major alternatives being put forward for future colliders: HE-LHC (27 TeV with 16 T dipoles in the LHC tunnel), FCC-hh (100 TeV, new 100 km tunnel with 16 T magnets) and FCC-ee (365 GeV, 100 km tunnel with 57 mT dipoles)
• Only few magnets and device prototypes tested so far• Example: SuShi, a passive MgB2 shield for 3T FCC-hh septa
FCC
10 8 Arepoc HHP-NP (200 mV/T @ 20 mA)cross-calibrated at RT (relative measurement)
8.3 mm MgB2thickness
after reactive Mg infiltration
SuShi screen
flux jumps at lower field on ramp-down
1270 mm
gradual penetration from endCourtesy C. Petrone
FCC quad prototype
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
Current [kA]
Mag
net
ic F
ield
/ C
urr
ent
[T/k
A]
Hall 1734 A
Hall 1739 B
Hall 1740 C
Coil 0405 A
Coil 0405 B
Coil 0405 C
Simulation
• EuCARD-2 case study: 5 T Feather M2 dipole with 10 kA Roebel ReBCO cable• Fixed-coil magnetic measurements in a vertical cryostat (not adapted to rotating coils)• Good results thanks to cross-calibration of coils and Hall probes
HTS magnets
C. Petrone et al., Measurement and analysis of the dynamic effects in a HTS dipole magnet, EUCAS 17
1500 1550 1600 1650 1700-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
s
T
1500 1550 1600 1650 1700-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
s
V
3 5 200 mm long radial coils
3 AREPOC LHP-NP Hall probes
Uncalibrated Hall probes20% gain uncertainty
Uncorrected integrator driftup to 0.5% over 300 s
B during fast ramp usedto calibrate Hall probe gain
Constant Hall probe signal estimation and correction
of coil voltage offset
Residual errordue to Hall and coil
size difference
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• 26 multiplets (170 magnets) + 24 bending dipoles, super-ferric with supercritical He cooling• Very large warm bores: 192 (multiplets), 380 180 mm (dipoles)• Dedicated test area with 3 reconfigurable benches being finalized in b. 181• First short multiplet being prepared for tests → see Pawel Kosek’s talk
GSI/FAIR - SuperFRS
Credit: G. Golluccio, S. Russenschuck
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Part IIIInstrumentation
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136 mm PCB coil -based “mole” for warm measurements of HL-LHC magnetsWarm rotating coil scanner
PCB-mounted retroreflector
hand-operated longitudinal positioning
with prolongations
tilt sensor forauto-alignment
Credit: P. Rogacki, L. Fiscarelli
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• Developed for cold tests of HL-LHC IR quads• Carbon-fiber shells for stiffness and low weight
(cost-effective w.r.t. ceramic)• Retroreflectors on each module directly linked
to the PCBs (best accuracy)• One retroreflector always visible outside the
anti-cryostat• Expected Jan 2020
New long rotating coil shafts
8 1.4 m modules = 11.2 m
1.3 m PCB coil array
Credit: O. Dunkel, L. Fiscarelli
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• XXX new rotating coils (being) built for HL-LHC and other projects using new modular design• 2 carbon fiber half-cylinders with radial coil PCB (max. individual length 1.2 m)
Rotating coils
non-magnetic retroreflector standard Mobile Rotating Unit
radialPCB coils
330 mm FAIR multiple coil – our largest ! Credit: G. Golluccio
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• 8 new systems (being) built (of which 6 with vibrating wire functionality) • most old FNAL hardware replaced, software based on FFMM C++ framework (see G. Deferne IMMW19)
• Reproducibility from systematic cross-calibration campaign: BdL 1.64 units, GdL 2.45 units, roll angle 0.035 mrad, axis 0.041 mm
• R&D ongoing: harmonic and pulsed-mode measurements
Single stretched wire systems
System Stroke Built for ManufacturerStages
manufacturer Year In service
SSW2 150 mm LHC Fermilab Newport 2003 YES
SSW3 150 mm LHC Fermilab Newport 2004 YES
SSW5 150 mm General use CERN PimiCos 2014 YES
SSW6 400 mm FAIR CERN PimiCos 2017 YES
SSW7 50 mm PACMAN CERN PimiCos 2017 YES
SSW8 150 mm General use CERN PimiCos 2018 YES
SSW9 150 mm HL-LHC CERN PimiCos 2019 EXP 09.2019
SSW10 150 mm HL-LHC CERN PimiCos 2019 EXP 09.2019
Credit: G.Deferne
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• BHZ10 switching dipole issues: open-loop hysteresis (2GeV, 1.4GeV), L/R asymmetry• Requirement: high precision absolute field integral + transversal uniformity • Solution: a combination of curved fixed coil + curved “stretched” wire
Curved stretched wire
reversible G10 support for L/R beam paths
repurposed old SSW stages(can be switched back to wire operation)
one end pivotingother end simply
supported
• two fixed coils (symmetric w.r.t. wire) for high resolution dynamic measurements• single-turn translating stretched wire inserted in a groove for precise DC transverse profile,
remanent field and absolute calibration of effective coil width • discrete Hall probes/PCB coil pairs to measure local eddy current effects
Credit: C. Petrone, S. Sorti
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New roto-translating test bench• Polyvalent support for
fixed/rotating coils + vertical/transversal translation
• Main goals : replace old general-purpose bench + automate rotating coil calibration
• procurement ongoing • Design in collaboration
with Politecnico di Milano, including mechanical dynamic tests → analysis of impact on magnetic measurement quality
Polytec PSV-500-3DScanning Vibrometer
Modal shapes
Carbon fiber support arm
Legacy “Huron” bench
New design
PI miCos translation stage500 300 mm
100 kg load
Interchangeable armup to 2 2 m
Credit: C. Petrone, S. Sorti
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• New translating PCB fluxmeter for transverse and longitudinal uniformity of large FAIR dipoles• Central coil calibrated by NMR at the center; others cross-calibrated by shifting the array
Translating fluxmeter
Credit: G. Golluccio, D. Caltabiano
coil array
non-magneticencoder head
MicroE MII6000(5 m res.)
3D- printed(bluestone)
slidingcoil support
stepper motordrive (70 to700 mm/s)
manualstop
alignmentpin
5 m Al tape scale
Measurement coil
3.5 m support
push-pull wiremechanical stop
AB
CDE
A B C D E
A B C D E
A B C D E
-50
0
+50
compensated coil calibration
in-situ coilcross-calibration
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• Under construction: general-purpose, 3-axis mapper with <manufacturer> translation stages • Full calibration of 3D HE444 Hall sensor vs T, B and ongoing (8 mrad orthogonality, 0.3% non-linearity)
• Replace traditional mapping on a 3D grid with boundary mapping + BEM post-processing:
3D mapping system
3 m 1.5 m 1.5 m stroke
(XX m accuracy @ XX mm/s)
Green’s function
𝐁 = 𝜇0𝛻 නΓ
Φm 𝐫′ 𝐧 ⋅ 𝛻𝐺 𝐫, 𝐫′ d𝐫′ −නΓ
𝐺 𝐫, 𝐫′ 𝐧 ⋅ 𝛻Φm 𝐫′ d𝐫′
Hall probe
measured Neumann boundary dataBEM-computed Dirichlet boundary data
Credit: M. Liebsch, S. Russenschuck
Tapered carbon fiber arm
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B-train systems• 4/6 new systems in operation with beam for 27 aggregated
months in 2018 (PS, PSB, LEIR, ELENA)
• Metrological performance matching or exceeding old systemsrepeatability ~0.05 G, abs. uncertainty 1~2 G, integrator drift 0.02 G/s (PS)
• No critical reliability issues identified(sporadic integrator freeze in 2017, fixed with 64-bit driver update)
• Consolidation goals met- obsolete VME FEC in PS, PSB, LEIR and AD can be phased out during LS2- LEIR operation demonstrated with new external flux loop + FMR field marker
• Planned work during LS2- simulated B-train: hardware already tested in the PS, software to be adaptated for the AD- completion and test of the new system for the 2 GeV PSB- commissioning of the new SPS system (NB operation with old one still possible after LS2)- integrator error correction improvements, predicted field facility, diagnostics LEIR tomoscope (charge density at extraction)
Old B-train New B-train
LEIR bending dipole
PS FIRESTORM B-train via White Rabbit
Correlation OP/SPARE systems on a LHCION cycle
tim
ebunch length
RMS difference 0.6 G
offset 0.4 G
Credit: M. Amodeo, A. Beaumont, V. Di Capua, D. Giloteaux, C. Grech,
J. Vella Wallbank
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• “Field marker” sensors designed to provide a pulse when a certain B(t) is reached
• PCB waveguide YIG resonators implemented and tested in LEIR/PS, being tested in ELENA and PSB
• Excellent reproducibility ~5 T• T- and angle-insensitive BDPA resonator
under test up to 20 GHz (0.7 T)
FMR resonators
Schottky diode
D1
Frequency generator
0° 180°
0° 0° (∑) 1 (Δ) 4
2
3
50 Ohm
RF amplifier
FMR sensor
180° hybrid coupler B-TrainElectronics
Inductioncoil
Magnet
B-train chassis
Front End RF electronics
Resonator Parameters 1 GHz (PS) 3 GHz (LEIR)
Resonance frequency (MHz) 1109 3050
Field marker level (mT) 35.9 106.3
Effective gyromagnetic ratio (GHz/T) 28.291 28.692
Bdot tolerance (T/s) 2.3 5
Gradient tolerance (µT/T/m) −56 0
Temperature sensitivity (µT/degC) 3.6 2.2
Field direction sensitivity (µT/deg) 433 368
Resolution (µT) 0.3 0.5
0.3mm YIG sphere
RF in/out
Credit: A. Beaumont
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• WR: a CERN-developed, Ethernet-based IEEE standard used in B-trains for digital distribution of the measured field across several km with ns accuracy and ~20 us latency, up to 1 M data frames/s (theoretical)
• WR Sniffer: new tool for simultaneous acquisition of multiple full-speed data streams
White Rabbit Sniffer
• NI cRIO-based FPGA firmware• seamless integration with standard DAQ/multifunction card on the
same time base for complex measurement and control applications
• Current functionality: datastream visualization and storage• In development: real-time post processing for advanced diagnostics
and alarms
Credit: V. DI Capua
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• Derivative of B-train integrator based on CERN Open Hardware FPGA Mezzanine Cards (FMC)• Wide input ranges, self-calibration and offset correction facilities• Adapted for rotating- and fixed-coil measurements• Remote configuration, diagnostics and data retrieval possible via FESA C++ control framework• First prototypes under test
New FMC-Fast Digital Integrator
I/O
FMC integrator FMC integrator
4-lane PCIeFPGA: IO manager,
calibration and integration logic
Gain 0.1 to 500, input range 20 mV to 100 V
LVDS
20 bit SAR ADC LTC 2378Ratiometric correction of coil loading error
best-fit correction of ADC non-linearity
Overall block layoutCredit: D. Giloteaux, T. Rajkumar
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• Current R&D goals: - speed up and increase the accuracy of standard tests (split-coil permeameter for ring samples, Epstein frame)
- expand ranges of permeability, field and temperature• Good results with cryogenic setup: H 500 kA/m (2.8 T) @ 4.2K, 1.1 r 105
Magnetic material properties 1/3
3D printed bluestone casing for easier coil winding + thermal stress relief
𝑀 𝐻
= 𝑀𝑎ℒ𝐻
𝑎+ 𝑀𝑏 tanh
𝐻
𝑏ℒ
𝐻
𝑏ℒ
𝐻
𝑎= coth
𝐻
𝑎−𝑎
𝐻
1 dm3 LHe fluxmetric setup for ring samples
ARMCO for HL-LHC magnetstested up to 2.8 T
The new curves give 0.7% higher results at high field in ROXIE
Credit: A. Parrella, M. Pentella
“Overview of magnetic measurements at CERN”[email protected]
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Detailed uncertainty propagation at RT and 4.2 KMagnetic material properties 2/3
Measured field uncertainty(r uncertainty) estimationfor different classes of materialsand temperatures
r 1, 50 g samplesr 350000
Impact of different excitationcurrent output ranges
Impact of strain hardeningon ARMCO permeability
Credit: M. Pentella
“Overview of magnetic measurements at CERN”[email protected]
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• Open-loop magnetic measurements for non-standard, low-permeability samples• Measured : resolution 10-4, absolute accuracy 10-4 (reference sample r=1.0038)• Ongoing R&D: 3D FE for arbitrarily shaped samples; cryogenic setup
Magnetic material properties 3/3
block/cylinder sample NMR probe
probe moved by a linear stage
no sample
w/ sample
difference
Sample r estimatedby matching iteratively
2D FE result to themeasured field profile
differenceCredit: A. Parrella, M. Pentella
“Overview of magnetic measurements at CERN”[email protected]
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• Prototype integrated micromechanical sensors, various geometries of resonant oscillating cantilever
• Piezoelectric readout V mainly proportional to z:
• Best sensitivity achieved so far 7 V/AT• Large dynamic range (I0 0.01→ 600 mA), low cost• Challenges: linearity (mechanical/capacitive effects),
sensitivity, voltage offsets
MEMS magnetic sensors
Credit: V. Sinatra and Prof. S. Baglio, University of Catania, Italy
𝑚 ሷ𝑧 + 𝑑 ሶ𝑧 + 𝑘𝑧 + Λ𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑦𝐼𝐿x
𝑉 𝑡 = න𝑑𝑡(Π ሶ𝑧 −𝑉(𝑡)
𝑅𝐶)
I
B
FIIN
Lx 9 mm
I(t)=I0sin t
V
IIN
IIN
IOUT
IOUT
IOUT
Inertial mass m
Flexible meanderstructure (20 Hzlowest mode)
+/-400 mdeflection range
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Thanks for your attention