Ⅰ. General Description: * Constituents:
1.Respiratory tract:
nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchus, and
its branches
2. Lungs
3. Pleura and plural cavity
* Function:
exchange O2 and CO2
mainly
* (Mediastinum)
Ⅱ. Nose:
1. External nose—
2. Nasal cavity— limen nasi
nasal vestibule
proper nasal cavity
• nasal septum
• lateral wall of nasal cavity
3. Paranasal Sinuses— frontal sinus maxillary sinus sphenoidal sinus ethmoidal sinus
The formation of the nasal septum
The cartilage of nasal septum
The longitudinal plate of ethmoid bone
The vomer
2 Bones,
1 Cartilage,
Nasal mucous membrane:
olfactory region
respiratory region
Ⅱ. Nose: 1.Nasal cavity—
nasal vestibule proper nasal cavity limen nasi
• nasal septum• lateral wall of nasal cavity ---superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae ---superior, middle and inferior nasal meatuses ---the openings of the paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct
2. paranasal sinuses: frontal sinus maxillary sinus sphenoidal sinus ethmoidal sinus
Ⅲ. Larynx 1. Position: It is located at anterior part of neck, in
front of 4~6 cervical vertebrae
2. Framework: It is formed by laryngeal cartilages and
their articulations
Cartilages:
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottic cartilage
arytenoid cartilage (paired)
Anterior view posterior view
Thyroid cartilageThyroid cartilage
sup. cornu
inf. cornu
sup. thyroid notch
lamina
anterior angle
Laryngeal prominence
Laminae of thyroid cartilage
Anterior view posterior view
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilages
Cricoid arch Cricoid lamina
Muscular processVocal processMuscular process
Vocal process
Articulation: 1. cricothyroid joint: rotate around the coronary axis
2. cricoarytenoid joints: rotate around the vertical axis
3. conus elasticus: free and thicked upper border formed the vocal ligament
4. quadrangular membrane: free lower border formed vestibular ligament
5. thyrohyoid membrane
1
2
5
3
4
3. Laryngeal cavity 3 parts: laryngeal vestibule intermediate cavity of larynx infraglottic cavityby 2 fissures— vestibular fissure fissure of glottis
laryngeal inlet vestibular foldvocal foldventricle of larynx
4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid:
It can open the glottis• Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid,• Lateral cricoarytenoid:
They can close the glottis• Cricothyroid,• Posterior cricoarytenoid:
They can lengthen and tense the vocal fold
• Thyroarytenoid: It can relax and shorten the vocal fold
4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid:
It can open the glottis• Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid,• Lateral cricoarytenoid:
They can close the glottis• Cricothyroid,• Posterior cricoarytenoid:
They can lengthen and tense the vocal fold
• Thyroarytenoid: It can relax and shorten the vocal fold
4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid:
It can open the glottis• Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid,• Lateral cricoarytenoid:
They can close the glottis• Cricothyroid,• Posterior cricoarytenoid:
They can lengthen and tense the vocal fold
• Thyroarytenoid: It can relax and shorten the vocal fold