Introduction to Ethics
What is Ethics Morality & Ethics Moral Philosophy/Ethics Some Classic Moral Problems Some Moral Questions
Ethical Assessment & Value Focus of Ethical Assessment Value
Introduction to Ethics
Spectrum of Morality Introduction Absolutism Objectivism Relativism Subjectivism Moral Nihilism Moral Skepticism
Introduction to Ethics
IV Ethics & Other Normative Areas Introduction Ethics Religion Law/Rules Etiquette Aesthetics Distinct
Introduction to Ethics
Moral Theories Aretaic/Virtue Theory Cognitivism Cultural Relativism Divine Command Theory Deontology Ethical Egoism Ethical Relativism Emotivism Error Theory Hedonism
Introduction to Ethics
Intuitionism Moral Anti-Realism & Realism Moral Skepticism Natural Law Naturalism Prescriptivism Subjectivism Teleology
Utilitarianism
Introduction Defined Utility Relevant Beings Act & Rule Utilitarianism Proponents
Appeal Costs & Benefits Democracy Moral Intuitions
Utilitarianism
What Utilitarianism Is Foundation of Morals Ends
The Pig Objection The Objection Mill’s Reply Difference in quality of pleasures Basis of the difference in quality of pleasures Preference Higher Faculties Happiness & Contentment Objection Competent Judges
Utilitarianism
Standard, End & Scope Standard End & Scope
Proof of the Principle of Utility Questions of Ultimate Ends The Analogy All Possible Proof
John Stuart Mill
Objection People desire things other than happiness Virtue & Happiness Love of Money Love of Power & Fame Virtue contrasted with love of money, power or fame Happiness Proof of the Principle of Utlity
John Stewart Mill
Internal Problems Formulation Consequences Response
External Problems Unreasonable Expectations The Rights of Minorities Nothing is Forbidden Absurd Implications Integrity
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Kantian Ethics
Introduction Theoretical Reason Practical Reason Ethical Works Emphasis Rationalism
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Categorical imperative
The Good Will The Good Will & Qualities Worthiness of Happiness Virtues The Goodness of the Good Will
Moral Worth, Maxim & Universal Law Moral Worth The Good Law Example Determining the Good Duty
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Categorical imperative
The Categorical Imperative Law & Will Imperatives
Examples Suicide Lying Promises Rusting Talents Helping Others
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Categorical Imperative
Ends Rational Beings Objects of the Inclination Rational Beings Supreme Practical Principle Kingdom of Ends Rational Beings as Legislators
Three Postulates of Morality Introduction Freedom Immortality God
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Problems
Problems Duty Inflexibility Rationality Terrible Maxims seem to pass the test Kingdom of Ends
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New Aesthetics
First Part Vivian
Position Mirror
Cyril’s Challenge to Vivian Nature & life imitate art
Vivian’s Case Nature & Art
Change in London’s climate is due to a school of art. Nature is our creation
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New Aesthetics
Looking & Seeing Things are because we see them. The influence of the arts. Looking is different from seeing. One does not see anything until one sees its beauty Example: fog
Nature’s Imitation of Art Effects Nature Sunset Life Art
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New Aesthetics
What Art Expresses Cyril
Imitative instinct Art expresses
Temper of its age Spirit of its time Moral & social conditions
Vivian Art never expresses anything but itself Vanity Crowd Not so Art is not symbolic of any age Ages are the symbols of art.
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New Aesthetics
Imitative Art Vivian
The more imitative art is, the less it represents the spirit of the age.
Example The more abstract & ideal, the more it represents the spirit of the
age. Architecture or music
Cyril The spirit of the age. Arts of imitation reveal the spirit of the age.
Vivian: Middle Ages Imitative arts Middle Ages No great artist ever sees things as they really are.
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New Aesthetics
Vivian: Japan Japanese people as presented in art do not exist. No resemblance. Nothing extraordinary Japan is a pure invention. Painter See a Japanese effect At home
Vivian: Ancient Greeks Greek art Athenian women Art has never told us the truth
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New Aesthetics
Vivian: Doctrines of the New Aesthetics First Doctrine: Art never expresses anything but itself
Independent Age Opposes History Does not reproduce its age To pass from the art of a time to the time itself is the great mistake all historians
make. Second Doctrine: All bad art comes from returning to Life and Nature and
elevating them into ideals. Life & nature Realism is a complete failure Avoid modernity The only beautiful things Hecuba Modern Romanticism
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New Aesthetics
Third Doctrine: Life Imitates Art for more than Art imitates life.
Fourth Doctrine: Lying, the telling of beautiful untrue things, is the proper aim of art.
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Political Philosophy
Introduction Social & Political Philosophy Classic problems in social philosophy Some questions in social philosophy
Liberty
Introduction Questions Liberty Positive & Negative Liberty Who/What Determines Liberty? Liberty & Security Other Grounds for Limiting Liberty
Fascism
Fascism Peace Only War Life
Fascism & Other Views Marxism & Fascism Fascism Denies Democracy & Fascism Predictions
Liberty
Goal & History of Liberty Mill’s Goal Liberty & Rulers Liberty as Limiting Power History of Limiting Power of Rulers
The Tyranny of the People The Will of the People The Tyranny of the Majority
Liberty
Limits. Rules & Principles The Limit of Legitimate Interference The Basis of Rules No Principle Mill’s Principle Rightful Exercise of Power Limits in Application: Children & Those in Need of
Care Limit in Application: Barbarians
Liberty
Utility as the Foundation of Liberty Utility Punishment Compelling Accountability
Sphere of Action & Regions of Liberty Sphere of Action 1st Region of Liberty: Inward Domain of
consciousness 2nd Region of Liberty: Tastes & Pursuits 3rd Region of Liberty: Liberty of Combination
Anarchism
Anarchism’s Opposition Objections to anarchism
Impractical Stands for violence & destruction
Reply to the First Objection Oscar Wilde Existing conditions True criterion Anarchism is more practical
Reply to Second Objection The most violent element in society is ignorance. Anarchism only destroys parasitic growths. Anarchism
Anarchism
Nature of Anarchism Anarchism
New social order All governments rest on violence.
Two elements: Individual & Social Instinct Not foreign Battled
Anarchism Only philosophy Anarchism
Anarchism
Pernicious Influences-Religion Liberator
Anarchism liberates War on pernicious influences
Strongholds of Enslavement Religion Property Government
Religion Dominates man’s mind Kingdom Anarchism Rid of dominion
Anarchism
Pernicious Influences-Property Property
Dominion of man’s needs Anarchism
Property is Robbery Proudhon Monopolizing Productivity exceeds demand Demand
Real Wealth Utility Gray & Hideous Things Anarchism Rid of dominion
Anarchism
Machine & Centralization Machine subservience Anarchism
Anarchism & Property Anarchism Oscar Wilde Perfect Personality Anarchism’s Ideal Economic Arrangements
Anarchism
Pernicious Influences: The State The Three
Religion Property State
Government Emerson Absolute subordination Thoreau Injustice Greatest offense
Ouida on the State Demands obeyed & treasury filled Clockwork Destroys State requires
Anarchism
Bakunin on the State The state State as protector of property & monopoly.
Law & Order Fatal Belief that the state
Rests on natural laws Maintains social order & harmony Diminishes crime Prevents the lazy from fleecing his fellows
Natural Law Natural law Machinery of government Obey Violence Blackstone
Anarchism
Order Order Terror Social harmony Society Authority responds Arsenal of government
Diminishing Crime Absurd apology State is greatest criminal Failed to destroy Crime is misdirected energy Wrong channels
Laziness Free Laziness Present system
Anarchism
Anarchism Strip labor Making work Government must be done away with Destroying government & laws Only in freedom
Human Nature Horrible crimes The greater the charlatan Cannot speak of human nature John Burroughs: experimental animals Freedom
Anarchism
Anarchism stands for Liberation of the mind Liberation of the human body Liberation from the shackles of government Social order Order
Methods Political Machinery
Anarchism opposes the use of political machinery Thoreau on voting History Laws
Anarchism
Representatives Representatives Corruption
Direct Action Stirner Anarchism Defiance Illegal Free