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Lecture Presentations onEnvironmental Engineering
Course EENV101
Part 2a Wk 5 (Feb 4- Feb 9) Water:Quality and Quantity
Chapter Seven of TextbookBy Engr. Jessica. M. Castillo
Rev. 3T 2015-16
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Week 5 : Learning ObjectivesDescribe the different components of the hydrologic cycle. (CO2)
Identify the different storage of water. (CO2)
Explain why there is a scarcity of water for human use. (CO2)
Calculate the water footprint. (CO2)
Determine Runoff from changes in Land Use (CO2)
Enumerate the most important surface water quality parameters.
(CO2)
Identify the sources of ground water contamination
Identify the pollutants in ground water
Identify the most common pathogens in wastewater. (CO2)
Describe several methods to remediate soil and groundwater
contamination.
(CO2)
Rev. 3T 2015-16
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Rev. 1T 2013-14
Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and
quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the
hydro log ic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed
sustainability. From WIKIpedia
HYDROLOGY
Rev. 3T 2015-16
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Rev. 1T 2013-14
This picture shows the total volume of water and air (formed
into spheres) on Earth compared to the size of the Earth.http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread341549/pg1
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Precipitation to Land(rain, snow, hail)
Transpirationfrom plants
Runoff
Surface runoff (rapid)
Evaporation
from land Evaporationfrom ocean Precipitation to
ocean
Ocean storage
Surfacerunoff (rapid)
Groundwater movement (slow)
Clouds Condensation
Transpiration
Evaporation
Precipitation(rain, snow,hail)Precipitation
Infiltration andPercolation Watershed
Water in theSoil
Rev. 3T 2015-16
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Watershed
The surface land area that drains water to rivers and lakes.This area has topographical ridges.
Drainage in the watershed is due to gravity.
Precipitation that falls within a watershed must be drained
somewhere.
Rev. 3T 2015-16
Surface Water
Precipitation that falls to the ground are considered
as fresh water and sea water.Surface run-off ends up in reservoir, rivers, lakes, wetlands,
bays, estuaries and flows out to the oceans
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Rev. 3T 2015-16
Aquifer
The underground soil or rock where the water infiltrates
downward through gravity, until it reaches the watertable.
Groundwater
The water that infiltrates the ground’s surface is referred to asgroundwater. It can come out to the surface through artesian wells,
pumps and springs.
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Rev. 1T 2013-14
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Classification of Water
Rev. 1T 2013-14
Inland Water means an interior body of water or watercourse such as
lake, reservoir, river, stream, creek, etc., that has beneficial usages
other than public water supply or primary contact recreation (eg.
Swimming, water skiing). Tidal affected rivers or streams are considered
inland waters.
Coastal Water" means an open body of water along the country'scoastline starting from the shoreline (MLLW) and extending outward up
to the 200-meter isobath or three-kilometer distance, whichever is
farther.
Protected Water" means a watercourse or a body of water, or any
segment thereof, that is classified as a source of public water supply orprimary contact recreation, or that is designated by competent
government authority as a national park or reserve. (As defined in the
Pollution Control Decree of 1976)
Rev. 3T 2015-16
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HUMAN IMPACTS TO WATER CYCLE
1. Water withdrawal from streams, lakes andgroundwater. (salt water intrusion and groundwater
depletion)
2. Clear vegetation from land for agriculture, mining,
road and building construction. (nonpoint sourcerunoff carrying pollutants and reduced recharge of
groundwater)
3. Degrade water quality by adding nutrients(NO2, NO3,
PO4) and destroying wetlands (natural filters).
4. Degrade water clarity by clearing vegetation and
increasing soil erosion.
Rev. 3T 2015-16
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Sample Problem
Rational Method to determine Runoff from Land Use
Page 305 from textbook
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Rev. 1T 2013-14
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Pollutants/Contaminants in
Water Solid wastes/Particles
Oil and grease
Decayed matter/animals
(Flood water containing too much heavy metals)
Excessive level of natural elements like
Phosphorus and Nitrogen
Chemicals (acids and alkaline)
Hazardous Chemicals like insecticides
Pathogens /Microbes such as E-coli bacteria
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Surface Water Quality
Degradation
Rev. 3T 2015-16
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Causes of Water contamination
Rev. 3T 2015-16
Domestic Wastes:
Inappropriate Solid Waste management
Poor Sewage System
Agricultural
Poor waste management, Inappropriate practices
Aquaculture:
Inappropriate practices
Air pollution:
Acid rain, cloud seeding
Water Run off from Land use:
Land conversion, mining etc.
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Specific sources/origins:
Domestic waste (48%) – bathing, laundry,sanitation, cleaning, cooking, washing andother kitchen activities
Agricultural runoff (37%) – organic wastessuch as decayed plants, livestock manureand dead animals, pesticides, etc.
Industrial (15%) – may be organic orinorganic depending on the nature of the
industry
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Taal Lake fishkill 2011
http://sanfrancisco.ibtimes.com/articles/154627/20110530/philippine-fishermen-struggle-with-
massive-number-of-dead-fish-photos.htm
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What caused the fishkill?
Fishkills may be caused by:
Oxygen depletion
Toxins, man-made and naturalNatural changes in water
currents that bring about any
one or both of the above
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The Taal Fishkill
Countdown The period of November to April, lake
and air currents are cold which allowsbetter dissolution of oxygen into the
water. During this period, the strong winds
create strong water currents which stirthe lake water and bring down oxygen-
rich surface water to the deeper partsof the lake.Note that Taal lake is around 172 meters at itsdeepest point.
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The Taal Fishkill
Countdown Starting April, the wind velocity slows, currents weaken
and dissolved oxygen (DO) stratifies by depth.
Summer heat kicks in which drastically reduces the
solubility of oxygen at the surface.
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The Taal Fishkill
CountdownOxygen is depleted at the bottom of
the lake due to the heat and lack of
strong water currents.Aquatic organisms and
microorganisms that thrived onuneaten fish feeds and fish waste
during the period of good mixingnow have to contend withinsufficient DO.
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The Taal Fishkill
Countdown The summer heat continues and
further depletes the lakes DO
until the bottom layers cannotsupport fish.
To make matters worse, theanoxic water may create an
opportunity for anaerobicmicrobes to produce toxins suchas hydrogen sulfide.
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The Taal Fishkill
Countdown A strong downpour signifying the start
of the rainy season brings in coldrainwater which is more dense than
the warm lake water causing aninversion.
The inversion brings up warm anoxicwater from the bottom of the lake to
the surface thereby suffocating thefish, and possibly poisoning them thrubiologically-produced toxins producedat the bottom of the lake.
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Taal: The aftermath of a
fishkill Uncollected fish breakup and decay in the water surface
supporting a new population of bacteria supported by
the putrid water.
DO is reduced even further and the fishkill progresses.
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Untreated water and the
BOD/COD ratioCase 1: BOD/COD ratio is close to 0.7, the
water tested is considered very
biodegradable. This is usually the casefor domestic wastewater and food
industry wastewater.
Case 2: BOD/COD ratio is less than 0.3, thewater is considered non-biodegradable.
http://www.allskull.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/wateragriculture.jpghttp://www.allskull.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/wateragriculture.jpg
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Rev. 1T 2013-14
http://www.allskull.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterpollution.jpghttp://www.allskull.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterpollution.jpghttp://www.allskull.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterpollution.jpghttp://www.allskull.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/wateragriculture.jpghttp://www.allskull.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/wateragriculture.jpg
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Surface Water Quality
ParametersDO – Dissolved oxygen
BOD – Biochemical oxygen demand
COD – Chemical oxygen demand
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Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved oxygen is required to maintain a balanced community of
organisms in lakes, rivers, and ocean.
When levels drop below 4-5 mg O2/L (measured by BOD test)
reproduction by fish and macro invertebrates is impaired.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
The amount of oxygen utilized by microorganisms in oxidizing
carbonaceous and nitrogenous organic matter.
BOD Reflects the amount of oxygen necessary for aerobic bacteria
to digest organic pollutants in water.
Reported in mg oxygen per liter of water (mg O2/L)
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Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved oxygen is required to maintain a balanced community of
organisms in lakes, rivers, and ocean.
When levels drop below 4-5 mg O2/L (measured by BOD test)
reproduction by fish and macro invertebrates is impaired.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
The amount of oxygen utilized by microorganisms in oxidizing
carbonaceous and nitrogenous organic matter.
BOD Reflects the amount of oxygen necessary for aerobic bacteria
to digest organic pollutants in water.
Reported in mg oxygen per liter of water (mg O2/L)
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A water sample is allowed to be aerobicallydigested by bacteria, and the difference of
dissolved oxygen concentration before and after
digestion is measured.
Only biologically degradable compounds arereported
The test takes 5 days to complete (for a 5 day
BOD test)
Several dilutions of the unknown wastewater
sample must be done in order to assure that the
analysis is valid.
BOD test
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The COD test is used to measure the content of
organic matter of both wastewater and surface
water using chemical oxidation.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Note: COD should not be confused with CBOD (Carbonaceous biochemical demand)
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Ground Water Pollution
SourcesStorage tanks
Septic Systems
Large Industrial facilities
Fertilizer Applications
Spills
Pesticide Applications
Hazardous waste sites
Animal feedlots
Agricultural chemical facilities
Salt water intrusions
Shallow Injection Wells
Unlined landfill
Irrigation practices etc.
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Types of pollutantsPathogens
Inorganic chemicals
Metals
Nitrates
Radionuclides e.g. uranium
Pharmaceutical products Organic chemicals
Fuel products
Solvents
Pesticides herbicides
Saltwater intrusionIt occurs from over pumping of freshwater from
coastal areas.
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Affects fresh, marine andgroundwater resources
also affects the adjacent
terrestrial areas by depositionand accumulation of pollutants
Limits the productivity of
agricultural lands that aredependent on the water supplyfor irrigation
Effects of Water Pollution
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Animal mutationScientific studies have
linked abnormalmutations in marine
creatures, like intersex,
to exposure to chemical
compounds that mimic
or imitate natural
hormones in the body.These chemicals are
called endocrine
disrupters.
Please realize by using non-organic household cleaners, shampoos,toothpaste, soaps, lawn care, etc you are contributing to the
contamination of America’s water ways and our water supply, destroying
ecosystems and causing horrible mutations in our fish and amphibians. Inthe long term, this will effect the health of humans.
Rev. 4T 2013-14Source : http://www.allskull.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterpollution.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disruptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disruptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disruptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disruptorhttp://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=p6Yrhtkog57XlM&tbnid=bzIRcd-5bfjNAM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Feschooltoday.com%2Fpollution%2Fwater-pollution%2Fwhat-is-water-pollution.html&ei=uPhVU-SpBMa4iQec6oDYDg&bvm=bv.65177938,d.dGc&psig=AFQjCNF_BD-cIDyMzWw0RfpuyOvPN99VMA&ust=1398227483237853http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=p6Yrhtkog57XlM&tbnid=bzIRcd-5bfjNAM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Feschooltoday.com%2Fpollution%2Fwater-pollution%2Fwhat-is-water-pollution.html&ei=uPhVU-SpBMa4iQec6oDYDg&bvm=bv.65177938,d.dGc&psig=AFQjCNF_BD-cIDyMzWw0RfpuyOvPN99VMA&ust=1398227483237853http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor
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Water-relatedhealth
costs
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The cost of polluted water
The Philippines Environment Monitor2003, a World Bank publicationreported that: “The annual economic
losses caused by water pollution areestimated at PhP67 billion…”
3 billion for health
17 billion for fisheriesproduction
47 billion for tourism
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pH
A measure of the acidity/basicity of
water/wastewater/effluents.
Must be measured immediately afteracquiring the sample
Glass electrode or by pH paper
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Turbidity is a measure of thedegree to whichthe water loses itstransparency due to thepresence of suspendedparticulates.
The more total suspendedsolids in the water, themurkier it seems and thehigher the turbidity.
Turbidity is considered as agood measure of the qualityof water.NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Units.
www.lenntech.com/turbidity.htm
Turbidity
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In water quality, solids
are divided into adissolved or suspendedfraction.
This is determined by acombination of filtration
(0.45 micron) andevaporation (103-105deg C) procedures.
TS = TDS + TSS
Total Solids (TS)
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Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
TSS is a measure of the amount of solids
suspended in wastewater. These are
particles greater than 2 microns.The
wastewater sample is passed thru filter
media such glass fiber which retains thesolids. This is dried to remove moisture
and the weight gain of the filter is
recorded in milligrams per liter.
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Color
A highly colored wastewater prevents thetransmission of light thru water effectively
reducing or worse eliminating altogether
the photosynthetic activity beneath the
water surface.
Color is usually measured either by visual
comparison with standard solutions or by
light transmission in a spectrophotometer Measured in PCUs or platinum cobalt units
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Oil and Grease
Oil and grease in wastewater are a concern forboth the recipient water bodies and designers ofwastewater treatment plants.
In waterways, it impedes oxygen transfer into
the water. In biological treatment plants, it creates an
imbalance in the biological fora and results inthe of non-biodegradable compounds
Oil pertains to the liquid portion while greasepertains to the solidified floating mass
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Water Lilies on Pasig River
Rev. 1T 2013-14
High TSS (Ex.Phosphates) may also
enhance the growth of
water plants on the
surface thereby limiting
the amount of sunlight
reaching the other
plant organismsunderneath.
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Oil spill
Rev. 1T 2013-14
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Sample wastewater test result:
Test
parameter
Result Units Regulatory
limits*BOD5 12 mg/L 50
COD 58 mg/L 100
TSS 2.1 mg/L 70Color 30 PCU 150
pH 6.6 None 6.5-9.0
Oil andgrease
1.1 mg/L 5
* For Class C inland Water, NPI
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Rev. 1T 2013-14
The maximum amount of dissolved oxygen present in a receiving water
is a function of temperature, atmospheric pressure, elevation, the solids
content of the water, and salinity (Cl).
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Week 6 : Learning ObjectivesIdentify the physical characteristics of untreated water
Identify the various biological water treatment processes used fordomestic wastewater. (CO2)
Discuss briefly the various chemical treatment methods and their
applicability. (CO3, CO4)
Discuss the most common treatment plant designs for domestic and
industrial wastewater. (CO2, CO4}
Discuss important sections of the Clean Water Act of the Philippines
of 2004 (R.A. 9275) (CO3)
Rev. 3T 2015-16
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Rev. 1T 2013-14
Part 2a Wk 6
(Feb 11- Feb 16) Water Treatment
Chapter Eight and Nine of Textbook
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Turbidity
Number and type of particles
Dissolved (TDS) Suspended Color (TSS)
Taste and Odor
Temperature
Physical Characteristics of
Untreated or Raw Water
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Unit processes for Surface
Water and Brackish Water
Rev. 3T 2015-16
Turbidity and Particles:Coagulation/Flocculation, Sedimentation, granular filtration
Major Dissolved Inorganics:
Softening, aeration, membranes
Minor Dissolved Inorganics:
Membranes
Pathogens:
Sedimentation, filtration,disinfection
Major dissolved organics:
Membranes, Adsorption
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Purpose of Natural Water
Treatment
Rev. 1T 2013-14
• Provide potable water that is palatable
Potable water
“ water that is healthy for human consumption,
free from harmful microorganisms and organic
and inorganic compounds, that either adversephysiological effects or do not taste good.”
Palatable
free from turbidity, color, odor, and objectionable taste.
note however that palatable water may not be safe.
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a colorless, crystalline, tasteless andalmost odorless organochloride known for its insecticidal properties.
Bottled water are made potable and palatable.
Natural water is referred to as raw or untreated water.
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Purpose of Waste water biological
treatment
Transform dissolved and particulatebiodegradable constutuents into acceptableend products
Capture and incorporate suspended andnon-settleable solids into a biological flocor biofilm
Transform or remove nutrients such as
nitrogen and phosphorous
In some cases, remove specific tracenutrients and compounds
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Microorganisms in WastewaterTreatment Systems Bacteria: primary and secondary degraders of
organic substances, N and P removal, S cycle
Archaebacteria – can grow in extreme
environment Algae – photosynthetic production of oxygen,
symbiotic relation with bacteria
Protozoa – prey on bacteria, fungi, algae Fungi – degradation of organic matter for
some industrial wastewater
16. Identify the most common pathogens in wastewater.
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Common Disinfection Agents
Rev. 1T 2013-14
• Chloramines
• Free Chlorine
• Ozone
• UV light
Bi l i l W t t T t t
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Biological Wastewater Treatment
Rev. 1T 2013-14
Basic categories of treatment:
Aerobic (with oxygen) may follow some form of pretreatmentsuch as oil removal, involves contacting wastewater with
microbes and oxygen in a reactor to optimize the growth and
efficiency of the biomass. The microorganisms act to
catalyze the oxidation of biodegradable organics and other
contaminants such as ammonia, generating innocuous byproducts such as carbon dioxide, water, and excess
biomass (sludge).
Anaerobic (without oxygen) and anoxic (oxygen deficient)
treatments are similar to aerobic treatment, but usemicroorganisms that do not require the addition of oxygen.
These microorganisms use the compounds other than
oxygen to catalyze the oxidation of biodegradable organics
and other contaminants, result ing in innocuous by-products.
B i S i A bi
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Basic Stages in Aerobic
Treatment System
Rev. 1T 2013-14
1. Pre-treatment or Separation stage removelarge solids and other undesirable substances
from the wastewater
2. Aeration Stage where the aerobic bacteria
digest the biological wastes in the wastewater.(SBR or Sequential Batch Reactor)
3. Settling stage allow any undigested solids to
settle and form into sludge which must be
periodically removed from the system.
4. Disinfecting stage where chlorine or similar
disinfectant is mixed in the water.
Source: Wikipedia
http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=biological+water+treatment&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=pK50LIJc2wSI2M&tbnid=xn-xqeGt0M5HtM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enko.pl%2Fen%2Foffer%2F21%2FBiological-waste-water-treatment-plants.html&ei=9-DLUZjLAc-jiAfagoGABg&bvm=bv.48340889,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNEt_OofcFQvbiyRCLDTCvbsh0CQUA&ust=1372402250963274http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=biological+water+treatment&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=pK50LIJc2wSI2M&tbnid=xn-xqeGt0M5HtM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enko.pl%2Fen%2Foffer%2F21%2FBiological-waste-water-treatment-plants.html&ei=9-DLUZjLAc-jiAfagoGABg&bvm=bv.48340889,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNEt_OofcFQvbiyRCLDTCvbsh0CQUA&ust=1372402250963274
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Rev. 1T 2013-14
http://www.enko.pl/en/offer/21/Biological-waste-water-treatment-plants.html
http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=biological+water+treatment&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=pK50LIJc2wSI2M&tbnid=xn-xqeGt0M5HtM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enko.pl%2Fen%2Foffer%2F21%2FBiological-waste-water-treatment-plants.html&ei=9-DLUZjLAc-jiAfagoGABg&bvm=bv.48340889,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNEt_OofcFQvbiyRCLDTCvbsh0CQUA&ust=1372402250963274http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=biological+water+treatment&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=pK50LIJc2wSI2M&tbnid=xn-xqeGt0M5HtM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enko.pl%2Fen%2Foffer%2F21%2FBiological-waste-water-treatment-plants.html&ei=9-DLUZjLAc-jiAfagoGABg&bvm=bv.48340889,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNEt_OofcFQvbiyRCLDTCvbsh0CQUA&ust=1372402250963274http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=biological+water+treatment&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=pK50LIJc2wSI2M&tbnid=xn-xqeGt0M5HtM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enko.pl%2Fen%2Foffer%2F21%2FBiological-waste-water-treatment-plants.html&ei=9-DLUZjLAc-jiAfagoGABg&bvm=bv.48340889,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNEt_OofcFQvbiyRCLDTCvbsh0CQUA&ust=1372402250963274
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Biological waste water
treatment of Sewage
ENKOSYSTEM is an entirelybiological household waste water
treatment system working all year
long with no chemical additives
and little demand for outside
energy. This system can replaceexisting three-chamber septic
tanks and systems that infiltrate
waste water into the soil. System
provides complete possibility of
purified water qualitymeasurement at any seasons.
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The Activated – Sludgeprocess is a biological method of waste water treatment
that is performed by a variable and mixed community ofmicroorganisms in an aerobic aquatic environment. These
microorganisms derive energy from carbonaceous organic
matter in aerated wastewater for the production of new
cells in a process known as synthesis, whilesimultaneously releasing energy through the conversion of
this organic matter into compounds that contain lower
energy, such as carbon dioxide and water, in a process
called respiration. This consortium of microorganisms, the
biological component of the process,is known collectively
as activated sludge. The MLVSS is maintained as 2500 –
3000 mg/L.
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Trickling filter
a bed of crushed rock or other coarse media roughly 2
metres (6 feet) deep and up to 60 metres (200 feet) in
diameter. Settled sewage is sprayed over the bedsurface and is further purified as it trickles downward,
coming in contact with filmy layers of microorganisms
(slime) attached to the media. The microorganisms
absorb the organic matter in the sewage and stabilize
it by aerobic metabolism, thereby removing oxygen-
demanding substances from the sewage. Trickling
filters remove up to 85 percent of organic pollutant
from sewage.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605008/trickling-filter
Chemical Precipitation
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/505970/rockhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/505970/rock
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Chemical Precipitation
Chemical precipitation is the most common method for
removing dissolved metals from wastewater solution
containing toxic metals. To convert the dissolved metals
into solid particle form, a precipitation reagent is added
to the mixture. A chemical reaction, triggered by the
reagent, causes the dissolved metals to form solid particles.
Filtration can then be used to remove the particles fromthe mixture. How well the process works is dependent upon
the kind of metal present, the concentration of the metal,
and the kind of reagent used. In hydroxide precipitation, a
commonly used chemical precipitation process, calcium orsodium hydroxide is used as the reagent to create solid
metal hydroxides. However, it can be difficult to create
hydroxides from dissolved metal particles in wastewater
because many wastewater solutions contain mixed metals.
Chemical Coagulation
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This chemical process involves destabilizing wastewater
particles so that they aggregate during chemical
flocculation. Fine solid particles dispersed in wastewatercarry negative electric surface charges (in their normal stable
state), which prevent them from forming larger groups and
settling. Chemical coagulation destabilizes these particles by
introducing positively charged coagulants that then reducethe negative particles’ charge. Once the charge is reduced,
the particles freely form larger groups. Next, an anionic
flocculant is introduced to the mixture. Because the flocculant
reacts against the positively charged mixture, it either
neutralizes the particle groups or creates bridges betweenthem to bind the particles into larger groups. After larger
particle groups are formed, sedimentation can be used to
remove the particles from the mixture.
Chemical Oxidation and Advanced Oxidation
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Chemical Oxidation and Advanced Oxidation
With the introduction of an oxidizing agent during
chemical oxidation, electrons move from the oxidant to thepollutants in wastewater. The pollutants then undergo
structural modification, becoming less destructive
compounds. Alkaline chlorination uses chlorine as an
oxidant against cyanide. However, alkaline chlorination
as a chemical oxidation process can lead to the creation of
toxic chlorinated compounds, and additional steps may be
required. Advanced oxidation can help remove any organic
compounds that are produced as a byproduct of chemical
oxidation, through processes such as steam stripping, airstripping, or activated carbon adsorption.
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Ion Exchange
When water is too hard, it is difficult to use to clean and oftenleaves a grey residue. (This is why clothing washed in hard
water often retains a dingy tint.) An ion exchange process
can be used to soften the water. Calcium and magnesium are
common ions that lead to water hardness. To soften the
water, positively charged sodium ions are introduced inthe form of dissolved sodium chloride salt, or brine. Hard
calcium and magnesium ions exchange places with sodium
ions, and free sodium ions are simply released in the water.
However, after softening a large amount of water, thesoftening solution may fill with excess calcium and
magnesium ions, requiring the solution be recharged with
sodium ions.
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Chemical Stabilization
This process works in a similar fashion as chemical
oxidation. Sludge is treated with a large amount of a
given oxidant, such as chlorine. The introduction of theoxidant slows down the rate of biological growth within the
sludge, and also helps deodorize the mixture. The water
is then removed from the sludge. Hydrogen peroxide can
also be used as an oxidant, and may be a more cost-effective choice.
Republic Act 9275
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Republic Act 9275Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
Share in the responsibility in managing a designatedWater Quality Management Area (WQMA) by being
a member of the water Quality Management Area
(WQMA) Governing Board, implementing a WQMA
Action Plan and preparing it's status-report.
Share in the management of non- attainment areas
by implementing contingency plans and othermeasures for the protection of health and welfare of
residents in potentially affected areas.
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Implement National Sewerage and Septage
Management Program by appropriating the
necessary land, including rights-of-way/road
access to the land for the construction of the
sewage and/or septage treatment facility operating
in their area of jurisdiction.
Promote proper domestic sewage collection,
treatment and disposal by giving sanctions to
those who refuse connection of sewage lines toavailable sewerage systems or to employ septage
management system and other sanitation
programs.
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Incorporate Programmatic Environmental Impact Assessment into the preparation, updating or
revision of local land use plans and area
development plans.
Manage and improve water quality within their
territorial jurisdiction by actively participating in all
efforts related to water quality protection and
rehabilitation.
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Homework 4
Discuss the different steps of waste
water treatment used in
MCL’s SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
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