Caharodin A. Cali Jose B. Arances Ermelinda Goc-Ong Tobias Emma M. Sabado Apolinario A. Alicante Lucy B. Ledres Olga M. Nuñeza Domingo S. Ramirez
Participatory Rural Appraisal in the Upland Ecosystem of Mt. Malindang,
Misamis Occidental, Philippines
Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs
Participatory Rural Appraisal in the Upland Ecosystem of Mt. Malindang, Misamis Occidental, Philippines
Caharodin A. Cali Jose B. Arances
Ermelinda Goc-Ong Tobias Emma M. Sabado
Apolinario A. Alicante Lucy B. Ledres Olga M. Nuñeza
Domingo S. Ramirez
under the
Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs
Funding for BRP is provided by the Netherlands Ministry for Development Cooperation (DGIS) through the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA).
The Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao is a collaborative research programme on biodiversity management and conservation jointly undertaken by Filipino and Dutch researchers in Mt. Malindang and its environs, Misamis Occidental, Philippines. It is committed to undertake and promote participatory and interdisciplinary research that will promote sustainable use of biological resources, and effective decision-making on biodiversity conservation to improve livelihood and cultural opportunities. BRP aims to make biodiversity research more responsive to real-life problems and development needs of the local communities, by introducing a new mode of knowledge generation for biodiversity management and conservation, and to strengthen capacity for biodiversity research and decision-making by empowering the local research partners and other local stakeholders.
Philippine Copyright 2004 by the Biodiversity Research Programme for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs. SEAMEO SEARCA, College, Laguna. ISBN 971-560-108-1
Volume editor: Elizabeth M. Libas With the assistance of: Carina S. Fule and Gerlie D. Rivera
Contents
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
Executive Summary 1
Introduction 7Geographical location and topography 7Historical information 8
ConcepcionDon Victoriano
Objectives 9
Methodology 10
Capability building 10Gathering of secondary data 10Entry protocols and permits 10Reconnaissance survey and site validation 11Identifying stakeholders 11Identifying key informants 11Orientation of key informants/participants/stakeholders 11Fieldwork/PRA 11Data organization and analysis 12Community validation meetings 12Report writing 12
Results and Discussion 13
I. Biophysical characteristics 13A. East-West Transect of Don Victoriano 13
1. Mansawan2. Gandawan3. Lake Duminagat
B. Southeastern Transect of Don Victoriano 161. Lampasan2. Tuno3. Lalud
C. Northwestern Transect of Concepcion 171. Sixto Velez2. Upper Salimpuno3. Upper Potongan4. Small Potongan
D. Northeastern Transect of Concepcion 171. Small Potongan2. Virayan3. Poblacion Concepcion
Upland subecosystems 17Stakeholders identified 18Biological resources and their uses 18
a. Botanicals 18b. Avifauna 19c. Other vertebrates 19d. Arthropods 19e. Other invertebrates 20
II. Sociocultural and Economic Characteristics 20
A. Municipality of Concepcion 211. Barangay Poblacion 212. Barangay Small Potongan 223. Barangay Upper Potongan 224. Barangay Virayan 235. Barangay Upper Salimpuno 24
B. Municipality of Sapang Dalaga 251. Barangay Sixto Velez 25
C. Municipality of Don Victoriano 261. Barangay Tuno 262. Barangay Lalud 273. Barangay Lampasan 274. Barangay Lake Duminagat 285. Barangay Gandawan 286. Barangay Mansawan 29
III. Interconnectedness 30
a. Resource use and flow patterns 30b. Political flow 31
IV. Common observations and findings 31
a. Biophysical resources 31b. Sociocultural and economic findings 32c. Issues and concerns 32d. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats 33
V. Interaction analysis 33
a. Biophysical situations 33b. Sociocultural and economic situations 34
VI. Recommendations 35
a. First generation researchable areas 35b. Second generation and specific researchable areas 35c. Development needs for possible intervention by relevant GOs and NGOs 36d. Support programs 37
References 38
Appendix Tables 39
Acknowledgments
The Upland Ecosystem Team of the Pre-implementation Phase of the Philippines-NetherlandsBiodiversity Research Programme in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang, would like to thank thefollowing:
· The Department of Biological Sciences of Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, Iligan City for the use of the computer facilities,· Respective University Presidents for allowing the researchers to get involved in this unique
and innovative type of research endeavor,· Hon. Rodolfo Luna, the Municipal Mayor of Don Victoriano, for allowing researchers to
enter and conduct the PRA in the different barangays, for accommodating the team in hisresidence, for providing the team the necessary logistical support, and for the kindnesshis family has shown to the team,
· Hon. Juanidy Vina, vice-mayor of Concepcion, for all the support extended to us fromstart to finish, against all odds,
· Hon. Melquiades D. Azcuna, Jr., mayor of Lopez Jaena, for the heartwarming welcome accorded to the researchers,
· PASu Rolando S. Dingal for all the support and information his office extended to us,· Bert Cajeta for his kindness, cooperation, and support,· Paul for the milk and others, Bebs for everything,· Dodong, for his down-to-earth attitude which the team needed most,· Merriam, Pacit, Virgie, and Marilyn for being so accommodating,· All the barangay captains who helped us in all aspects of the PRA,· Dr. William Sm. Gruezo for always being there for the team,· Ms. Helen Dayo and Lucy for accommodating the Upland Team,· SEARCA, Dr. Sajise, Gil, Alice, Marhz, Auring, Jess who kept us on our feet,· RAWOO, Ed Maan, Paul, Marc, Colin, Gerard, Thom for the support,· All resource persons who were always in high spirits,· All PRA teams, for the synergy and strength, and· All members of the Upland Team for the cooperation and support.
A million thanks to one and all.
Acronyms
ABC Association of Barangay Captains BRP Biodiversity Research Programme BHW Barangay Health Worker CBFM Community-Based Forest Management CIDSS Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services CML Centre of Environmental Science CMU Central Mindanao University DA Department of Agriculture DECS Department of Education, Culture and Sports DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development DOSCST Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ENR-SECAL Environment and Natural Resources - Sectoral Adjustment Loan GO Government Organization IEC Information, Education and Communication IP Indigenous People LGU Local Government Unit MATCO Mt. Ampiro Timber Company MHO Municipal Health Officer MSU Mindanao State University MSU-IIT Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority NGO Nongovernment Organization NIA National Irrigation Authority NIPAP National Integrated Protected Areas Programme NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System PAMB Protected Area Management Board PASA Protected Area Suitability Assessment PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRE Population-Resource-Environment PTCA Parent-Teacher-Community Association RA Republic Act RIC Rural Improvement Club RRMP Regional Resource Management Program SALT Sloping Agricultural Land Technology SEARCA Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in
Agriculture SK Sangguniang Kabataan SKPSC Sultan Kudarat Polytechnic State College SPAMAST Southern Philippines Agribusiness, Marine and Aquatic School of Technology SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats TACDRUP Technical Assistance Center for the Development of Rural and Urban Poor TRICAP Tribal Communities Association of the Philippines
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 1
Executive Summary
The participatory rural appraisal (PRA) of theupland ecosystem during the pre-implementation phase of the Philippines-Netherlands Biodiversity Research Programmein Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang was donein April to May 1999. This activity aimed to:
1. describe the biophysical, sociocultural andeconomic conditions and status of theupland ecosystem;
2. assess the biodiversity conditions of Mt.Malindang Range;
3. identify the stakeholders and their needs;
4. determine the strengths, weaknesses,opportunities, and threats to the communitiesin relation to biodiversity conservation; and
5. identify researchable areas in the uplandecosystems of Mt. Malindang Range.
The Upland Ecosystem Team consisted of eightmembers with multidisciplinary backgroundsuch as forestry, ecology, zoology, wildlifebiology, entomology, and socio-anthropology.They come from the different institutions ofhigher learning and agencies based inMindanao. Two members (Dr. Jose B. Arancesand Prof. Lucy B. Ledres) are from CentralMindanao University (CMU), Musuan, Bukidnon,two (Dr. Olga M. Nuñeza and Dr. Ermelinda G.Tobias) are from the Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), three(Dr. Caharodin A. Cali, Dr. Emma M. Sabado, andDr. Apolinario A. Alicante) are from MSU, MarawiCity, and Mr. Domingo Ramirez from theDepartment of Environment and NaturalResources (DENR)-National Integrated ProtectedAreas Program (NIPAP)-Protected AreaManagement Board (PAMB). The team was ledby Dr. Caharodin A. Cali as key person and Dr.Jose B. Arances as PRA team leader.
The PRA sites for the Upland Ecosystem Teamwere the municipalities of Concepcion and DonVictoriano. Both are located in the Malindangmountain range which is within the core of theProvince of Misamis Occidental. Only sixbarangays of Don Victoriano and five barangaysof Concepcion were included. To establish
interconnectivity with the lowland ecosystem,one barangay of Sapang Dalaga, Sixto Velez,was included.
Preparatory activities for the PRA were done.All PRA participants attended trainings andworkshops conducted by SEARCA. The PhilippineWorking Group, Dutch experts, and resourcepersons of various disciplines were also present.The first training and workshop was held inDapitan in August 1998, where all theparticipants were introduced to participatory,multidisciplinary, and multisectoral approachesto biodiversity research. Major activities of thepre-implementation phase were determined andkey persons and members for each activity wereidentified to: (1) gather secondary data aboutMt. Malindang and its environs, (2) identifystakeholders, (3) identify problem areas, (4)form a research team, and (5) identify researchareas.
During the training, ocular visits to the researchsite were undertaken to encourage theenthusiasm of the participants. Further trainingand workshop were undertaken at CMU, Musuan,Bukidnon where additional participants wereinvited to join. Team building, interdisciplinarity,and commitment were emphasized by thetrainors. Different methods of PRA wereintroduced, including transect walks,semistructured interview, and focus groupdiscussions. The landscape approach tobiodiversity assessment was fine-tuned. Hence,three ecosystems were named: upland, lowland,and coastal ecosystems. Three ecosystem teamswere formed. Likewise, the teams for stakeholdersanalysis and biodiversity research programmewere also formed. Each training participant wasidentified for a particular ecosystem.
Entry protocols and requirements to the PRA sitesfollowed. These were facilitated by theStakeholders Analysis Team and enhanced bythe different ecosystem teams themselves.Permits to enter and conduct fieldwork in thedesignated barangays were secured from therespective municipal mayors.
The Upland Ecosystem Team conducted thereconnaissance survey in the two towns of DonVictoriano and Concepcion in early April 1999.
2 Technical Report
Courtesy calls and consultative meetings withlocal government officials followed and thePhilippines-Netherlands Biodiversity ResearchProgramme in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindangwas presented and discussed. In addition,multisectoral meetings were conducted tofurther enhance the community’s understandingof the biodiversity research programme. Keyinformants, stakeholders, and participants wereidentified and orientation of prospectiveparticipants followed in preparation for thefieldwork.
Fieldwork of the PRA commenced in early May1999 at Barangay Mansawan, Don Victoriano.Transect walks were done toward variousdirections within the barangay taking note ofits biophysical, economic, and cultural features.Documentation of observations and activitieswas done. Spot mapping and resource mappingof the main thoroughfare of the barangay wereaccomplished. To enhance the gathering ofinformation about biophysical, sociocultural andeconomic conditions, interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire were conducted amongresidents encountered along the transect walksand those in their homes. Small group discussionsensued whenever people flocked with the teammembers due to curiosity. In effect, furtherverification and validation of information/datagathered was accomplished. At the end of theday, the team members shared, discussed, andanalyzed the data/information gathered.
The team continued the transect walk towardthe next barangay, taking note of the biophysicalfeatures along the way. Identification andcounting of number of specific species weredone to determine biodiversity status. The nextbarangay is Gandawan. Similar methods ofgathering information about flora and fauna thatwere prevalent a long time ago and aboutsociocultural and economic conditions of thepeople were employed in all barangays of thetwo municipalities of Don Victoriano andConcepcion where the team conducted the PRA.Barangays include Mansawan, Gandawan, LakeDuminagat, Lampasan, Tuno and Lalud of DonVictoriano, and Upper Salimpuno, UpperPotongan, Small Potongan, Poblacion, andVirayan of Concepcion, and Sixto Velez ofSapang Dalaga.
Data/information gathered from each barangaywere organized and analyzed in terms of therelationship among the population, resources,and the environment (PRE analysis). Strengths
and weaknesses of the local people wereidentified and opportunities for courses ofactions to be taken were determined. Activitiesthat were threats to environmental security andbiodiversity conservation and sustainabledevelopment were identified and analyzed. Fromthese, researchable and development areaswere generated.
Validation of the PRA results and their analyseswere conducted in the communities of DonVictoriano and Concepcion toward the end ofJune 1999. Government officials and local andindigenous people from various barangaysattended the community validation meetings.Their excellent participation in the validation ofthe results was noted and appreciated.
A. Biophysical features
The Upland Ecosystem PRA sites in DonVictoriano and Concepcion are located withinthe elevation that ranges from 600 to 1500meters above sea level and with a slope rangingfrom 0 to 90 degrees. The ambient temperatureranges from 15 to 22 degrees Celsius. The sitesare located in the Mt. Malindang Range. Thearea consists of rugged mountains, which arevolcanic in origin. Boulders, cobblestones, andsolidified magma are commonly found inmountain flanks and slopes and along creeksand rivers. Basically, the soil type includes clayto clay loam with highly eroded topsoil. Thus,it has insufficient nutrients, and therefore isinfertile.
Various forms of life in the PRA sites were notedand documented. Direct observations andethnobiological interviews were employed toassess the biodiversity status of the differentbarangays. Both floral and faunal species wereidentified on site with the naked eye or with theaid of binoculars.
The total number of species of floral resourcescovered within the entire transects is 507,involving 369 genera and 129 families.According to conservation status, thoseclassified as common consisted of 194 generaand 256 species. Those classified as rareconsisted of 28 genera and 35 species. Thoseclassified as scarce consists of 158 genera and203 species.
Several faunal species were also observed anddocumented. These were vertebrates and
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 3
invertebrates. Sixty-seven species of avian faunawere recorded through observation and from keyinformants. Likewise, 11 species of reptiles, 2species of amphibians, 12 species of mammalsand 8 species of ichthyofauna were alsodocumented.
Among the invertebrates, arthropods were themost prevalent. Insects are the most dominantin terms of number of species and number ofindividuals per species. Insects have significantroles in maintaining biotic communities. Theyact as pollinators, food for birds, fish and otheranimals, as predators, as scavengers, and asparasites of harmful insects. Sixty-three familiesbelonging to 10 insect orders were recorded.Many families (13) belong to Order Lepidoptera.This is followed by Diptera with 11 families,Coleoptera with 9 families, and Hemiptera and
Homoptera with four families each. Dermopteraand Thysanoptera have only one family each.
The following are the relevant observations andfindings on biophysical resources:
1. Severe pest infestation on cabbage: Uponexamination, the pest was identified asdiamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Thisis the major pest of cabbage in Mansawan,Gandawan, and Lake Duminagat such thatfarmers are forced to apply insecticides tominimize their impacts.
2. A practical mechanical control of pests oncabbage seedlings was installed andobserved in Barangay Lake Duminagat. Thefarmers used nylon net mesh to enclosetheir nursery beds.
3. The presence of parasitic cocoons on deadlarvae of diamondback moth in Gandawanclearly indicates the presence of naturalenemies that suppress the populationgrowth of insect pests.
4. Dead larvae observed on the way to LakeDuminagat were believed to have beenattacked by pathogenic organisms such asbacteria and viruses.
5. Cotton stainer, Dysdercus cingulatus, wasobserved as a pest of okra in Lampasan.
6. Water striders and ripple bugs are abundantin the waters of Lake Duminagat, GuibanRiver, and Virayan River. These arebioindicators of water quality. Their presenceindicates the absence of pollutants in thebodies of water.
7. Most of the avian, reptilian, mammalian,amphibian, and ichthyofauna speciesobserved had ecological value as pollinators,seed dispersal agents, and insect pestcontrol agents. Their social value lies in theirbeing used as pets and experimental orresearch materials. Economically, they areused as food and trading items.
8. The municipalities of Don Victoriano andConcepcion are all situated within a protectedarea where the status of bioresourcesremains unresolved.
The following data on number of genera andspecies were obtained according to use and habit:
Use Genera Species(no.) (no.)
Timber source 28 34Construction materials 8 9Cottage industry 13 18Ornamental plants 84 97Ecological function 70 100Edible parts 42 59Landscape plants 28 31Medicinal plants 15 16Hedge plants 12 13Fiber source 14 16Soil erosion control 9 15Vegetables 10 13Forage/pasture 5 8Weeds 27 111Fuelwood source 5 6Other uses 29 34
Habit Genera Species(no.) (no.)
Herbs 81 117Shrubs 54 82Large trees 28 35Small trees 53 67Grasses 28 33Ferns 23 30Medium-sized trees 34 40Vines 26 31Tree-like 17 26Woody vines 14 31Lichens 5 7Epiphytes 5 7Bryophyte 1 1Total 369 507
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B. Socioeconomic and cultural profiles
From direct observations and interviews of keyinformants, participants, and stakeholders inthe PRA sites, information and data on thefollowing were gathered. In addition, theseinformation were validated in focus groupdiscussions and multisectoral meetings.
1. The number of households in all barangaysrange from 53 to 362. Population figuresbased on estimates and latest reports rangefrom 210 to 1,829. The average householdsize is six.
2. About 3-5% of the population in eachbarangay is composed of old (65 years andabove) folks. The young (0-14 years old)accounted for about 45% of the totalpopulation. The middle age group (15-64years old) comprises about 50%.
3. There are more females than males.
4. In Barangays Mansawan, Gandawan, LakeDuminagat, Small Potongan, UpperPotongan, and Virayan, more Subanons wereobserved than any other ethno-linguisticgroup. In these barangays, Subanonsprobably account for 85% to 100% of thepopulation. In Lalud and Tuno, the Subanonsmake up 70% of the total population.
5. The barangays have barangay healthworkers (BHW) but no municipal healthofficer (MHO). Medicines are very muchlacking.
6. Only five barangays have electricity. Themost common mass media facility is thetransistor radio. Barangay captains in DonVictoriano have ICOM radios.
7. Houses are mostly made of galvanized ironsheets and wood/wood shingles. Very fewhouses use cogon as roofing material.
8. Two barangays have high schools. UpperPotongan does not have any elementaryschool. Five barangays have Grades I-II,three barangays have Grades I-IV while threebarangays have complete elementaryschools.
9. Farming is the main source of livelihood.Secondary sources of income include“manungha” (hired help in the farm),“karyada” (hauling), hand-sawing, andselling firewood.
10. Cash crops from Mansawan, Gandawan, andLake Duminagat are mainly onions,cabbage, and chayote. For Lalud, Tuno, andLampasan, cash crops are corn and rootcrops similar with Barangay Poblacion ofConcepcion.
11.The average area cultivated is only ¼ of ahectare. People occupy forest lands. Theycannot get titles for the land they till sincethey live within the protected areas. Somepossess certificates of stewardship over thepiece of land they occupy.
12.There is no definite cropping pattern for rootcrops, onion, cabbage, and other vegetables.Corn is planted from April to May. Thesecond cropping starts in September.
13. Rainy months are the lean months in SmallPotongan and Upper Potongan, while forVirayan, every month is a lean month.
14.Poultry is seldom raised due to problems ofpests and diseases.
15.Soil fertility is a big problem.
16.Women often help in the farm in addition todoing household chores. They plant, doweeding, and desucker onion plants. Theyalso engaged in “karyada” to augment familyincome.
C. Issues and concerns
The data and information gathered throughdirect observations, interviews, and meetingswith the local residents and their localgovernment units point to important issues andconcerns. In the following list, the first two arethe local residents’ main concerns. The othersare concerns raised by the team and residents.The team agrees with residents in believing thatthese issues and concerns are linked with eachother in an intertwining manner.
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 5
1. Socioeconomics
a. Food security among uplandcommunities
b. Social stability/peace and order situationc. Alleviating family income above the
poverty lined. Availment of credit facilities at low or
no interest at alle. Availment of social amenities and
servicesf. Improvement of literacyg. Increased productivity
2. Policy formulation needs
a. Resolving the status of the towns of DonVictoriano and Concepcion which arewithin the protected area
b. Tenurial rights of residents in themunicipalities
c. Integrated approach to projectimplementation
d. Advocacy and information campaigns
3. People’s empowerment through trainings andworkshops
a. Agroforestry technologyb. Soil rehabilitation and ameliorationc. Enterprise development and cottage
industry
4. Infrastructural needs
a. Rural electrificationb. Farm-to-market roadsc. Improved health servicesd. Improved water system
5. Habitat destruction
a. Shifting cultivation within grasslands andbrushlands
b. Unfavorable weather conditions andedaphic factors
c. Soil erosion/landslides
6. Chemical pollution
a. Application of pesticidesb. Application of inorganic fertilizers
7. Biological pollutiona. Indiscriminate introduction of alien
speciesb. Species extinction
D. Interconnectedness
The landscape approach to environmentalassessment for biodiversity status is quitetimely and appropriate. The upland ecosystemof the Mt. Malindang Range highly affects theactivities of the lowland and coastal ecosystems.Likewise, the reverse is true. Many aspects ofdaily life are interconnected. The PRA site,located in the mountain flanks, is endowed witha rich riverine system. Headwaters drain fromthe mountain range and together the water runsdown with silt, flora, and fauna. In exchange,products for household use are purchased fromthe lowland and brought to the upland.
E. Areas for research with impacton biodiversity resources
The issues and concerns discussed earlier formthe basis for identifying research areas:
1. Human resource studies: demographicprofile, cultural practices, local governance,and economic profile
2. Inventory of flora and pathological surveyof fauna: ecological and socioeconomicvalues
3. Studies on appropriate and sustainablefarming systems consistent with biodiversityconservation: soil fertility, water analysis,farming systems applicable to the locality
4. Biological studies and management: surveyand identification of pests and diseases ofcommon crops, their life history, populationdynamics and control measures, and IPM
5. Environmental impact assessment ofdevelopmental projects: road construction,irrigation construction, ecotourism andagrotourism studies, and hydroelectricpower construction
6. Forest management and rehabilitationstudies
7. Ex situ breeding of rare and endangeredspecies with a possibility of theirreintroduction into the natural habitat
8. Genetic diversity studies of flora and fauna
9. Biotechnology studies
6 Technical Report
Fig. 1. Location map of the research sites.
•
Baliangao
Plaridel
Calamba
Sapang Dalaga
Lopez Jaena
Oroquieta City
Aloran
Panaon
Jimenez
Sinacaban
Tudela
Clarin
Ozamiz City
Tangub City Bonifacio
Don Victoriano
Concepcion
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 7
The participatory rural appraisal (PRA) in theupland ecosystem of the municipalities of DonVictoriano and Concepcion was undertaken as apre-implementation phase activity of thePhilippines-Netherlands Biodiversity ResearchProgramme in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang.It is a process of getting a better understandingof the biophysical, sociocultural, economic andpolitical conditions of the locality to analyze theproblems and issues impinging on the communityand their impacts on biodiversity. Identificationand approximation of flora and fauna encounteredduring the transect walks indicate the biodiversitystatus of the area. Knowledge of theseconditions and analyses of their interplay indicatestrengths, weaknesses, opportunities, andthreats to biodiversity. Strengths andopportunities within the locality can bemaximized. The same way that weaknesses andthreats can be reduced and transformed intopositive features. From these, areas for differentbiodiversity researches are defined anddelineated as developmental, action, and supportprograms.
Geographical location andtopography
The municipalities of Don Victoriano andConcepcion are located within the Malindangmountain range which are within the core ofthe province of Misamis Occidental (Fig. 1). Thisprovince is situated within the northwesternpart of Mindanao Islands or at thenortheasternmost part of the ZamboangaPeninsula. This is within the coordinates123°31’45” to 125°55’30” East longitudes and8°30’30” to 8°45’55” North latitudes. Theprovince is bounded on the north to east-northwest by Mindanao Sea, on east-southeastby Iligan Bay, on the south by Panguil Bay andon the west by Zamboanga provinces (PASAReport 1993).
The towns of Don Victoriano and Concepcionare located within the proclaimed protected areaboundary (RA 6266, June 19, 1971) of Mt.Malindang National Park which is declared as anIntegrated Protected Area under the new NIPAS
Law as RA 7567 (June 1, 1992) (Bukagan Report1994).
The PRA sites for the Upland Team include sixbarangays of Don Victoriano (Mansawan,Gandawan, Lake Duminagat, Lampasan, Lalud,and Tuno); five barangays of Concepcion (SmallPotongan, Upper Potongan, Upper Salimpuno,Poblacion, and Virayan). To establish theinterconnectivity with the lowland ecosystem,one barangay in Sapang Dalaga, Sixto Velez,was included. These barangays are locatedwithin the elevations that range from 600 to1500 meters above sea level (masl) and with aslope ranging from 0 to 90 degrees. The ambienttemperature ranges from 15 to 22° Celsius.Within the Malindang Mountain Range, the sites’terrain consists of rugged mountains which arevolcanic in origin. Four major physiographicfeatures (PASA Report 1993) were observed:volcanic mountains, volcanic flanks, isolatedhillocks, and volcanic footslopes.
The volcanic mountains occur in a linear clustergenerally oriented in a north-south direction.The prominent peaks and their respectiveelevations are: Mt. Balabag (1,484 masl), Mt.Ampiro (1,532 masl), North Peak (2,183 masl),Mt. Malindang (2,404 masl), South Peak (1,850masl), and Mt. Moralong (1,417 masl).
Most of the barangay settlements are locatedwithin intervening sites between mountainpeaks. These barangays are steep to very steepwith a slope of more than 75o, and moderatelyto severely dissected by ravines, gullies andgorges (PASA Report 1993). Craters or calderaformations are evidences of the presence ofvolcanic mountains. These are shaped likecircular sunken places or areas bounded by highrocky walls. These are distinct and highlypronounced in the barangays of Gandawan andLake Duminagat. The focal point in the area isa crater lake.
Volcanic flanks lie on the mid-slopes of themountains with altitude that ranges from 600 to1000 m and slopes of 18-45o. These occupy theperimeter of the protected area of Concepcionto Don Victoriano. These are moderately to deeply
Introduction
8 Technical Report
dissected by ravines and deep to very deepnearly vertical prominent gullies (PASA Report1993). The Dimorog Valley resembles anamphitheater while the poblacion area of DonVictoriano forms a hinterland valley.
The mounds of Gandawan and Mansawanrepresent the isolated hillocks. These aregenerally dome-shaped, moderately steep tosteep to very steep, and slightly to moderatelydissected by gullies.
Footslopes of the mountain range comprise theareas with 10 to 600 meter elevations andslightly to moderately dissected by stable gulliesand streams. These are common in thebarangays of Bagong Clarin and Lampasan,where the cliff-like areas become steeper asthe slope rises from 3 to 8o from gently tomoderately rolling topography (PASA Report1993).
The municipality of Concepcion, which has aland area of 61.6 km2, consists of 18 barangayswhich are rugged and mountainous. These areBagong Nayon, Capule, Guiban, Laya-an,Lingatongan, Maligubaan, Mantukoy, Marugang,New Casul, Poblacion, Pogan, Sosoon, SmallPotongan, Upper Dapitan, Upper Salimpuno,Upper Potongan, Upper Dioyo, and Virayan. Themunicipality is located within the coordinates123°31’45” to 123°55’30” East longitudes and8°30’30” to 8°45’55” Northwest latitudes.
The municipality of Don Victoriano has a totalland area of 284.55 km2 with 11 barangays.These are Bagong Clarin, Lampasan, Lalud,Tuno, Mara-mara, Petianan, Napangan,Mansawan, Gandawan, Lake Duminagat, andLiboron. The municipality is located within thecoordinates 123°33’ to 123°40’ longitude and8°9.6’ to 8°19’ latitude (PASA Report 1993).
Among the prominent mountains in Concepcionare Mt. Balabag and Mt. Ampiro. In DonVictoriano are four prominent peaks: Mt.Malindang, South Peak, North Peak, and Mt.Moralong on its western side.
Historical Information
I. Concepcion
Concepcion, during the early 1950s was knownas Sitio Balabag under the municipality ofBaliangao. Its name was derived from the Feastof Immaculate Concepcion which is celebratedon December 8. When Concepcion became abarangay in 1954, it was under the politicaladministration and jurisdiction of Aloran,Misamis Occidental. Concepcion became amunicipality by RA 1515, signed by the latePresident Ramon Magsaysay in 1956.
Concepcion’s population of 3,989 in 1960decreased to 3,046 in 1970. By 1984, thepopulation decreased further to 2,332 due todeteriorating peace and order conditions. In1998, the population was 5,973 with morefemales (64%) than males (36%).
The first municipal mayor, Hon. Cornelio E.Baluyos was a political appointee. In the firstlocal election held in 1980, Hon. Roldan A.Chong, Sr. was elected mayor. He served from1980 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1998. Since hewas no longer qualified for a fourth term underthe law, his wife Reparada L. Chong, ran formayor and won the mayoralty race in 1998.Her vice-mayor is Hon. Juanidy Viña who ispermanently residing in Barangay Poblacion.
II. Don Victoriano
The municipality of Don Victoriano was originallycalled “Egos” according to the Subanons. Itmeans a meeting place of tribesmen when theygather rattan from the nearby forest. They stayunder the shady trees to clean the rattan foruse in tying the cogon roofings and weavingthem into baskets. “Egos” is “bagus” in Cebuanowhich means “cleaning the rattan”.
During the Marcos regime, the place wasrenamed Don Mariano Marcos and was decreedas a municipality on February 6, 1982 by virtueof Batas Pambansa Blg. 11.
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 9
The municipality is composed of 11 barangayswhich were formerly part of differentmunicipalities in the lowland areas. BarangaysBagong Clarin, Lampasan, Lalud, Tuno, and Mara-mara were formerly under the jurisdiction of themunicipality of Tudela. Mansawan, Gandawan,Napangan, and Liboron were formerly under themunicipality of Sinacaban, Petianan was underthe municipality of Bonifacio, and Barangay LakeDuminagat was under the jurisdiction ofmunicipality of Jimenez. Hon. Quinticiano J.Ninang was appointed as the first municipalmayor.
On January 20, 1990, Republic Act no. 6845changed the name of Don Mariano Marcos intoDon Victoriano, in honor of Don Victoriano
Chiongbian, the richest and the most influentialfigure in the municipality.
Succeeding mayors were Hon. Warlito S. Olarte,Hon. Jenaro S. Paredes, Hon. Catalino Maloloy-on, and the present Municipal Mayor Hon.Rodolfo D. Luna.
The seat of local government of Don Victorianois in Barangay Tuno, the centralmost part ofthe entire municipality. Both commercial andinstitutional centers expanded up to BarangayLalud where the central school, high school,health center, basketball court, tennis court,and the public market are located.
Objectives
The PRA of the upland ecosystem during the pre-implementation phase of the Philippines-Netherlands Biodiversity Research Programme in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang was conductedin April to May 1999.
It aimed to:
1. describe the biophysical, sociocultural and economic conditions and status of the uplandecosystem;
2. assess the biodiversity conditions of Mt. Malindang Range;
3. identify the stakeholders and their needs;
4. determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the communities in relationto biodiversity conservation; and
5. identify research areas in the upland ecosystems of Mt. Malindang Range.
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Capability building
Participants from various academic institutionsin Mindanao and government and non-government agencies were given an orientationon the framework of the research programme:
1. Central Mindanao University (CMU), Musuan,Bukidnon
2. Mindanao State University (MSU), MarawiCity
3. Mindanao State University-Iligan Instituteof Technology (MSU-IIT), Iligan City
4. Mindanao Polytechnic State College (MPSC),Cagayan de Oro City
5. Sultan Kudarat Polytechnic State College(SKPSC), Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat
6. Southern Philippines Agribusiness, Marine andAquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST),Malita, Davao del Sur
7. Davao Oriental State College of Science andTechnology (DOSCST), Mati, Davao Oriental
8. Department of Agriculture (DA)
9. Department of Environment and NaturalResources (DENR)
10. Technical Assistance Center for theDevelopment of Rural and Urban Poor(TACDRUP)
The first training and workshop was held inDapitan in August 1998. All participants wereintroduced to participatory, multidisciplinary,and multisectoral approaches to biodiversityresearch. Major activities were determined andkey persons and members for each activity wereidentified to: (1) gather secondary data aboutMt. Malindang and its environs; (2) identifystakeholders; (3) identify problem areas; (4) formresearch team; and (5) identify research areas.
Ocular visits to the research site were also doneto encourage enthusiasm among participants.Further training and workshops were conductedat CMU on February 11-18, 1999. Moreparticipants were invited to join.
Team building, interdisciplinarity, and commitmentwere emphasized by the trainors. Differentmethods of PRA were introduced such as transectwalks, semi-structured interviews, and focusgroup discussions. Participants were trained todevelop their skill in conducting PRA. Actualexposure in Lake Apo in Musuan enhanced theirknowledge and skills gained during the training.
The landscape approach to biodiversityassessment was determined. Hence, threeecosystems were named: upland, lowland, andcoastal ecosystems; three ecosystem teamswere also formed. Likewise, the teams forstakeholders analysis and biodiversity researchprogramme were also formed. Each trainingparticipant was identified for a particularecosystem.
Gathering of secondary data
Secondary data such as aerial maps, vicinitymaps, road maps, river systems, blueprints,published articles, and write-ups about Mt.Malindang and its environs were obtained fromvarious agencies (National Mapping and ResourceInformation Authority (NAMRIA), DENR-NIPAP-PAMB, PIPULI, Provincial Planning andDevelopment Office, local government offices,and nongovernment organizations). These datahelped the team in understanding the researchsite. These gave them insights on the conditionsprevailing in the area. A short bibliographicalsurvey was conducted by the Centre ofEnvironmental Science (CML) in Leiden, theNetherlands, to add to the available secondarydata collected by the Filipino researchers.
Entry protocols and permits
Entry protocols and requirements to the PRAsites were done. These were facilitated by theStakeholders Analysis Team and improved bythe different ecosystem teams themselves.Permits to enter and conduct fieldwork in thedesignated barangays were secured from localgovernment officials including the respectivemunicipal mayors, vice-mayors, the ExecutiveCommittee of Protected Area Management Board
Methodology
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 11
(PAMB), cluster PAMB, and military officials whomaintain peace and order in Mt. Malindang andits environs.
Reconnaissance survey and sitevalidation
The team conducted reconnaissance survey andsite validation to finalize the areas to be includedin the PRA. The ocular visits to the researchsites enabled the team to assess the actualcondition to prepare for the fieldwork.
The Upland Ecosystem Team conducted thereconnaissance survey in the two towns of DonVictoriano and Concepcion in early April 1999.Multisectoral meetings were conducted tofurther enhance the community’s understandingof the biodiversity research programme.
Identifying stakeholders
Stakeholders were identified primarily to knowgroups or individuals who play vital roles in thebiodiversity conservation of Mt. Malindang andits environs. This was facilitated by a series oflong listings and short listings of names.
Identifying key informants
Key informants, residents who provided vitalinformation on biodiversity status in theirrespective barangays were likewise selected.They also guided the team in going to the nextbarangay.
Orientation of key informants/participants/stakeholders
Various stakeholders, participants, andinformants were given an orientation and weremade to understand the relevance ofbiodiversity research programme in Concepcionand Don Victoriano. The team requested theirassistance in identifying resources currentlyavailable, and compared to those that were onceavailable or present. Through multisectoralmeetings and group discussions, they identifiedproblems and needs in relation to biodiversityconservation, sustainable use, and equitability.
Fieldwork/PRA
The PRA was conducted on May 3-17, 1999covering six barangays of Don Victoriano(Mansawan, Gandawan, Lake Duminagat,Lampasan, Tuno, and Lalud) and five barangaysof Concepcion (Upper Salimpuno, UpperPotongan, Small Potongan, Poblacion, andVirayan). Barangay Sapang Dalaga wasincluded to interconnect the upland to thelowland ecosystems.
Barangay Mansawan can be reached byfollowing the Barcelona-Pinan route, both inZamboanga del Norte. From Mansawan, theteam hiked through the muddy, newly bulldozed,but old logging road to Gandawan, thenproceeded to Lake Duminagat through the foottrail.
The other three barangays were reachedthrough the Molave-Mahayag-Josefina route inthe province of Zamboanga del Sur and onwardsto Lampasan passing through the so-called “all-weather road” (Municipal Profile 1999). The seatof the local government is in Tuno and thecommercial and institutional centers are locatedin Lalud.
The five barangays of Concepcion were reachedby passing through Calamba-Sapang Dalagaroute, a very rugged road.
Transect walks going to the north, south, east,and west directions were done in each barangayto obtain and document representativesampling data on biophysical, economic, culturalfeatures, and other relevant information. Toenhance data gathering, semi-structuredinterviews were conducted among the localresidents along the transect walks and those intheir homes.
Identifying and counting the number of specificspecies in the areas were done to determinebiodiversity status. Interviews regarding theflora and fauna that were prevalent in the pastand compared to the present were conductedto further analyze the biodiversity status of thearea.
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The rapid appraisal of faunal species was donethrough observations or sightings andethnobiological interviews. The species wereidentified with the aid of a 7X50 pair of binocularsor through avian vocalization (songs and calls).To facilitate the identification of each birdspecies, an illustrated book on Philippine Birdsby Gonzales et al. 1988 and Philippine Birds byJ.E. duPont 1971, were brought to the field siteduring each trip.
An ethnobiological survey on birds, mammals,reptiles, amphibians, and other life formspresent in the area including their local names,frequency of observations, and their economicimportance was conducted.
Spot and resource mappings were done withthe help of local key informants (KI) and ruralfolks. Prepared checklists were used by eachteam member in obtaining vital information fromthe local indigenous people.
Further verification and validation ofinformation/data gathered were accomplishedthrough small group discussions with localresidents. Focus group discussions proved tobe very useful in obtaining vital information,i.e., tracing the history of the municipality andidentifying existing resources, problems, andneeds.
After each day’s activities, the team membersshared, discussed, and analyzed the data/information gathered.
Data organization and analysis
The data obtained were organized and analyzedin relation to the population, resources, andenvironment (PRE analysis). The team metseveral times in Cagayan de Oro, Musuan, andIligan City for this activity. Strengths andweaknesses were identified, including threats in
relation to environmental security, biodiversityconservation, and sustainable development inMt. Malindang. Opportunities, likewise, wereobtained after analyzing vital information leadingto the formulation of researchable areas.
Community validation meetings
Validation meetings were conducted in DonVictoriano and Concepcion on June 29-30, 1999.The upland ecosystem team presented theresults of the PRA and their analyses. Thesemeetings allowed the team to verify or clarifycertain information and issues, in addition toobtaining additional information which the teammissed during the conduct of PRA. Localgovernment officials and the indigenous peoplefrom various barangays attended andparticipated in these validation meetings.
Report writing
Workshops and writeshops were scheduledfollowing the validation meetings. Intensiveanalyses of validated PRA results were reported.Results were analyzed using SWOT (strengths,weaknesses, opportunities and threats) anddiscussed in relation to the current status ofbiodiversity conservation in the study areas.Other issues and concerns regarding theenvironment affected by human intervention orvice versa were also discussed.Interconnectedness among ecosystems wasemphasized, especially in identifying researchareas.
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 13
Results and Discussion
I. Biophysical characteristics
The Malindang Mountain Range is characterizedby a series of mountainous peaks, ruggedmountain ranges, and crater valleys. The UplandEcosystem PRA sites in Don Victoriano andConcepcion are located in elevations rangingfrom 600 to 1500 masl and with a slope rangingfrom 0 to 90°. The ambient temperature rangesfrom 15 to 22°C. These areas consist of ruggedmountains which are volcanic in origin.Boulders, cobblestones, and solidified magmaare common in mountain flanks and slopes andalong creeks and rivers. Basically, the soil typeincludes clay to clay loam with highly erodedtopsoil indicating insufficient nutrients, andtherefore infertility.
A. East-west transect of DonVictoriano
This transect covers barangays Mansawan,Gandawan, and Lake Duminagat.
1. Mansawan
The biological resources of Mansawan arecomposed of flora and fauna. Floral resourcesidentified during the transect walk consisted of244 species. The flora are dominated by grasses,herbs, and shrubs and only very few trees. Nomore natural forests are found in this barangay.The domesticated/cultivated plants are onions,cabbage, sweet potato (camote), lutia, taro(gabi), and chayote. The perennial plants arebananas, avocados, and jackfruit (nangka). Thecomplete listing of the flora is shown in AppendixTables 1-5.
The faunal resources are dominated by birdsand arthropods consisting of about 39 species.Most of the birds are grass warblers andPhilippine bulbuls which are consideredinsectivores. The complete list of birds areshown in Appendix Table 6. The arthropodsconsisted of arachnids, diplopods, and insects.The insects are dominated by beetles, moths,butterflies, syrphid flies, wasps, and bees(Appendix Table 12). The larval stage of mothsand butterflies are potential pests, while the
bees are pollinators and wasps are parasitic tosome insects. The syrphid flies are predators ofaphids. Parasitic wasps are more diverse andabout three of them are considered rare. In termsof biodiversity status, Mansawan is classified asmoderate.
Barangay Mansawan is located on top of theridge. The terrain is broken and the side slopesrange from 12 to 35° (Fig. 2). The elevationrange is 1,250-1,300 masl. Land use is basicallyvegetable and rootcrops gardening on one sideand grassland/brushland on the other. Drainagechannels are in the form of gullies and intermittentcreeks, draining toward the Kalilangan River atthe northwest side of Mansawan and DipologRiver at the southwest side. Its main source ofpotable water comes from the big spring on theside of the North Peak Range near Gandawanthrough water pipes.
Mansawan has a brown to red clay soil. Thetopsoil is very thin. The “B” horizon is composedof hardened volcanic materials that inhibit thepenetration of roots of monocots. The barangayis accessible by road from Pinan, Zamboanga delNorte.
2. Gandawan
The floral species identified along the transectconsisted of 300 species. Most of these are treeswhich are predominantly Agathis anddipterocarps, considering the presence ofnatural forests in the high rising steepmountains around the barangay. Ornamentalplants within the open grasslands are alsodiverse and rich in species.
The domesticated/cultivated plants arecabbage, onions, sweet potato, gabi, chayote,and lutia. Some farmers plant abaca for fiberproduction as another source of income. Thecomplete listing of floral resources is shown inAppendix Tables 1-5.
The faunal resources are dominated by birdsand arthropods involving about 39 species(Appendix Tables 6 and 12). Among the birds,the dominant ones are grass warblers andPhilippine bulbuls which are considered beneficial.
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Being insectivores, they eat insects harmful tofarm crops. Arthropods are composed of threeclasses: Arachnida, Diplopoda, and Insecta. ClassInsecta was found to be dominated by beetles,moths, butterflies, syrphid flies, wasps, and bees(Appendix Table 12). In terms of biodiversitystatus, Barangay Gandawan is rated high.
Barangay Gandawan and Mansawan contrast interms of physical characteristics. BarangayGandawan is situated in the crater valley withan approximate area of about 30-40 ha up tothe foot of the surrounding mountains, whileMansawan is situated on top of the ridge. Thesurrounding mountains in Gandawan abruptly risein a steep slope from the base. Most farms arelocated at the base of the mountain, while someare located within the valley. Houses are mostlylocated in the valley; some are dispersed at thebase of the mountains (Fig. 3). The side slopeand base of the mountains where farms aremostly located ranges from 22 to 26°. Theelevation ranges from 1,100 to 1,280 masl fromthe barangay site to the highest farm site. Land
use is similar to Mansawan and the surroundingmountains are still thickly forested. There is onlyone drainage channel that continued toKalilangan River and joins the Dapitan River.
Gandawan is blessed with abundant watersupply. Potable water supply comes from thewater source tapped by Barangay Mansawan.Several springs are found at the base of themountains.
The top soil is characterized by black silty loam.It is thick and the “B” horizon is composed ofsolidified volcanic materials.
Gandawan is accessible by foot trail fromMansawan, which is about an hour’s hike.
The valley can be used for rice production sincethe irrigation system can work well in this area.An irrigation system can ensure food supply inthe community. Residential areas can berelocated to higher grounds.
Fig. 2. Panoramic view of Barangay Mansawan.
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 15
3. Lake Duminagat
The biophysical resources are composed of flora,fauna, and land. The floral resources along thetransect consisted of 274 species. Most of theseare tree species belonging to Syzgium andPodocarpus genera, considering the presenceof natural forests in the high steep mountainssurrounding the barangay. Ornamental specieswithin the open grasslands and inside thenatural forests are also abundant and diverse.The domesticated/cultivated crops are similarto Gandawan. These are cabbage, onions, sweetpotato, gabi, chayote, and lutia for food andcash needs. Floral resources are listed in AppendixTables 1-5.
The faunal resources are dominated by birdsand arthropods involving about 49 species.These are shown in Appendix Tables 6 and 12.Grass warblers and Philippine bulbuls areregarded as beneficial birds, eating harmfulinsects. Biodiversity status is moderate andsimilar with that of Mansawan and Gandawan.
Barangay Lake Duminagat is a crater valleysimilar to that of Gandawan. The barangay siteand the residential houses including the primaryschool are located within the valley (Fig. 4).The farms and gardens are at the base of themountain ranges around the barangay,predominantly in the North Peak mountainrange rising at an elevation of 2,199 masl.
The lake itself is located across the ridge on thewestern part, about 1 km away or about 1-hourhike. The lake elevation is 1,400 masl. The cratervalley is about 20-30 ha and the lake is estimatedat 5-10 ha. The side slopes of the farms/gardensat the base of the mountains range from 19 to33°. Land use is similar to that of BarangaysGandawan and Mansawan. A shallow stream onthe eastern side drains the surface water towardKalilangan River, ultimately joining the DapitanRiver.
Barangay Lake Duminagat is also blessed withabundant water supply. Potable water supplycomes from different springs through waterpipes. The topsoil is thick black clay loam. The“B” horizon is solidified volcanic materials.
The barangay is accessible by foot along arugged trail, about one and a half-hour hike fromGandawan passing through thickly forestedmountains.
With the abundant water supply, the valley caneasily be converted into a rice-producing areaand houses can be relocated to the sides of themountains together with other governmentinfrastructures. Presently, the communitydepends on root crops as their staple food.
Ecotourism can be another source of income forthe barangay. However, there should be anenvironmental impact assessment (EIA) beforethis project can be implemented.
Fig. 3. Panoramic view of Barangay Gandawan with residential houses predominantly at thevalley.
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B. Southeastern transect ofDon Victoriano
The southeast transect of Don Victorianoincludes Barangays Lampasan, Tuno, and Lalud.Since these barangays are of the sameconditions, their biophysical characteristics arediscussed together.
The biophysical resources identified through thePRA are composed of flora, fauna, and land.The floral resources recorded through thetransect walks consisted of 190 species inLampasan, 172 species in Tuno, and 207 speciesin Lalud. Most of these species come frompatches of brushlands along the creeks andplanted species because of the absence ofnatural forests in these barangays. Thedomesticated plants are corn, bananas, fruittrees, sweet potato, lutia, gabi, lowland rice,other fruit trees, and onions (Appendix Tables1-5).
In faunal resources, the dominant ones arebirds, domesticated animals, fowls, andarthropods (Appendix Tables 6 and 12).
Insects are still dominant among the arthropods.The three barangays have low biodiversitystatus.
Its topography can be described as rolling tobroken steep side slopes; the side slopes rangefrom 8 to 20° in Lampasan and 15 to 30° inTuno and Lalud. In general, the three barangaysare situated along the sides of the mountainousterrain. Elevations range from 600 to 815 masl.
Land is used for corn and rice with trees plantedalong the sides and patches of brushlands andgrasslands. The soil is red clay loam.
Creeks, streams, and river systems drain thesurface water toward Clarin River on the easternside and Zamboanga del Sur on the westernside. Most prominent of these creeks areMuradje, Dimoroc, and Lampasan. These creeksdrain the surface water toward Zamboanga delSur.
These barangays are accessible by road fromMolave, Zamboanga del Sur, ending at Lalud.
Potable water supply comes from the springsthrough water pipes. Some residents get theirwater from open springs.
Fig. 4. Panoramic view of the crater in Barangay Lake Duminagat at thesouthwestern side.
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 17
C. Northwestern transect ofConcepcion
This transect includes Barangays SmallPotongan, Upper Potongan, Upper Salimpuno,down to Sixto Velez of Sapang Dalaga, anoverlapping area with a lowland ecosystem.
The floral resources recorded along the transectare shown in Appendix Table 1. Most of thesespecies come from brushland areas. Inbarangays Upper Salimpuno and Sixto Velez,planted trees grow with naturally-growing plantspecies in coconut plantations. Except in SmallPotongan, there are no natural forests in thesebarangays.
The faunal resources may be classified intobirds, domesticated fauna, and arthropods(Appendix Table 6 and 12). Biodiversity statusin Sixto Velez is low.
The topography is level to rolling in barangaysSixto Velez and Upper Salimpuno. For UpperPotongan and Small Potongan, the topographyis rolling to broken and steep slopes. The sideslopes range from 10 to 35° in Small Potongan,10 to 20° in Upper Potongan, 0 to 6° in UpperSalimpuno, and 0 to 5° in Sixto Velez. Elevationranges from 840 to 1,400 masl in thesebarangays.
Land use involves small gardens and brushlandsin Small Potongan; brushlands and residentiallands in Upper Potongan; tree plantation, cornfields, and coconut plantation in UpperSalimpuno; and coconut plantation, fruit trees,and corn fields under coconut canopies in SixtoVelez.
The soil is red and white clay in Small Potonganand brown clay loam in all other barangays ofConcepcion.
Surface water in these barangays drains towardDioyo and Langaran Rivers. Potable water comesfrom spring reservoir on the side of Mt. BalabagRange.
These barangays are accessible by road fromthe municipality of Sapang Dalaga.
D. Northeastern transect ofConcepcion
This transect covers Barangay Virayan toPoblacion Concepcion from Small Potongan.
Floral resources consist of 249 species inVirayan and 272 in Poblacion Concepcion(Appendix Table 1). Most of these species arefrom vast areas of brushlands and patches ofsecondary growth forest. Old forests are absentin these barangays.
Thirty species of fauna were observed in Virayanand 10 species in Poblacion Concepcion. Thebiodiversity status is moderate in these areas.
The topography is from level to rough terrain.The side slopes range from 15 to 32° in Virayanand 8 to 20° in Concepcion. The elevationranges from 1,000 to 1,250 masl.
Land is used for coconut, fruit trees, and corn;also as brushland and residential lands inVirayan and Poblacion Concepcion. No farmscould be seen around Barangay Poblacion. Thesoil is reddish brown clay in these twobarangays.
Potable water comes from a spring. Eachbarangay has a separate water source. Surfacewater drains toward Dapitan River on thenorthwest side of Concepcion proper.
1. Upland subecosystems
The upland ecosystems in all barangays underPRA in both municipalities of Concepcion andDon Victoriano were subdivided intosubecosystems. Each barangay is subdividedinto agrosubecosystem, grassland/brushlandsubecosystem, and forest subecosystem.Biological resources were analyzed in relationto stakeholders and their impact on theenvironment (PRE). The following criteria wereused in this analysis: (a) identified bio-resources, (b) resource quantity, (c) equitabilityand sustainability of use by differentstakeholders, (d) resource use pattern, (e)impact on environmental security, and (f)impact on biodiversity conservation.
Appendix Tables 13-25 show the stakeholdersand subecosystems in the different barangaysand stakeholders’ roles in relation to biodiversityconservation. Needs relative to biodiversity werealso identified.
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2. Stakeholders identified
The indigenous people (IP) in the barangays whoare also members of the different organizationsare the primary stakeholders (Appendix Table 13).Groups or organizations that have impacts onbiodiversity were Piniling Nasud, Farmers’Association, BANWA, Tribal CommunitiesAssociation of the Philippines (TRICAP), localgovernment units, government organizations, andother NGOs. The stakeholders’ role andperceptions relative to the various resourceswithin each subecosystem are described in matrixform.
3. Biological resources and their uses
Various forms of life in the PRA sites were notedand documented. Direct observations, sightings,and ethnobiological interviews were employedto assess the biodiversity status of the differentbarangays.
a. Botanicals
The floral resources (Fig. 5) covered within theentire transects number 507, involving 369genera and 129 families (Appendix Tables 1-5).In terms of conservation status, these areclassified as common (194 genera and 256species), rare (28 genera and 35 species), andscarce (158 genera and 203 species).
Their uses can be classified into two: economicand ecological. Basically, all these resourceshave ecological roles not only in the specifichabitat where they abound but also in nature.Any of these resources which help alleviateeconomic conditions have economic use.
Economically important species are those usedfor timber, construction, cottage industry, food,medicine, fiber, feed (forage/pasture), and fuel.
Fig. 5. Botanical/floral resources commonly observed in Mt. Malindang and its environs.
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 19
Ecologically important species are thoseornamentals, landscape plants, hedges, and otherplant resources used for soil erosion and weedcontrol.
b. Avifauna
Appendix Table 6 shows the avian species foundin all barangays.
Thirteen avian species were found in BarangayMansawan, 21 species in Barangay Gandawan,28 species in Barangay Lake Duminagat, 14species in Barangay Lampasan, 13 species inBarangay Tuno, 8 species in Barangay Lalud,48 species in Barangay Small Potongan, 14species in Barangay Virayan, 10 species inBarangay Poblacion Concepcion, 11 species inBarangay Upper Potongan, 8 species inBarangay Upper Salimpuno, and 11 species inBarangay Sixto Velez.
Barangay Small Potongan has the highestnumber of avian species followed by BarangaysLake Duminagat and Gandawan.
The common avian species observed in almostall barangays are Pycnonotus goiavier, Laniusschach, Centropus sinensis, Artamusleucorynchus, and Megalurus palustris. Thesespecies are practically lowland dwellers and arefruit and insect-eaters.
Forest birds were seen in Barangays LakeDuminagat and Small Potongan. Moreimportantly, a big eagle believed to bePithecophaga jifferyi was seen southwest of SitioPalale of Barangay Small Potongan at 10:24 a.m.on May 13, 1999.
C. Other Vertebrates
Species listing of Class Reptilia, Class Amphibia,Class Mammalia, Class Pisces, and ClassCrustacea are shown in Appendix Tables 7-11.These data were furnished by informants of everybarangay, except in the cases of Gehyramutilata, Sphenomorphus; Calamaria, a grasssnake under Class Reptilia; Rana magna and Bufomarinus, Class Amphibia; Callosciurus sp. andPtenochirus sp., Class Mammalia; the crabletlocally called as “kalong” and scientificallyknown as Portunus sp. “Pait-pait” or “paitan”,is a freshwater herring very common in streamsand riverine systems. Scientifically known as
Harengula tawilis, it is endemic to Taal Lake inTaal, Batangas (Conlu 1986). “Kasili” or eelswere also present in most of the rivers duringthe years when forest destruction was unknownto settlers.
Information gathered during interviews with oldsettlers suggest the presence of several wildlifefauna in the 1970s such as the rufous or tarictichornbills which they use as time indicators. ThePhilippine deer, monkey, flying lemur, eagles,palm civet, civet cat, squirrel, insects and fruitbats were abundant. According to the BukaganReport (1994), these still thrive in the northpeak.
Still present in the Malindang Mountain Rangeare reptilian species such as monitor lizard,python, Oligodon snake, and flying lizards (Mt.Malindang: A Rapid Appraisal 1994). Giant flyingfox, tree and mountain ground shrews, commonfield rats and mice, Philippine cobra, skunk,sailfin lizard, freshwater turtle, river frogs andtree frogs, horned toad, and flying lizard werepresent but in a threatened state (PASA Report1993). The local residents hunt thesevertebrates for food and for medicine.
Fish like freshwater eel, goby, carp, tilapia,mudfish, gorami, archerfish, and the freshwatercatfish were also reported but in a threatenedstate (PASA Report 1993).
D. Arthropods
Three important classes of arthropods wereobserved in seven barangays of Don Victorianoand Concepcion. These included Arachnida,Diplopoda, and Insecta. Among thesearthropods, insects (Appendix Table 12) werethe most prevalent in terms of number and kind.
Insects are valuable to man and other animals.They play a significant role in maintaining bioticcommunities of different habitats. As pollinators,they make possible the production of manyagricultural crops including vegetables andlegumes. They serve as food to many birds, fish,and other useful animals and also as scavengers.As predators and parasites, they contribute toecological balance through the regulation ofpopulation of prey species. Also, their usefulnessin medicine and scientific research has beenrecognized for a long time.
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Sixty-three families belonging to 10 insect orderswere identified (Appendix Table 12). OrderLepidoptera has the highest number of families(13) represented, followed by Diptera (11),Coleoptera (9), Hymenoptera (8), Orthoptera (5),Odonata, Hemiptera and Homoptera (4), andDermaptera and Thysanoptera (1).
Lepidopterans are economically importantspecies. The larvae of most species arephytophagous and many of them are seriouspests of cultivated plants. The diamondbackmoth, Plutella xylostella is the major pest ofcabbage in Barangays Mansawan, Gandawan, andLake Duminagat. Infestation is quite severe,hence, farmers have to spray insecticides. Afew farmers in Barangay Lake Duminagat practicemechanical control. They usually enclosecabbage seedlings in nylon mesh cloth beforetransplanting them in the field. OtherLepidopterous pests identified include thecommon cutworm, Spodoptera litura and thepotato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella.
A very significant finding during the PRA inGandawan was the recovery of parasitic cocoonson dead larvae of diamondback moth. This is aclear indication that natural enemies aresuppressing their population under fieldconditions. Dead larvae suspected to beattacked by pathogenic organisms such asbacteria and viruses were also found along theway to Lake Duminagat.
Many species of Coleoptera are also pestsincluding the squash bug, Aulacophora similisand the green tortoise beetle, Casida sp. whichattack sweet potato. Click beetles and snoutbeetles are likewise abundant in grasses andshrubs of Mansawan, Gandawan, and LakeDuminagat. Beetles which are predaceousinclude the tiger, ladybird, and carabid and evenlarvae of fireflies.
Some Diptera such as houseflies and bowfliesare important vectors of diseases. However,many of them are useful scavengers andpredators too, like the syrphid flies which feedon aphids. The Hymenoptera is the mostbeneficial in the entire class of insects. Many ofthese insects are valuable as parasites and
predators of various insect pests and the mostimportant in the pollination of plants such asbees and wasps.
The Hemiptera consists of both terrestrial andaquatic booms. Cotton stainer, Dysdercuscingulatus, a pest of okra was observed inLampasan. Aquatic and predaceous ones suchas the water striders and ripple bugs are quiteabundant in Lake Duminagat and in the Virayanand Guiban Rivers. These insects arebioindicators of the rivers’ water quality.
All the Homoptera are plant feeders, while theOdonata are all predaceous. Cicadas forexample, damage and feed on roots of perennialplants. Aphids and leafhoppers are well-knownvectors of economically important viruses.
The Orthoptera and Thysanoptera are plantfeeders, some of which are very destructive tocrops, while the Dermaptera are mostlyscavengers.
E. Other invertebrates
Spiders, which are generally predators arepresent in all barangays, while the millipede, ascavenger, was observed in Mansawan and LakeDuminagat. Leeches with black, brown, andyellow with orange or green body colorationwere also prevalent.
The PASA Report (1993) indicated that most ofthe insects and other invertebrates found in theMalindang Mountain Range are threatened astypified by the freshwater shrimp, land andforest snail, and the red mountain crab.
II. Sociocultural and economiccharacteristics
From observations and interviews with keyinformants, participants, and stakeholders inthe different barangays, information on thesocial, cultural, and economic profile of thepopulation were gathered (Appendix Table 25).These information were confirmed and validatedby residents through validation meetings.
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 21
A. Municipality of Concepcion
1. Barangay Poblacion
a. Social profile
The barangay has 62 households and anestimated population of 240. The averagehousehold size is four. There are more femalesthan males. Residents aged 15-64 years makeup about 60% of the population; below 15 yearsold, 38%; and the elderly, 65 years old andabove, accounts for only 2%. About 80% of theresidents are non-Subanons (Cebuanos,Boholanos, Siquijodnons).
Barangay Poblacion is the only site which hascomplete elementary and high schools in themunicipality. The high school was establishedin 1974 through the initiative of the municipalgovernment and was placed under nationalfunding in 1980. These two schools have Parent-Teacher-Community Associations (PTCAs).
Aside from these two schools with 14 teachers,a health center staffed by a nurse and a midwifeis located in the Poblacion. However, there isno municipal health officer and medicines areoften lacking or unavailable.
Barangay residents have access to electricity.Some own transistor radios and others havetape recorders. Houses are made of wood andgalvanized iron sheets. Residents have to fetchwater and in instances where water is availablefor home use, big jars made of rubber are usedfor storage.
The Poblacion is accessible by motorcycle andother vehicles. The graveled road, however, isrough, especially during rainy days. The 30 peso(P)/person fare for a one-way trip (17 km) bymotorcycle, locally known as “habal-habal”, orP20 by jeep is quite expensive for localresidents.
The barangay is very peaceful according to thebarangay captain.
b. Economic profile
The main source of income for most residentsis farming, although some work as governmentemployees. Farming is a family activity. Children(9 years old and above) and women help in the
farm. Plowing, however, is considered a man’sjob because farms are located in steep slopesor hills and farmers do not have draft animals.
The main products are root crops. These aregrown for cash and consumption. Corn is grownprimarily for consumption. Rainy months arelean months because farmers cannot plant cornand root crops to produce small tubers. To cope,some residents work for daily wages in localgovernment projects.
There are no regular traders or middlemen whogo to Barangay Poblacion. Products are broughtto Sapang Dalaga and sold to wholesalers or toconsumers directly. There is no public marketin Concepcion so barangay residents have tobuy provisions for their daily needs and otheritems in Sapang Dalaga. Information aboutprices of commodities come from drivers ofpublic utility vehicles, from neighbors, andfriends who frequent Sapang Dalaga.
There are no known private financiers in thebarangay. The Comprehensive and IntegratedDelivery of Social Services (CIDSS) Project ofthe Department of Social Welfare andDevelopment (DSWD) extended a loan to awomen’s group for a cutflower project. There isa ready market for anthurium flowers every 2weeks. However, the women need more technicalknow-how and proper team building for theproject to succeed.
Soil erosion is a problem for farmers becausethe farms are located in slopes and no measuresto conserve soil and water are in place. Tenurialstatus is also a concern. Barangay residentsare occupants of forest lands in protected areaswith an average size of 2 ha. Farmers cannotget land titles and have not yet applied forancestral domain rights and privileges. If theysucceed in getting stewardship of the lands, theywill be encouraged to conserve existing resourcesand plant additional trees because they can besure that the fruits of their labor can be inheritedby their children.
c. Cultural profile
Food is inadequate and families aspire toimprove their livelihood to have enough foodfor the family. They also aspire to send theirchildren to school. To be able to provide for thefamily, husbands and wives work together in thefarm and share in the decision-making.
22 Technical Report
2. Barangay Small Potongan
The name “Potongan” was derived from thePotongan River which dissects the barangay.
a. Social profile
In 1998, there were 66 households with a totalpopulation of 394, and an average householdsize of six. There are more females than males.Fifty percent of residents are aged 15 to 64years old, 45% are below 15 years old, andonly 5% are 65 years old and above. About 90%of the residents are Subanons.
Small Potongan has a classroom with only oneteacher handling Grades I and II. Children hiketo Barangay Poblacion for an hour to attendGrades III-VI. There is no health center but thereare two barangay health workers. The NationalIrrigation Administration (NIA) completed itsconstruction of a farmers’ hall and it has plansto put up an irrigation project.
Houses are made of wood and GI sheets.Barangay proper residents received 14 GIsheets and 4 kg of nails from the DSWD to buildtheir houses. Water from Mt. Balabag reachesthe barangay through pipes. Barangay residentshave no access to electricity.
The barangay is accessible by motorcycleslocally known as “habal-habal” from SapangDalaga. The P40 fare is quite expensive forresidents. Jeepney fare is cheaper but few jeepsseldom go to “Small”, the name often used forthe barangay by local residents.
b. Economic profile
The main source of income is farming. Farmsare located in Sitio Migubay, a 2-hour walk fromthe barangay proper. The route is not evenaccessible by horse or carabao. Farming is afamily activity. Women and children help inplanting, weeding, harvesting, and cuttinggrasses. Plowing is done only by men.
The main products are rice, corn, and root crops.Rice is primarily for consumption. Part of theharvest is reserved for seeds. A ganta of seeds,if it grows well, means a sack of rice duringharvest. Corn is also grown for consumption andthe extra supply is for cash. Corn is usuallyplanted in April to May and is harvested after
four months. Fertilizers are bought from storesin Sapang Dalaga. Root crops are for cash andconsumption when rice or corn is no longeravailable. Wild pigs and rats pose a big threatto the crops.
There are no regular traders who go to SmallPotongan. Products are brought and sold toSapang Dalaga by the farmers themselves.
Residents of Small Potongan are occupants ofsmall forest lands. They can only manage tocultivate one-fourth of a hectare of forest land.
Another source of income is “manungha” orhired help (P50/day).
c. Cultural profile
Residents of Barangay Small Potongan believethat they have the right to cultivate and owntheir farms because they have cultivated thearea for many years. They also find the watersupply sufficient for the needs of the increasingpopulation. They look at the dam to be builtfavorable in improving rice production. Theyaspire to clothe and feed their children well tokeep them healthy.
3. Barangay Upper Potongan
Some residents refer to the barangay as“bansohan” because it was the site of thesawmill, Mt. Ampiro Timber Company (MATCO),during the 1970s.
a. Social profile
Upper Potongan has 35 households with 152residents and an average household size of four.Residents aged 15-64 years old make up 53%of the population, below 15 years old 45%, and65 years old and above only 2%. Ninety-eightpercent of the population are Subanons.
The barangay does not have an elementaryschool. Children go to Small Potongan orBarangay Poblacion. There is only one barangayhealth worker (BHW) and no health center. Thebarangay hall does not have cemented flooring.The water supply comes from Small Potongan.There is no electricity. Houses are clusteredalong the partly graveled road leading toBarangay Poblacion and Small Potongan.
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 23
Motorcycles and jeepneys coming from SapangDalaga pass by Upper Potongan on their way toBarangay Poblacion. Most of the time, though,residents hike to Barangay Poblacion due to thelong wait for vehicles. Upper Potongan is thebarangay nearest to the town proper ofConcepcion.
b. Economic profile
Farming is the main source of income. Somefarm within the barangay. Others farm in SitiosMigubay and Palale in Small Potongan and haveto walk for 2-3 hours to reach their farms.Children and women help in the farm, makingfarming a family activity. Another source ofincome is “manungha” or a person rendering laborfor P50/day.
The main farm products are rice, corn, and rootcrops. Rice and corn are primarily forconsumption, while root crops are for cash andconsumption especially during rainy or leanmonths. Products are sold in Sapang Dalaga.Goods for daily use are also bought in SapangDalaga.
Residents of Upper Potongan are occupants offorest lands. The average farm size is ¼ ha.They want to get land titles for the farms toensure that their children will inherit the landsthey cultivate.
c. Cultural profile
Key informants could still remember that kasili,kalong, and paitan were found in the PotonganRiver. They believe these species are becomingextinct.
Residents also think that the wild pigsdestroying their crops can be hunted becausethese are not in the protected area. They areaware of the restrictions implemented by theDENR within the protected area.
4. Barangay Virayan
The name “Virayan” is derived from the VirayanRiver which cuts across the barangay. Noinformant could recall the year Virayan becamea barangay.
a. Social profile
In 1998, there were 58 households with a totalpopulation of 219, and an average householdsize of four. There are more females than males.More than 50% of the population is 15-64 yearsold. Forty-five percent of the residents areSubanons.
Virayan has only one classroom made of lightmaterials. A teacher handles Grades I and II.There is no health center but there is onebarangay health worker. The barangay hall doesnot have a cemented floor. There is a basketballcourt in the barangay proper. There iscockfighting every Sunday, where residents betsmall amounts of cash. The women play“spang”, a local version of volleyball, whereonlookers can also bet.
Houses are made of wood slots locally called“inak-ak” and cogon roofing. Very few use GIsheets. There are only 14 households in thebarangay proper. Houses follow a dispersedpattern. The barangay has no electricity.Drinking water comes from a spring.
Virayan is accessible from Barangays Poblacionand Small Potongan by foot or by horse.
b. Economic profile
The main source of income is farming. The mainproducts are root crops for cash andconsumption. Coconuts are primarily for cash.Corn, when grown, is only for consumption.Farming is a family activity. Women and childrenhelp in farm activities. Another source of incomeis “manungha”, where a person is hired to workin another man’s farm for a daily wage of P50.
No traders go to Virayan. Products are broughtand sold in Sapang Dalaga. Provisions for dailyuse are bought in Sapang Dalaga. Sometimes,farmers bring their products to Libertad inZamboanga del Norte.
Few residents raise chickens because they areeasily affected by diseases. Pigs are raised eitherfor sale or for special occasions like the fiestaor “buhat-buhat”. Cattle is raised for cash andhorses are for transport purposes.
24 Technical Report
Residents of Barangay Virayan are occupants offorest lands with an average farm size of ¼ ha.Some residents from the lowland bought rightsto some pieces of land. For Subanons who arenot familiar with their rights, these non-IPs whoare absentee landowners may become a problemin the future.
c. Cultural profile
Residents of Barangay Virayan are aware thatthey can be arrested if they are caught cuttingtrees in the PAMB area. They are also awarethat water is sufficient because of the trees andmountains in the PAMB area. They believe thatthe trees will prevent landslides. They also thinkthat the water for the irrigation project in SmallPotongan comes from the Virayan river.
They claim that there are still wild pigs,monkeys, and birds in the PAMB area. They donot hunt for wildlife but insist that once outsidethe protected areas, these animals can behunted. Wild orchids should not be taken outfrom protected areas, according to the son of abarangay official.
Insufficiency of food is a problem especiallyduring the rainy months. They believe that theycan improve their livelihood if only they canget water for their fields and plant rice. Theyalso want a better school building for theirbarangay.
5. Barangay Upper Salimpuno
Upper Salimpuno was still a forest in 1948. Theresidents from Salimpuno in Sapang Dalagastarted to farm the area in the 1950s and namedthe place Upper Salimpuno.
a. Social profile
The total barangay population is 264 with 53households and an average household size offive. Almost 60% of the residents are aged 15-64 years old. About 40% are Subanons and 60%are Cebuanos and Boholanos.
The barangay has an elementary school withGrades I-IV. It has no health center but thereare two BHWs. The barangay hall does not havewalls or even a cemented floor. The barangayhas access to electricity since 1994 but fewhouses have electric lights. Residents have to
fetch water from the springs, which serve as aprimary source of drinking water. Most housesare made of wood and GI sheets. Residents owntransistor radios. Among the 55 children belowseven years old, 14 are mildly malnourishedand 10 are moderately malnourished.
The road from the national highway to BarangayUpper Salimpuno is partly graveled making thebarangay accessible to motorcycles and othervehicles. The fare (P25) for a one-way 12-kmtrip by motorcycle is expensive for residents.
b. Economic profile
Farming is the main source of income. It is afamily activity because women and children helpin farming activities. Secondary sources ofincome include selling firewood and hand-sawing of tree species such as falcata andGmelina. Another source of income is “pasuhol”or hired help for a daily wage of P70.
The main products are corn, root crops, andcoconut. Corn is planted for consumption. Rootcrops which are grown for cash and consumptiondo not grow well like corn, during continuousrainy season. Coconut is grown primarily for cash.Copra commands a good price (P16.80/kg) butthe coconut trees are not bearing fruit well. Inthe past, the meat from three coconuts weigheda kilo, but now, a farmer needs seven coconutsto get a kilo of coconut meat.
Some traders go to Upper Salimpuno for copra.In most instances, however, products for sale(i.e., firewood) are loaded in public utilityvehicles for Sapang Dalaga where these are soldto wholesalers or to consumers directly by theproducers themselves.
Residents have an average farm size of 2 ha.Some residents do not like to cultivate theirlands and plant trees and other species becausethey only have Integrated Social Forestry (ISF)from DENR. Although they have land declarations,they need land titles for security and theassurance that their children will inherit the land.
c. Cultural profile
Residents of Barangay Upper Salimpuno areaware that when there are no more trees,landslide, locally called “unas”, will take place.One key informant remembered that she saw atrunk of an apitong, a tree species with a
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 25
diameter of about 170 cm, loaded in a truck forexport. At present, apitong that big can no longerbe found in the vicinity of Upper Salimpuno.During the 1970s, logging was at its height andthere were about 10,000 residents in thebarangay. The roads were good but when thelogging companies left in 1980, the barangaybecame a haunted and deserted place.
Barangay residents aspire to improve theirlivelihood. They want to be able to fertilize theircorn fields to improve production. They wantto maintain the peace and order that theirbarangay enjoys.
B. Municipality of Sapang Dalaga
1. Barangay Sixto Velez
Its old name is Medallo Alto. When the petitionwas passed to convert Sitio Medallo Alto to abarangay in 1966, the name Sixto Velez wasadopted so that the high-ranking governmentofficial named P. Velez would not turn down thepetition.
a. Social profile
There are 74 households with a total populationof 311. The average household size is four.Sixty-one percent of the population are aged15-64 years old. There are more females thanmales and there are no Subanons in Sitio Velez.
The barangay has one day care teacher andone elementary school teacher who teachesGrades I and II. For Grade III, pupils go toBarangay Salimpuno or Barangay Sipac in SapangDalaga. There are two barangay health workers.The barangay has access to electricity and wateris an abundant resource.
Houses are generally made of wood and GIsheets. A few have nipa roofs. Houses are foundalong the road from Sapang Dalaga toConcepcion. One-way fare from Sapang Dalagato the barangay is P10 by jeep and P20 bymotorcycle.
b. Economic profile
Farming is the main source of income and coconutis the main cash crop. Coconut trees have nofootholds so coconuts are harvested throughthe use of long poles. For every 100 maturecoconuts harvested, the farmer is paid P10.Women and children of school age help ingathering the coconut. Coconut meat isextracted from the shell and dried using dryers.The entire family is involved from harvesting toprocessing of the coconut. Cassava is grownprimarily for consumption while extra supplies aresold. Planting and harvesting of cassava are doneby both men and women. Land preparation,however, is a man’s activity. Corn is grown forconsumption. However, it needs fertilizers, whichsome residents cannot afford to buy.
Farm products are sold in Sapang Dalaga.Although there are “sari-sari” stores in thebarangay, residents still prefer to buy goodsfor daily use from stores in Sapang Dalaga.
From September to October, mangosteen are inseason. This is another source of income forsome barangay residents. Others become hiredhelp in other farms at P50/day.
Pigs are raised for cash and special occasions,such as fiestas. Cattle is primarily for cash whilechickens are raised for consumption. There areresidents, however, who do not like to raiseanimals because they easily get sick during therainy season.
About 70% of the barangay residents aretenants of land owners from other areas ofMisamis Occidental. Tenants get one-third ofthe income from coconut production. Mostlandlords do not go to Sixto Velez to get theirshare. Instead, their share is brought to themby the tenant.
The main problem faced by residents is the lackof money to buy food. They wish to improvetheir livelihood to overcome this difficulty andalso be able to send their children to school.
26 Technical Report
C. Municipality of Don Victoriano
1. Barangay Tuno
Barangay Tuno was under the jurisdiction of themunicipality of Tudela before the municipality ofDon Victoriano was created. The barangay wasnamed after the color of the water from springsflowing in the creeks. The water is white, similarto coconut milk which is known locally as “tuno”.It is located on the southeastern part of DonVictoriano, with a total land area of 300 ha basedon the parcellary survey (ENR-SECAL Report1999).
a. Social profile
The most recent population data from themunicipal social welfare and development officeindicate the presence of 166 households withan average of five individuals per family and atotal population of 861. Fifty-five percent isbetween the ages 15 to 64 years old; 43% isbelow 15 years, and only 2% is 65 years oldand above. There are more females than males.
Seventy percent are Subanons; the rest areCebuanos, Boholanos, and other groups.
Residential settlements are clustered along thegraveled road leading to the next barangaywhich can be reached either by jeep ormotorcycle. Houses are made of GI roofings andwooden walls. Some have cemented houses.
Residents have access to electricity. Some havetransistor radios, tape recorders, television;ICOM radios are commonly used by barangayofficials.
A primary school (Grades I-IV) is operated bythe Department of Education, Culture and Sports(DECS) with four teachers and four classrooms.School children hike to Barangay Lalud to finishelementary education.
There is no barangay health worker. Theresidents need to go to the next barangay forhealth concerns. Patients are brought toMahayag or Molave hospitals for treatment orconfinement. There is no available data on thehealth and nutrition status of residents. However,no one was observed to be malnourished duringthe PRA.
The residents have access to a free-flowingwater system provided by the local government.There is a basketball court and cockpit. Themunicipal hall of Don Victoriano is located in thisbarangay.
b. Economic profile
Farming is a family activity and is the mainsource of income for most residents. When notin school, children help their parents in the farm.The main farm products are corn, rice, rootcrops, and vegetables. Corn and rice are mainlyfor consumption, while root crops andvegetables are for cash. During lean months(rainy season), root crops are their main staple.
Some residents engage in trading or buy-and-sell of vegetables and root crops which theydirectly sell to consumers in Molave. Manyhousewives have small stalls in Molave onweekends. Their daily needs are also purchasedmostly from Molave or Ozamiz.
Residents domesticate animals for cash orconsumption. Chicken is raised mainly forconsumption and cattle is mainly for cash. Pigsare raised both for cash and consumption, forspecial occasions like fiestas or “buhat-buhat”.The carabao is mainly used for plowing the field.
Credit is extended to farmers by “compradors”or traders who also buy their farm products.Trading is done in Lalud.
Labor is provided by the whole family. Thehusband plows the field, while the wife andchildren help plant and harvest the crops. Hiredlabor is at P60-70/day.
Another source of income for residents duringlean months is employment in construction, whichthey usually find in Dipolog.
Soil infertility is a problem resulting in high costsof farm inputs for farmers. This problem alsocauses extensive soil erosion because theirfarms are situated in hills and steep slopes.
c. Cultural profile
Husbands and wives share in the decision-making. Women do housekeeping and also helpin the farm. Some are members of the RuralImprovement Club (RIC) and Farmers’ Association.
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 27
Parents aspire to send their children to school.Residents hope for a better and peacefulbarangay.
“Tabo” or market day is done every Friday wherefolks exchange news, play basketball, and playmasiao.
Looting of crops is common and a concern ofthe barangay council. The “Timuay” or “gukon”is the traditional leader who settles conflictsamong residents.
2. Barangay Lalud
In the local dialect, “lalud” means wavy landterrain. In earlier years, Lalud was under thejurisdiction of the municipality of Tudela.
a. Social profile
A DSWD survey shows 360 households with anaverage size of five and a total population of1,829. Forty-three percent of the population isbelow 15 years old, 55% is between 15-64 yearsold, and only 2% is 65 years old and above.There are more females than males. Seventypercent are Subanons and 30% are Cebuanos,Boholanos, and other groups.
Residential houses are clustered in the barangayproper and along graveled and cemented roads.Houses are made of GI sheets, wood, andconcrete.
Four preschool, eight elementary, and foursecondary school teachers are helping to moldthe character and values of school-age children(15%) in the barangay. The health center ofthe municipality of Don Victoriano is in BarangayLalud and this is run by a medical doctor and anurse. The center also has an ambulance.
Jeepneys and motorcycles are the means oftransport from Tuno and the neighboring townsof Josefina and Molave to the commercial centerat Lalud. Communication facilities include ICOMradios, transistors, television, and taperecorders.
Electricity and free-flowing water supply areprovided in the barangay. In addition, there isa basketball court, a tennis court, and videoke.
b. Economic profile
Farming is the main source of income. Thesecondary means of livelihood are trading,restaurant services, and gardening. The mainfarm products are corn, rice, vegetables, rootcrops, and bananas. On the average, farmersplant on a 1 ha farm. Cultivation rights arebased on stewardship certificates given tofarmers as occupants of forest lands.
Rice and corn are planted mainly forconsumption, while vegetables are mainly forcash. Root crops are both for cash andconsumption. These farm products are sold tocompradors/financiers. Other farmers bringtheir products to Molave or Ozamiz City.
Horses are domesticated mainly for transportof farm products to the market. Cattles are raisedfor cash, while chickens are for consumptiononly. Pigs are raised both for cash andconsumption especially during fiestas and otherspecial occasions.
Similar to Barangay Tuno, soil infertility and soilerosion are the major concerns of residents.
c. Cultural profile
Residents go to Dipolog City during lean monthsto work in the construction business. Husbandsare assisted by their wives in farming and inmaking decisions particularly on their savings.Despite their low income, parents still aspire tosend their children to school and improve theirlivelihood.
3. Barangay Lampasan
“Lampas” means a way of cutting grasses. Thebarangay was officially created in 1953 andschools opened in 1980. In the mid-1980s,residents outmigrated due to the poor peaceand order situation. After 10 years, there wasa high rate of in-migration and residents startedto farm in the area.
a. Social profile
Barangay Lampasan has a total population of1,065 with 206 households, and an averagehousehold size of five. Forty-five percent of thepopulation is below 15 years old, 50% is 15-64
28 Technical Report
years old, and 5% is 65 years old and above.There are more females than males; 40% areSubanons and 60% are Cebuanos and Boholanos.
The school has five classrooms, one room forpreschoolers and four for the elementary grades.There are two teachers for elementary and onefor the preschool. Communication facilities suchas ICOM radios, television, transistors, and taperecorders are available in the barangay. Housesare made of GI sheets, wood, and concrete.
The residents have “tabo” every Friday. Theyhave basketball courts and a cockpit forrecreation activities.
b. Economic profile
The main source of livelihood is farming. Othersources of income are gardening, operating a“sari-sari” store, and “manungha” at P70/day.The main farm products are corn, onions,chayote, cabbage, root crops, and tomatoes.These are transported to Tudela by means ofhorses, jeeps, and motorcycles. According toresidents, they are able to sell 50 to 100% oftheir products to Lalud even during lean months.
Planting, harvesting, and desuckering are doneby the whole family. The average farm size is 1ha. Soil infertility is also the main problem infarming.
c. Cultural profile
There is still food inadequacy and low incomeeven though husbands and wives are intofarming. Some residents earn extra incomethrough basket weaving and most of them aremembers of BANWA and LEAF.
4. Barangay Lake Duminagat
Lake Duminagat was named after the lake whichcuts across the barangay.
a. Social profile
There are 58 households with a total populationof 391; 100% are Subanons. Age composition issimilar to that of Barangay Lampasan. Residentsare distributed in clusters due to the area’scauldron-like terrain.
The barangay has a preschool and elementaryschool with two teachers and three classrooms.
The health center (6 km away) has one healthworker. The barangay can only be reached by atrail, which makes it inaccessible to any vehicle.Residents have to walk or use horses to transportgoods to nearby barangays. The barangay hasuncemented basketball court.
b. Economic profile
Farming is the main source of livelihood.Residents also earn income by “karyada” orhauling and as hired help in other farms. Theirmain products are onions, cabbage, chayote,root crops, and corn which are bought bycompradors from Mansawan. Transportation, soilinfertility, pests, and rats are their main concerns.
The residents of Lake Duminagat are occupantsof forest lands. They can only manage tocultivate small farms and raise few chickens dueto pests.
c. Cultural profile
Most residents are Catholics. Husbands andwives do the farming. Despite the problem offood inadequacy, farmers aspire to improve theirliving conditions and send their children toschool.
5. Barangay Gandawan
“Gandawan” means wild flowers. It was officiallycreated in 1980. In the 1970s, there was a highrate of outmigration because of the poor peaceand order situation.
a. Social profile
The residents are 95% Subanons and only 5%are Cebuanos. There are 61 households with atotal population of 363 distributed in clusters.There are more females than males. Fifty percentis between 15-64 years old.
The health center is 3 km away from thebarangay proper. There is a preschool, anelementary school, and a high school.
The road going to Barangay Gandawan is a trailand can be reached only by foot and by horse.Residents have ICOM and transistor radios forcommunication. Their houses are made of woodshingles, wood, and GI roofs. They have free-flowing water, a barangay hall, and an
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 29
uncemented basketball court. The barangaycelebrates its fiesta on August 28.
b. Economic profile
The main source of livelihood is farming and themain products are onion, cabbage, chayote, rootcrops, abaca, and sugarcane. Most of theirproducts are sold in Mansawan. The residentsraise horses mainly for transport, and cattles,pigs, chickens for food, and carabaos as draftanimals.
Their main problems are pests and soil infertility.To earn extra income, some work in other farmsas hired help.
c. Cultural profile
Husbands and wives farm and share in thedecision-making. Food is inadequate, andproblems of soil infertility and pests exist.Residents still believe that soon they willovercome these problems; they continue toaspire in improving their level of livelihood.
6. Barangay Mansawan
“Mansawan” is derived from the Subanon word“mansaw” which means wild sugarcane. Thisplant was abundant in the area when the firstsettlers who were all Subanons belonging to thePiniling Nasud, a religious sect, arrived in 1964.
a. Social profile
The population is estimated to be 1,686 with362 households and an average household sizeof five as of 1998. There are more females thanmales. Sixty-five percent of residents are aged15-64 years. About 85% are Subanons and 15%are Cebuanos and Boholanos. Children of mixedparentage (¾ Subanon) are called “libog”.Although majority of the residents are Subanon,the main spoken dialect is Cebuano.
Barangay Mansawan has a day care center withone teacher. It has a complete elementaryschool with eight teachers and there is a planto have a high school soon.
Mansawan has eight barangay health workers.A midwife lives in the barangay and also servesthree other barangays. The barangay has a
health center, a public market, a basketball court,artesian wells, and communal faucets.
Barangay residents have no access to electricity.Some own transistor radios and others have taperecorders. Houses are made of wood and GIsheets. There was a time though when roofswere made of “gulayan”, a pine tree. Water isfetched either from the artesian wells locallycalled “bumba” or communal faucets where thewater is piped from a spring in BarangayGandawan.
Residents go to the Don Victoriano town properby hiking or riding on a horse. During drymonths, they ride on public utility motorcyclescalled “habal-habal”. To reach Don Victoriano,one has to cross seven streams and a river.The barangay is also accessible by jeepney andmotorcycle on graveled roads from Mutia, a townin Zamboanga del Norte.
There are four religious groups in Mansawan:Piniling Nasud, the Roman Catholics, Born-againChristians, and the Seventh Day Adventists. TheSangguniang Kabataan (SK) is composed ofyoung people (18 years and below). At the timethe PRA was conducted, the SK held a benefitdance to raise funds to finance their variousactivities (i.e., cleaning of water source, market,and other public places).
b. Economic profile
The main source of income is farming. The mainproducts are vegetables (onion, cabbage,chayote), root crops, and corn.
Onions are planted anytime of the year primarilyfor cash. These can be desuckered after fourmonths and desuckering thereafter is done oncea month. After every desuckering, inorganicfertilizer is applied. Insecticides or pesticidesare sprayed once a week. If maintained properly,onions can last for as long as five years.Maintenance includes keeping the land cleanand free of weeds.
Farmers can grow onions on a 100 m2 piece ofland which can yield 1,500 bundles a month.Each bundle weighs approximately 750 g andcan be sold at P7/bundle. Onions are sold totraders or compradors in the barangay proper.Deliveries are done preferably on a Monday,which is the “tabo”, a special market day. Traderssell the onions as far as Dipolog City.
30 Technical Report
Cabbage is another cash crop planted anytimeof the year. It requires fertilizer and insecticidesand can be harvested after three months. It isalso sold to traders in the barangay proper.
Chayote is planted anytime primarily for cash.It does not have to be fertilized or sprayed withpesticides. Farmers sell it weekly and theincome from selling is used to buy fish, meat,and other food.
Root crops are planted anytime of the year forcash and consumption. During months whenthere is no money to buy food, barangayresidents eat root crops. Corn is planted withinMarch to April. It can be harvested after fivemonths.
Few residents raise pigs because they do nothave enough cash to buy corn or rice bran forfeeds. They also find pig raising time-consuming. Chickens are raised forconsumption, horses are for transport purposesand goats are for sale. Farmers do not plowtheir fields because these are in steep slopes.To till the land, they use a “sakol”. Farmers donot practice contour farming or slopingagricultural land technology (SALT).
The compradors or local traders set the pricefor onion, cabbage, chayote, and other crops.Some of them extend loans to farmers orprovide seeds and other farm inputs. In return,farmers sell their products to traders which makeit easy for them to dictate the price.
All residents have yet to own their farms whichis why they are not secure as far as tenurialstates are concerned.
Other sources of income are “manungha”, hiredhelp on the farm for a daily wage of P50 and“karyada”, a hired help for hauling vegetablesand other crops using a horse and is paid pertrip.
c. Cultural profile
Residents aspire for better and adequate food,good health, and education for their children.BANWA, TRICAP, and Piniling Nasud areorganizations present in the barangay. Mostresidents are members of these organizations.
III. Interconnectedness
The landscape approach to environmentalassessment for biodiversity status is quite timelyand appropriate. The upland ecosystem of theMt. Malindang Range highly affects the activitiesof the lowland and coastal ecosystems. Likewise,the reverse is true. Many aspects of daily lifeare interconnected. Politics and trading areexamples. The PRA site, being located in themountain flanks, is endowed with a rich riverinesystem. Headwaters drain from the mountainrange and together the water runs down withsilt, and flora and fauna. In exchange, productsfor household use are purchased from thelowland and brought to the upland.
a. Resource use and flow patterns
Most of the farm products, like onions, cabbage,chayote, and root crops, like sweet potato,kanaka, gabi or lutia are the cash crops grownin the municipalities of Concepcion and DonVictoriano.
In Concepcion, farmers sell farm productsdirectly to consumers. From as far as Virayan,Small Potongan, Upper Potongan, and UpperSalimpuno they sell their produce during the“tabo” of their respective barangays. But mostbring their produce to Sapang Dalaga wherethey sell these directly to consumers. From theirsale, they buy salt, vinegar, dried fish, saltedfish, cooking oil, rice or corn, sometimes clothingmaterials, and fertilizers and insecticides.
In Don Victoriano, two barangays are consideredas trading centers - Barangays Mansawan andLalud. In these centers, many compradors cometo buy farm products in wholesale. From Lalud,these are delivered and sold to stall owners inJosefina, Mahayag, and Molave then to PagadianCity. Others go to Bonifacio, Tangub City, thento Ozamiz City. Household needs such as salt,salted fish, dried fish, vinegar, cooking oil, clothes,and farm needs specifically farm implements,fertilizers, and pesticides are obtained from theseplaces. Farm products such as vegetables androot crops from as far as Liboron, Sibucal, LakeDuminagat, and Gandawan are brought toMansawan during “tabo” where compradors buythem. Farmers rarely bring their farm produceoutside of Mansawan because the transportation
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 31
cost is so prohibitive. Added to hightransportation cost is the time it takes themaway from their farms if they sell their goods inplaces beyond Mansawan. Compradors bring thefarm products to Mutia, Pinan, Polanco, DipologCity, all in Zamboanga del Norte. Another routein selling farm products is from Pinan, to Barcelonato Dapitan City, then to Dipolog City, or fromBarcelona to Sapang Dalaga then to Calambathen Plaridel of Misamis Occidental. Tradersbring farm and household needs to Mansawanfor farmers to buy.
Not only are farm products and farming needsexchanged, but siltation, faunal and floralcomponents of the environment too. Thesurface water, which drains from the hills andmountain slopes carry sediment and cause highsiltation both in the lowland and coastalenvironments. Together with the surface waterrun-off, nutrients drain from the upland soilresulting in soil infertility. In addition, seeds ofplants flowed with the run-off resulting indispersal of the plants in the lowland and coastalareas. In the riverine system, which is prevalentin the upland ecosystem, aquatic fauna can godownstream and upstream. For example, theeel goes downstream to spawn and upstreamto grow and mature, and back againdownstream to lay eggs. Both seed-eating birdsand fruit bats also function as seed dispersalagents resulting in the migration of plants. Allwinged organisms go from place to place andin so doing, serve also as dispersal agents.
b. Political flow
In both municipalities, the mayors are notpermanent residents of the town they head. InConcepcion, the mayor is a resident of Lopez-Jaena. In Don Victoriano, the municipal mayorresides in Ozamiz City with the parent, althoughhis wife is from Dipolog City. His younger brotheris also the mayor of Josefina, the town next toDon Victoriano that is a part of Zamboanga delSur. The dump trucks of the Don Victoriano mayoralso serve Josefina. Somehow, the influence ofthe Don Victoriano mayor is glaring also in Josefinaalthough the Josefina mayor is not similarlyinfluential in Don Victoriano.
IV. Common observations and findings
a. Biophysical resources
1. Severe pest infestation on cabbage: Uponexamination, the pest was identified asdiamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Thisis the major pest of cabbage in Mansawan,Gandawan and Lake Duminagat such thatfarmers are forced to apply insecticides tominimize their impacts.
2. A practical mechanical control of pests oncabbage seedlings was installed andobserved in Barangay Lake Duminagat. Thefarmers used nylon net mesh to enclosetheir nursery beds.
3. The presence of parasitic cocoons on deadlarvae of diamondback moth in Gandawanclearly indicates the presence of naturalenemies that suppress the populationgrowth of insect pests.
4. Dead larvae observed on the way to LakeDuminagat were believed to have beenattacked by pathogenic organisms such asbacteria and viruses.
5. Cotton stainer, Dysdercus cingulatus, wasobserved as a pest of okra in Lampasan.
6. Water striders and ripple bugs are abundantin the waters of Lake Duminagat, GuibanRiver, and Virayan River. These arebioindicators of water quality. Their presenceindicates the absence of pollutants in thebodies of water.
7. Most of the avian, reptilian, mammalian,amphibian, and ichthyofauna speciesobserved had ecological value as pollinators,seed dispersal agents, and insect pestcontrol agents. Their social value lies in theirbeing used as pets and experimental orresearch materials. Economically, they areused as food and trading items.
8. The municipalities of Don Victoriano andConcepcion are all situated within aprotected area where the status ofbioresources remains unresolved.
32 Technical Report
b. Sociocultural and economic findings
From direct observations and interviews of keyinformants, participants, and stakeholders inthe PRA sites, information and data on thefollowing were gathered. In addition, theseinformation were validated in focus groupdiscussions and multisectoral meetings.
1. The number of households in all barangaysranged from 53 to 362. Population figuresbased on estimates and latest reports rangefrom 210 to 1,829. The average householdsize is six.
2. About 3-5% of the population in eachbarangay is composed of old (65 years andabove) folks. The young (0-14 years old)accounted for about 45% of the totalpopulation. The middle age group (15-64years old) comprises about 50%.
3. There are more females than males.
4. In Barangays Mansawan, Gandawan, LakeDuminagat, Small Potongan, UpperPotongan, and Virayan, more Subanons wereobserved than any other ethno-linguisticgroup. In these barangays, Subanonsprobably account for 85% to 100% of thepopulation. In Lalud and Tuno, the Subanonsmake up 70% of the total population.
5. The barangays have barangay healthworkers (BHW) but no municipal healthofficer (MHO). Medicines are very muchlacking.
6. Only five barangays have electricity. Themost common mass media facility is thetransistor radio. Barangay captains in DonVictoriano have ICOM radios.
7. Houses are mostly made of galvanized ironsheets and wood/wood shingles. Very fewhouses use cogon as roofing material.
8. Two barangays have high schools. UpperPotongan does not have any elementaryschool. Five barangays have Grades I-II,three barangays have Grades I-IV while threebarangays have complete elementaryschools.
9. Farming is the main source of livelihood.Secondary sources of income include“manungha” (hired help in the farm),“karyada” (hauling), hand-sawing, and sellingfirewood.
10.Cash crops from Mansawan, Gandawan andLake Duminagat are mainly onions,cabbage, and chayote. For Lalud, Tuno, andLampasan, cash crops are corn and rootcrops similar with Barangay Poblacion ofConcepcion.
11.The average area cultivated is only ¼ of ahectare. People occupy forest lands. Theycannot get titles for the land they till sincethey live within the protected areas. Somepossess certificates of stewardship over thepiece of land they occupy.
12.There is no definite cropping pattern for rootcrops, onion, cabbage, and other vegetables.Corn is planted from April to May. Thesecond cropping starts in September.
13. Rainy months are the lean months in SmallPotongan and Upper Potongan, while forVirayan, every month is a lean month.
14.Poultry is seldom raised due to problems ofpests and diseases.
15.Soil fertility is a big problem.
16.Women often help in the farm in addition todoing household chores. They plant, doweeding, and desucker onion plants. Theyalso engaged in “karyada” to augment familyincome.
c. Issues and concerns
The data and information gathered throughdirect observations, interviews, and meetingswith the local residents and their localgovernment units point to important issues andconcerns. In the following list, the first two arethe local residents’ main concerns. The othersare concerns raised by the team and residents.The team agrees with residents in believing thatthese issues and concerns are linked with eachother in an intertwining manner.
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 33
1. Socioeconomics
a. Food security among uplandcommunities
b. Social stability/peace and order situationc. Alleviating family income above the poverty lined. Availment of credit facilities at low or
no interest at alle. Availment of social amenities and
servicesf. Improvement of literacyg. Increased productivity
2. Policy formulation needs
a. Resolving the status of the towns of DonVictoriano and Concepcion which arewithin the protected area
b. Tenurial rights of residents in themunicipalities
c. Integrated approach to projectimplementation
d. Advocacy and information campaigns
3. People’s empowerment through trainings andworkshops
a. Agroforestry technologyb. Soil rehabilitation and ameliorationc. Enterprise development and cottage
industry
4. Infrastructural needs
a. Rural electrificationb. Farm-to-market roadsc. Improved health servicesd. Improved water system
5. Habitat destruction
a. Shifting cultivation within grasslands andbrushlands
b. Unfavorable weather conditions andedaphic factors
c. Soil erosion/landslides
6. Chemical pollution
a. Application of pesticidesb. Application of inorganic fertilizers
7. Biological pollution
a. Indiscriminate introduction of alienspecies
b. Species extinction
d. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT)
From these data, the strengths, weaknesses,opportunities, and threats (SWOT) were derived.These are presented in Appendix Table 26.
V. Interaction analysis
All the natural resources in the uplandecosystem are vulnerable to human interferenceor disturbance, thus threatening both theenvironmental security and biodiversity. Withthe shifting cultivation practices of farmers,more areas are cleared of plant materials thatprevent soil erosion. In turn, the loss of plantscorrespondingly lead to the loss of animals thatdepend on them for habitat or for food. As aconsequence, animals are driven away from thearea. Human beings continue to hunt either formeat or objects of trading.
a. Biophysical situations
1. Soil erosion appears less in Mansawan,Gandawan, and Lake Duminagat in DonVictoriano, and in Concepcion based on theaverage cultivated area per household ofless than ¼ ha. However, since farmers donot practice soil conservation measures,cultivation is done on steep slopes andfrequency of rainfall is high, soil erosion isrelatively high per unit area. In addition,vegetable production has resulted in thedepletion of soil nutrients. Without sufficientreplenishment, this has led to low soil fertilityand increased incidence of soil-bornediseases (Bunders et al. 1990). Reversing thissituation needs thorough and meticulousstudies to come up with appropriateintervention strategies.
2. Abundant sources of water remainuntapped. These are not taken advantagedof to boost staple crop production inGandawan and Lake Duminagat environsand in the barangays of Concepcion. Thisnecessitated the conversion of cultivatedareas and grasslands into rice fields interraces using suitable varieties and farmingpractices. Such conversion of land use mayhave also created negative impacts on themicroorganisms in the soil, altering theecological balance. Another aspect toconsider is the sociocultural condition. Such
34 Technical Report
intervention may not be acceptable or thecommunity may not be socially prepared forsuch a shift in the manner of land use. Thus,an intensive participatory action researchalong this line is a must.
3. About 30% of the total floral species in DonVictoriano and Concepcion was not recordedand about 2% is believed to be new species.Their characteristics, habitat, distribution,and uses have to be known and understoodfor appropriate biodiversity conservationmeasures to be undertaken.
4. Several ornamental plant species have beenobserved growing wildly in the grasslands(e.g., Medinilla, Begonia, bamboo orchids,ground orchids, etc.) that have potential forcommercial growing. Conservation of thesespecies and using them for economicventures to uplift the lives of residents isimperative. These plants may becomeextinct due to frequent shifting cultivationpractices.
5. Species diversity appears relatively rich inLake Duminagat and its environs. Yet, theirhabitat dynamics, degree of speciesassociation, and ecological functions are lessknown. Understanding these factors isneded to formulate effective forestmanagement decisions and effectsustainable development.
6. Don Victoriano and Concepcion are withinthe protected area of the Mt. MalindangNational Park and their status is stillunresolved. Resolution of this issue is vitalto the conservation efforts of Mt. Malindangand formulation of biodiversity conservationmeasures for sustainable development.
7. Insect pests are the major constraint tovegetable production. Among these are thediamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), greentortoise beetle (Cassida sp.), potato tubermoth (Phthorimaea opercudela), cutworm(Spodoptera litura), squash beetle(Aulacophora similis), cotton stainer(Dysdercus cingulatus), and unidentifiedlepidopterous pest which attacks onion.Anthracnose is the major disease of Baguiobeans. Controlling pests and diseases ofvegetables necessitates immediate attentionto formulate integrated pest managementpractices.
8. Insecticides are commonly applied to controlinsect pests. It is the ultimate recourse offarmers to get high harvests. This practicethreatens biodiversity. Alternative means ofcontrolling pests that are environment-friendly and cost effective must be used.
9. Water striders and ripple bugs are quiteabundant in the waters of Lake Duminagat,Guiban River, and Virayan River. These arebioindicators of water quality since theirpresence and abundance indicate theabsence of water pollutants.
10.Most of the avian, reptilian, mammalian,amphibian, and ichthyofauna species areobserved to have ecological value aspollinators, seed dispersal agents, and insectpest control agents. Their social value liesin their use as pets and experimentalresearch materials. Their economic valuefocuses more on their use as food andtrading items.
b. Sociocultural and economicsituations
1. Vegetable production is the main source oflivelihood in Mansawan, Gandawan, andLake Duminagat. Vegetables grown includecabbage, onions, Baguio beans, chayote andsquash. Root crops are likewise grown whichsustain residents particularly during leanmonths. The common root crops cultivatedare sweet potato and lutia. The decision toplant them is governed by bothsocioeconomic and cultural values andenvironmental constraints.
2. The number of households in all barangaysof Don Victoriano and Concepcion rangesfrom 53 to 362. Latest population figuresare estimated to range from 210 to 1,829.The average household size is six. Theaverage income per month per householdof P700-1,000 is very low compared withthe P3,000 per month poverty levelindicator. Yet residents manage to survivebecause of coping mechanisms such as“karyada” (hauling) and “manungha” (hiredlabor) to augment their meager income.
3. At least 70% of the population in DonVictoriano is indigenous people. Their levelof education is low. Thus, any development
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 35
intervention to be introduced would requiremuch effort for social preparation and valueformation.
4. Fifty percent of the population belong to the15-64 years age range and 45% to 0-14years range implying available labor forceat household level. The average area ofcultivation per household in Lake Duminagatis less than ¼ ha. Due to lack or absence offarm implements and farm animals, manuallabor is used so only small farm size aremaintained per household. Farmers with smallfarms and who do not practice intensivesmall-scale farming get less harvests andmeager income.
5. Women often tend vegetable gardens inaddition to doing household chores. Thereare more females than males. Moreover, menattend most of the time to social and politicalfunctions.
VI. Recommendations
In view of these issues, problems, andinteraction analysis, the following first andsecond generation researchable areas andspecific research topics and development needsare recommended. These were analyzed usingthe following criteria: relationship to biodiversityconservation, needs, urgency, linkages, andpolicy relevance (Appendix Table 27).
a. First generation researchable areas
1. Tenurial arrangement with settlers and usersof Mt. Malindang resources, redelineationof the protected area, and empowermentof the people as effective forest managers
2. Land use pattern in the municipalities of DonVictoriano and Concepcion to determine thesuitability of plants to different ecozones
3. Patterns of forest/biodiversity resources useby Subanons and other users to provideinputs to appropriate resource managementstrategies
4. Marketing strategies, resource use pattern,income and market structures
5. Assessment of the biological resources inLake Duminagat and its environs (DonVictoriano) and inventory as input and guideto appropriate conservation and management
6. Analyses and determination of thephysicochemical parameters of the soil inrelation to biodiversity and managementstrategies
7. Hydrobiology of the freshwater ecosystemswhich include the physicochemicalproperties of the water and the dynamics
8. Study on the rate of soil erosion, water yield,and water-holding capacity, water qualityand water regimen of some waterways inLake Duminagat environs
9. Documentation and comparative studies oncultural practices of the indigenous peoplein different ecozones in relation tobiodiversity indices and status
10.Studies on impacts of resource use andincome-generating activities on thebiodiversity status in different ecozones
11.Studies on impacts of local governance onbiodiversity conservation status
b. Second generation and specificresearchable areas
1. Identification of appropriate and sustainableagroforestry systems that enhancebiodiversity conservation and sustainabledevelopment
2. Studies on using biological resources forpest control and soil amelioration
3. Propagation and mass production of locallyavailable ornamental plants
4. Identification, propagation, andperformance evaluation of forage species inLake Duminagat environs
5. Environmental impact evaluation studies onusing the waterfalls in Don Victoriano as asource of hydroelectric power
36 Technical Report
6. Macropropagation and use of localdipterocarps in rehabilitating naturalsecondary forests and grasslands
7. Environmental impact evaluation studies onthe proposed ecotourism project in LakeDuminagat and its environs
8. Ex situ breeding (captive breeding or tissueculture) of rare, endangered, threatenedspecies and establishment of biodiversityconservation and rehabilitation center foracademic purposes and for reintroductionof lab-produced species in the naturalhabitat whose performance will bemonitored and evaluated
9. In situ breeding of rare and endangeredspecies in protected areas under well-coordinated implementation rules andregulations by different agencies and LGUsconcerned.
10.Forest species composition, habitatdynamics, degree of species association,their ecological functions, and policyimplications
11.Survey and biological studies of major insectpests and diseases of vegetables in DonVictoriano and their natural enemies, andthe implications for integrated pestmanagement strategies
12.Biodiversity assessment of hymenopterousand lepidopterous insects in Lake Duminagatand its environs
13.On-farm profiling and residue analysis ofpesticides commonly used by farmers withimplications on policy formulations
14. Inventory, bioassay, and field applicationsof botanicals as alternative control measuresfor pests in vegetables in Don Victoriano
15. Inventory of pests and diseases of livestockand poultry in Concepcion and DonVictoriano and management planning forcontrol or eradication
16. Survey of ecto and endoparasites of avifaunalspecies in Lake Duminagat and SmallPotongan environs
17. Incidence of Plasmodium gallinarum in junglefowls of Lake Duminagat and its environs
18.Biodiversity assessment of timber-producingspecies in Lake Duminagat and SmallPotongan environs
c. Development needs for possibleinterventions by relevant GOs andNGOs
1. Development of farm-to-market roads
2. Lighting facilities
3. Provision of expert services for agriculturalvegetable production
4. Provision of assistance for agroforestrytechnologies
5. DENR assistance for placing the towns ofDon Victoriano and Concepcion under theCommunity-Based Forest Management(CBFM) program providing tenurial rights tothe people with corresponding empowermentas effective forest managers
6. Development of commercial ornamentalplant nurseries as alternative livelihood forthe people including empowerment
7. Development of a cooperative for cutflowerbusiness as an alternative source of incomeamong households
8. Backyard livestock and poultry raising as asmall cottage industry
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 37
d. Support programs
1. More team building activities, especiallyamong researchers of different disciplines
2. Training of local partners on biodiversityassessment: identification and inventory ofall on-site and off-site resources so they willbecome future parataxonomists
3. More training for researchers, locally andinternationally, to enhance their expertise
4. Fellowship grants for researchers who wantto update their knowledge
5. More research grants for theses students,both Filipinos and Dutch; more financialsupport for students from Mindanao
6. Intensive information dissemination onenvironmental awareness
7. Funded curricular development onbiodiversity conservation at all levels:elementary, high school, collegiate and postbaccalaureate degrees
8. Financially-supported biodiversity researchinstitute or centers in Mindanao
38 Technical Report
References
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Bunders, J., B. Havenkort, and W. Hiemstran. 1996. Biotechnology building on farmers’ knowledge.McMillan Education Ltd., London.
Conlu, P. V. 1986. Guide to Philippine flora and fauna. Vol. IX. JMC Press Incorporated, QuezonCity, Philippines. p. 41.
DENR. 1993. The Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA). Final Report Vol. 1. Mt. MalindangNational Park and Watershed Area, Misamis Occidental.
DENR and NEP. 1994. Philippine biodiversity: An assessment and plan of action.
Dove, M.R. and P.E. Sajise, editors. 1997. The conditions of biodiversity maintenance in Asia.East-West Center.
duPont, J.E. 1971. Philippine birds. Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville Delaware.
Gonzales, R.C. et al. 1988. Birds of the Philippines. Conservation of Natural Resources, Inc.,Manila, Philippines.
Gunawan, B., Parikesit, O.S. Abdoellah, and R. Kotanegra. 1997. Rapid appraisal for biodiversitymaintenance: An alternative approach for assessing biodiversity condition and maintenance.In: Dove, M.R. and P.E. Sajise, editors. The Conditions of Biodiversity Maintenance in Asia.East-West Center.
Larausse Encyclopedia of Animal Life, 1976.
McNeely, J.A., K.R. Miller, W.V. Reid, R.A. Miermeier, and T.B. Werner. 1990. Conserving the world’sbiological diversity. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland; WRI, CI, WWF-US, and the World Bank,Washington, D.C.
NEDA. 1998. Development master plan of the First District of Misamis Occidental final report.
Rabor, D.S. 1977. Philippine birds and mammals. UP Press Quezon City.
Rola, A.C. and P.L. Pingali. 1993. Pesticides, rice productivity, and farmers’ health: An economicassessment. International Rice Research Institute. Manila, Philippines.
Sajise, P.E. and M.V. Ticsay-Ruscoe. 1997. The conditions of biodiversity maintenance in Asia:Philippine studies. In: Dove, M.R. and P.E. Sajise, editors. The Conditions of BiodiversityMaintenance in Asia. East-West Center.
SEARCA and RAWOO. 1999. Orientation and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) training course forthe pre-implementation phase of the Biodiversity Research Programme for Mindanao, CentralMindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon, 11-18 February.
Ticsay-Ruscoe, M.V. 1997. Biodiversity as an indicator of sustainability in the Apangan landscapeof Haliap-Panubtuban, Asipolo, Ifugao Province, Philippines. In: Dove, M.R. and P.E. Sajise,editors: The Conditions of Biodiversity Maintenance in Asia. East-West Center.
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 39
Appendix Table 1. List of plant and lichen species present in each of 12 barangays includedin the survey at Mt. Malindang Range, Upland Ecosystem PRA.
Taxon
Abelmoschus esculentusAcacia mangiumAcalypha ameniaceaAcorus calamusAdenanthera intermediaAdiantum philippenseAeschynanthus philippinensisAeschynamene sensitivaAgathis philippinensisAgave americanaAgeratina adenophoraAgeratum conyzoidesAglaonema commutatumAllum cepaAlocasia bicolorAlocasia macrorrhizosAlocasia zebrinaAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia scholarisAlternanthera ficoidesAlysicarpus vaginalisAmaranthus spinosusAmomum philippinenseAnacardium occidentaleAnonas comosusAndropogon citratusAngiopteris palmiformisAnisoptera thuriferaAnnona muricataAnnona squamosaAnthurium andreanumApium graveolensArachis hypogeaAralia spinosaArdista pyramidalisArenga tramulaArtemisia vulgarisArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus blancoiArtocarpus communisArtocarpus heterophylikusArtocarpus odoratisssimusArtocarpus sericarpusAschyranthes asperaAsclepiua curassavicaAsparagus sprengeriAsplenium cymbifoliumAglaia diffusaAglaia langlasseiAglaia luzoniensisAphananthi philippinensisAzaderacta indiceArisoptera aureaAsplenium nidusAsplenium polyodonAster linifolius
1
00100101000101110111010001000001110000001101100000101000
2
00110101101101000111011001100001011010000101101111100111
3
00100101111101001110000000110000010000000101101111100111
4
11000000000101010000010000001110000011111110010000000000
5
00100100000111110100010000101110000010101110000000000000
6
00100110000111111101010110101110000110101111000000000100
7
00100101001100000100001000110000011000100111101111101110
8
00101001000100000110001000110000011000000111100000000000
9
00101001000100000110101000110000011000001111100000000100
10
00100101000110110111111001100010110011111111100000100000
11
01000100000101110111010001001110110011111111000000010000
12
01000100000101100100010001001110000011111111000000000100
40 Technical Report
Astronia cumingianaAsystacia gangeticaAtuna racemosaAxonopus compressusBambusa blumeanaBambusa glaucescensBambusa vulgarisBambusa vulgaris var. striataBarleria cristataBarringtonia racemosaBasella albaBasella rubraBegonia hernandioidesBegonia nigritarumBelamcanda chinensisBidens pilosaBiophytum sensitivumBischofia javanicaBixa orellanaBlechnum orientalesBlumea balsamiferaBoerlagiodendron diversifoliumBorreria laevisBougainvillea spectabilisBrachiaria muticaBrassica oleraceaBreynia cernuaBridelia stipularisBuchanania arborescensBulbophyllum auratumBulbophyllum deareiCaladium bicolorCalamus dimorphocanthusCalamus merrilliiCalamus ornatus var. phillippinensCalliandra haematocephalaCallicarpa candicansCallicarpa formosanaCalophyllum kuenstleriCalopogonium mucunoidesCanarium hirsutum forma multipinnataCanna indicaCanthium monstrosumCapsicum frutescensCarallia branchiataCarica papayaCarphalea kirondronBambusa spinosaBrossaia actinophyllaBridelia minutiloraBuchanania arborascensCalophyllum blancoiCaesalpinia pulcherrimaCaryota rumphiana ssp. philippinensisCasearia grewiaefoliaCassia alataCassia javanicaCassia nodosaCassia occidentalis
11011110101000111001101111100001000000011101010000000010011
01011010111001111101111011100010111010011111010000010110000
01011010111010111101111011110000111001111111010001010110000
01110011100100011010100110001101000100001101010100101001011
01010010100000011010100110010111000000011101010100100001011
01011010101000111010100110110001000000011101010000000001111
11010000111011011001100010110000111010100011000011010110001
11010000100111011001100010110000111011100011000011000110000
11010010111011011001100010110000000011000011010001000111001
01011011101110111011101110110111111001011101110000000001001
01011111100100011010101110100001000100011101011000000001001
Appendix Table 1. Continued...
Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
01011110100100011010101110100001000100011101011000000001001
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 41
Cassia toraCatharanthus roseusCayratia trifolia var. cinereaCelba pentandraCeltis luzonicaCeltis philippinensisCentella asiaticaCentotheca lappaceaCentrosema pubescensCestrum nocturnumChingia feroxChloris barbataChromolaena odorataChrysalidocarpus lutescensChrysanthemum indicumChrysophyllum cainitoChrysopogon aciculatusCitrofortunella microcarpaCitrus limonCitrus maximaCladonia sp.Cladonia vulcanicumClerodendron macrostachyumClerodendron quadriloculareClethra lancifoliaClitorea ternateaCocos mucifera cv. “Green Tall”Codieaum variegatumCoffea robustaCoix lachryma-jobiColeus blumeiColeus igolotorumColocasia esculentaColona serratifoliaCommelina benghalensisCommelina diffusaCommelina bartramiaCordia dichotomaCordyline fruticosaCorypha utanCosmos caudatusCostus speciosusCrassocephalum crepidioidesCratoxylon celebicumCratoxylon formosanumChisocheton pentandrumCaryota cuminquiChisocheton cymingianusCombretodendron quadrialatumCrinum asiaticumCrotalaria linifoliaCrotalaria saltianaCrypsinus sp.Crypsinus glaucusCucurbita maximaCuphea hyssopifoliaCurcuma domesticaCyanotis axillarisCyathea callosaCyathea contaminans
100000110011100110011100001110101011011010111000100000010111
001011110011100011101100101100101111000010111101101011110111
001011110011100010001100101100111011000010111101100001010111
110100101001101110010001001110101011101000111000000000111101
100000101111100110010000001110101111001000111000000000110101
100000111111100110010000011110101111001000111000000100110101
100001111111100010000010100100101011000001111111101100110111
000001111011100010000010100100101011100001111100001100110111
100000111001100110010010101100101111100001111000101100110111
100000111001100111010011001110101111100001111000111100110101
100000111001110111010001001110101111000111111000001100110101
100000111001110111010001001110101111000101111000001100110100
Appendix Table 1. Continued...
Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
42 Technical Report
Cyathea loheriCycas revolutaCynodon dactylonCyperus alternifoliusCyperus flabelliformisCyperus compactusCyperus iriaCyperus kyllingiaCyperus rotundusCyrtandra cumingiiCyrtococcum patensCyrtosperma merkusiiDacrycarpus imbricatusDactyloctenium aegypticumDalbergia sp.Datura metelDaucus carotoaDavallia solidaDendrocalamus asperDesmodium heterocarponDesmodium suffruticosumDieffenbachia pictaDillenia philippinensisDillenia reifferschidiaDerris philippinensisDesmodium capitatumDesmodium pulchellumDesmodium triflorumDesmodium umbellatumDesmodium velutinumDiscranopteris linearisDigitaria ciliarisDioscorea alataDioscorea esculentaDiplazium esculentumDipterocarpus gracilisDracaena fragransDrynaria quercifoliaDuranta erectaDurio zibethinusDysoxylum gaudichaudianumEchinochloa colonaCreten leiophyllusCubilia cubiliDaemonorops melisDacrydium elatumDendrocalamus merriliamusDendrocoride meyenianaDiospyros copelandelDiospyros pilosantheraDemosphocalyx luzoniensisDrypetis bordiniDrypetes maquilingensisDwatanga moluccanaEchinochloa crus-galliEclipta rostrataElaeagnus philippinensisElatostema lagunenseElatostema pulchellumElephantopus scaber
001011111010010010111000011111111000111000100001000000010001
101011111110110011011010111111110000001100100101000100011101
101010111110110101010000010100110001001000000101000010011111
001000010011010000000100111000000000001001000011000000100000
001001110010010000001000011111010000001001000011000000100000
001001111010010010001000101100110110001001000010000000110001
101000111110011001001001110011110000001001011001111111100000
101001111010011001001000111111100000010001010001000000110001
101000110110011000001000111111110000010011010000000001110000
001001111010010001001100111100111000011011000000000001110000
001000000010010000000100011011100000111101000000000000110000
011000100010010000000100010111110000111101001000000000110000
Appendix Table 1. Continued...
Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 43
Elephantopus spicatusElephantopus tomentosusEleusine indicaEleutherine palmifoliaEmilia sonchifoliaEucalyptus degluptaEurycles amboinensisErvatamia pandacaquiErythrina orientalisEuphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia hirtaEuphorbia pulcherrimaFicus angustissimaFicus baleteFicus benjaminaFicus botryocarpaFicus guyeriFicus minahassaeFicus notaFicus septicaFicus ulmifoliaFicus variegataFimbristylis dichotomaFimbristylis monostachyaFlagellaria indicaFragaria virginianaFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetia negrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiGardenia jasminoidesGardenia mangostanGendarussa vulgarisGerbera sp.Gliricidia sepiumGlochidion rubrumGmelina arboreaGossypium barbadenseGuioa koelreuteriaGymnostoma rumphianumHeliconia metallicaHibiscus cannabinusHibiscus rosa-sinensisHibiscus tiliaceusHelixanthera sessillisHippeastrum sp.Homulanthus alpinusHomalanthus populneusGomalomena philippinensisEclipta prostrataFicus congestaFicus ampelosFicus heteropleuraFraxinus griffthieGrewia multifloraFlacourtia rukanGigantochloa levisHomalanthus populneusHopea acuminataGardenia pseudopsidiumHomalomena rubescensHydrangea lobbii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 Table 1. Continued...Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
44 Technical Report
Hygrophila salicifoliaIchonocarpus volubilisImpatiens balsaminaImpatiens hutchinsoniiImperata cylindricaIndigofera tinctoriaIpomoea quamoclitIpomoea trilobaIresine herbstiiIxora philippinensisKalanchoe pinnataKolowratia elegansLagerstroemia speciosaLansium domesticumLantana camaraLaportea brunneaLeea philippinensisLeucaena leucocephalaLeucosyke capitellataLindernia crustaceaLithocarpus mindanaensisLithocarpus philippinensisLithocarpus sundaicaLitsea glutinosaLivistona rotundifoliaLobaria meridionalisLobaria robinsoniiLycopersicon esculentumLycopodium cernuumLycopodium squarrosumLygodium circinatumLygodium merrilliiMacaranga bicolorMacaranga dipterocarpifoliaMacaranga grandifoliaMacaranga tanariusMacrothelypteris polypodioidesMadhuca betisMallotus philippensisMalvaviscus pilosusMangifera indicaManibot esculentaMedinilla malindangensisMedinilla magnificaMedinilla myrtiformisMelanolepis multiglandulosaMelastoma polyanthumMelia dubiaMelicope triphyllaMentha arvensisMentha arvensis var. piperataHorpetica alataHorsifoldia megacarpaClachidion canesiensGlochidion albumLetsea perrottetiiMelastoma malabatricumMerremia peltataMicromelum minutumMikania cordata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 Table 1. Continued...
Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 45
Mimosa invisaMimosa pudicaMiscanthus floridulusMorinda citrifoliaMoringa oleiferaMuntingia calaburaMusa x paradisiaca (AAB)Musa x paradisiaca (BBB)Musa textilisMussaenda anisophyllaMussaenda philippicaNauclea orientalisNeonauclea bartingiiNeonauclea mediaNepenthes alataNephelium lappaceumNephelium ramboutan-okeNephrolepis biserrataNopalea cochinelliferaOcimum sanctumOctomeles sumatranaOdontonema strictumOleandra maquilingensisOperculina turpethumOphioglossum reticulatumOphiopogon japonicusOplismenus compositusOrthosiphon aristatusOxalis repensPachyrhizus erosusPalaquium luzonensePandanus camarinensisPandamus copelandiiPandamus exaltatusPandamus tectorius var. laevisPanicum maximumParartocarpus venenosusParaserianthes falcatariaParmelia cristiferaPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichumPaspalum scrobiculatumPassiflora foetidaPennisetum polystachyonPersea americanaPhacelophrynium interruptumPhalaenopsis amabilisPhanera cumingiana ssp. integrifoliaNeonauilea bernadesNeoletea vidalliiPhaeanthus obracteitatusNeonauclea formicariaOncosperma tigillariaPalaquim toxvortyiPlanehonella nitidaPremna odorataOchroma pyramedaleOsmanga odorataPhaseolus lathyroidesPhyllanthus amarus
Appendix Table 1. Continued...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 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
46 Technical Report
Appendix Table 1. Continued...
Phyllanthus urinariaPhyllocladus hypophyllusPhysalis angulataPhyscia fragilescensPinanga philippinensisPiper retrofractumPipturus arborescensPittosporum pentandrumPityrogramma calomelanosPlumeria albaPolyscias halfourianaPolyscias nodosaPometia pinnataPouteria micranthaPremna odorataPseuderanthemum purpureumPseuderanthemum reticulatumPsidium guajavaPterospermum obliquumPteridium aquilinumPterocymbium peltatumPsychotria luconiensisPteris vittataPterospermum diversifoliumPueraria phaseoloidesPunica granatumPyrus malusRadermachera pinnataRamalina nervulosaRhaphidophora merrilliiRicimus communisRosa centifoliaRubus fraxinifoliusRubus rosaefoliusSaccharum officinarumSaccharum spontaneumSamanea samanSambucus javanicaSandoricum koetjapeSanseviera trifasciataSaurauria glabrescensSchefflera insularisSchismatoglottis calyptrataSchizostachyum diffusumSchizostachyum lumampaoScleria scrobiculataSechium eduleSelaginella ciliarisSelaginella cupressinaSapindus saponariaPunica granatumSelaginella involvensSetaria palmifoliaShorea contortaShorea negrosensisSida acutaSida cordifoliaSida rhombifoliaSmilax chinensisSolanum melongena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 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 47
Appendix Table 1. Continued...
Solanum nigrumSolanum sp. (wild)Solanum torvumSolanum verbascifoliumSorghum halepenseSpathiphyllum sp.Sphaerostephanos productosSphaerostephanos unitusSphenoclea zeylanicaSpenomeris chinensisSpiridens reinwardtiiStachytarpheta indicaStachytarpheta jamaicensisStenochlaena milneiSwietenia macrophyllaSymphytum officinaleSynedrilla nodifloraSyngonium podophyllumSyzygium cuminiSyzygium malaccenseSyzygium polycephaloidesSyzygium samarangenseTagetes erectaTamarindus indicaTerminalia catappaTerminalia nitensTetracera scandensTetrastigma sp.Thayeria cornucopiaThemeda giganteaThemedia triandraTheobroma cacaoThespesia populneaThevetia peruvianaThuja orientaleThysanolaena maximaTradescantia sp.Tridas procumbensTriumfetta bartramiaTriumfetta semitrilobaTypha angustifoliaUncaria philippinensisUrena lobataShorea palosapisShorea polyspermaShorea assamicaSyzgium calubcobSyzgium BurdinviToona calantasUsnea misamisensisVanda cumingianaVernonia arboreaVernonia cinereaVernonia patulaViburmum luzonicumVitex negundoVitiviera zizanoidesVoacanga globosaWedelia trilobaWikstroemia indica
000001111101101111010000000001000001111001100000010011000110
010100111101111011000000000111100001110011100010011111001010
000100111111110010000000000111000001010011100011011111101010
101000001001101011110111010001010100011100100000000011010010
000001001000101011110111100001000000011100100000000011000010
000000001000101011000111000001000010011100100000000011000010
000000001100110010000000001111100001010000011111111010000010
000000001101110010000000001111100001011101011000011010000110
000000111101110010000000001001100001011101010000001011000010
000000111100111011010000000001011001011101110000001011010111
000000111000101011110111100001010100011100100000000011010111
000000001000111011111111100001010100010000100000000011010011
Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
48 Technical Report
Appendix Table 1. Continued...
Xanthosoma sagitifoliumZea maysZephyranthes atamascoZingiber zerumbetZoysia matrella
11101
11101
01101
11001
11111
11111
00011
11011
11011
11111
01001
01001
* 1-Mansawan, Don Victoriano, Misamis Occidental (DVMO);2-Gandawan (DVMO);3-Lake Duminagat (DVMO);4-Lampasan (DVMO);5-Tuno (DVMO);6-Lalud (DVMO);7-Small Potongan, Concepcion, Misamis Occidental (CMO);8-Upper Potongan (CMO);9-Virayan (CMO);10-Poblacion Concepcion (CMO);11-Upper Salimpuno (CMO);12-Sixto Velez, Sapang Dalaga, Misamis Occidental.
**Lichen species, Kingdom Mycetae/Fungi
Summary on the number of species per Barangay
1. Mansawan 231 + 13 = 2442. Gandawan 274 + 28 = 3003. Lake Duminagat 243 + 31 = 2744. Lampasan 172 + 18 = 1905. Tuno 158 + 14 = 1726. Lalud 96 + 11 = 2077. Small Potongan 191 + 49 = 2408. Upper Potongan 221 + 26 = 2479. Virayan 227 + 22 = 24910. Poblacion Concepcion 257 + 15 = 27211. Upper Salimpuno 229 + 4 = 23312. Sixto Velez 207 + 1 = 208
Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 49
Appendix Table 2. List of plant and lichen species recorded from 12 barangays*. Taxaarranged according to family with corresponding habit, uses, andconservation status.
Family/Taxon
AcanthaceaAsystacia gangeticaBarleria cristataBlechum pyramidatumBorreria laevisCanthium monstrosumOdontonema strictumPseuderanthemum purpureumPseuderanthemum reticulatumGendarussa vulgarisHygrophila salicifolia
AgavaceaeAgave americanaCordyline fruticosaDracaena fragransSanseviera trifasciata
AmaranthaceaeAlternanthera ficoidesAmaranthus spinosusAschyranthes asperaIresine herbstii
AmaryllidaceaeCrinum asiaticumEleutherine palmifoliaZephyranthes atamascoHippeastrum sp.
AnacardiaceaeAnacardium occidentaleBuchanania arborescensMangifera indica
AnnonaceaeAnnona muricataAnnona squamosa
ApiaceaeApium graveolensCentella asiatica
ApocynaceaeAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia scholarisCatharanthus roseusErvatamia pandacaquiIchnocarpus volubilisPlumeria albaThevetia peruvianaVoacanga globosa
Habit**
hbhbhbhbshshshshshsh
hbshtlhb
hbhbhbhb
hbhbhbhb
stmtlt
stst
hbhb
ltlthbshviststsh
Uses***
wwwweched, orhedhedhed, orw
ororlanhed
orwwor
orororor
edlaned
eded
spveg, sp
tmtmor, medecwlanlanec
Conservation status
commoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommon
scarcecommoncommonscarce
commoncommoncommonscarce
scarcescarcescarcescarce
commonscarcecommon
scarcescarce
commoncommon
commoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarce
50 Technical Report
AraceaeAcorus calamusAglaonemaCommutatumAlocasia bicolorAlocasia macrorrhizosAlocasia andreanumCaladium bicolorColocasia esculentaCyrtosperma merkusiiDieffenbachia pictaHomalomena philippinensisHomalomena rubescensRhaphidophora merrilliiSchismatoglottis calyptrataSyngonium podophyllumXanthosoma sagittifolium
AraliaceaeAralia spinosaBoerlagiodendron diversifoliumPolyscias balfourianaPolyscias nodosaSchefflera insularis
AraucariaceaeAgathis philippinensisPhyllocladus hypophyllus
AsclepiadaceaeAsclepia curassavicaHoya sp.
AspleniaceaeAsplenium cymbifoliumAsplenium nidusAsplenium polyodon
AthyriaceaeDiplazium esculentum
BalsaminaceaeImpatiens balsaminaImpatiens hutchinsonii
BarringtoniaceaeBarringtonia racemosa
BasellaceaeBasella albaBasella rubra
BegoniaceaeBegonia hernandioidesBegonia nigritarum
BignoniaceaeRadermachera pinnata
lihbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbvihbvihb
mtstshmtep
ltmt
hbep
fefefe
fe
hbhb
mt
vivi
hbhb
st
medororedorororededororororecored
eclanhedecec
tmtm
wor
ororor
ed
oror
lan
vegveg
oror
ec
rarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommon
commonscarcecommonscarcescarce
scarcerare
commonscarce
scarcecommonscarce
scarce
commoncommon
scarce
scarcescarce
scarcescarce
rare
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 51
BischofiaceaeBischofia javanica
BixaceaeBixa orellana
BlechnaceaeBlechnum orientaleStenochlaena milnei
BombacaceaeCeiba pentandraOchroma lagopusDurio zibethinus
BoraginaceaeCordia dichotoma
Brassicaceae/CruciferaeBrassica oleracea
BromeliaceaeAnanas comosus
BurseraceaeCanarium hirsutum f. multipinnatum
CactaceaeNopalea cochinellifera
CaesalpiniaceaeCassia alataCassia javanicaCassia nodosaCassia occidentalisCassia toraCrotalaria linifoliaCrotalaria saltianaGliricidia sepiumPhanera cumingiana ssp. integrifoliaTamarindus indica
CannaceaeCanna indica
CaprifoliaceaeSambucus javanicaViburnum luzonicum
CaricaceaeCarica papaya
CasuarinaceaeGymnostoma rumphianum
ChrysobalanaceaeAtuna racemosa
lt
st
fefe
ltltmt
st
hb
hb
lt
hb
shmtshshshshshstlimt
hb
stsh
tl
mt
mt
tm
dye
orec
lan, fifi, lcmed
med
veg
ed
tm
or
medlan, shadorwwwwfu, om, lfeced
or
orec
ed
tm
ed
scarce
scarce
commonscarce
commonrarecommon
scarce
common
common
scarce
rare
commonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcerarescarce
common
scarcerare
common
common
scarce
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
52 Technical Report
CladoniaceaeCladonia sp.Cladonia vulcanicum
ClethraceaeClethra lancifolia
CombretaceaeTerminalia catappaTerminalia nitens
CommelinaceaeCommelina benghalensisCommelina diffusaCyanotis axillarisTradescantia sp.
CompositaeAgeratina adenophoraAgeratum conyzoidesArtemisia vulgarisAster linifoliusBidens pilosaBlumea balsamiferaChromolaena odorataChrysanthemum indicumCosmos caudatusCrassocephalum crepidioidesEclipta rostrataElephantopus scaberElaphantopus spicatusElaphantopus tomentosusEmilia sonchifoliaGerbera sp.Mikania cordataSynedrilla nodifloraTagetes erectaTridax procumbensVernonia arboreaVernonia cinereaVermonia patulaWedelia triloba
ConvolvulaceaeIpomoea batatasIpomoea quamoclitIpomoea trilobaMerremia peltataOperculina turpethum
CrassulaceaeKalanchoe pinnata
liclic
st
mtmt
hbhbhbhb
hbhbhbhbhbshshhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbvihbhbhbshhbhbhb
vivivivivi
hb
ecec
ec
lan, dyelan
wwwor
wwmedrwmedwororwwwwwworwworwecwww
edwwww
or
scarcescarce
common
scarcescarce
commoncommoncommoncommon
commoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommoncommon
commonscarcecommoncommoncommon
scarce
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 53
CucurbitaceaeCucurbita maximaSechium edule
CupressaceaeThuja orientale
CyatheaceaeCyathea callosaCyathea contaminansCyathea loheri
CycadeceaeCycas revoluta
CyperaceaeCyperus alternifoliusCyperus compactusCyperus flabelliformisCyperus iriaCyperus kyllingiaCyperus rotundusFimbristylis dichotomaFimbristylis monostachyaScleria lithospermaScleria scrobiculata
DatiscaceaeOctomeles sumatrana
DavalliaceaeDavallia solidaNephrolepis biserrataOleandra maquilingensis
DennstaedtiaceaePteridium aquilinum
DilleniaceaeDillenia philippinensisDillenia reifferschidiaTetracera scandens
DioscoreaceaeDioscorea alataDioscorea esculenta
DipterocarpaceaeAnisoptera thuriferaDipterocarpus gracilisShorea contortaShorea negrosensis
EbenaceaeDiospyros pilosanthera
ElaeagnaceaeElaeagnus philippinensis
vihb
st
fefefe
tl
hbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhb
lt
fefefe
fe
mtltli
vivi
ltltltlt
lt
li
vegveg
lan
ec, lan, omec, lan, omec, lan, om
lan
wwwwwwwwww
fi, lcm
ororec
w
ececec
eded
tmtmtmtm
tm, ed
ed
commoncommon
scarce
scarcecommonscarce
scarce
commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommon
scarce
commoncommonrare
common
scarcescarcescarce
scarcescarce
scarcescarcescarcescarce
scarce
scarce
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
54 Technical Report
ElaeocarpaceaeElaeocarpus calomala
EuphorbiaceaeAcalypha amentaceaBreynia cernuaBridelia stipularisCodieaum variegatumEuphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia hirtaEuphorbia pulcherrimaGlochidion rubreumHomalanthus alpinusHomalanthus populneusMacaranga bicolorMacaranga dipterocarpifoliaMacaranga grandifoliaMacaranga tanariusMallotus philippensisManihot esculentaMelanolepis multiglandulosaPhyllanthus amarusPhyllanthus urinariaRicinus communis
FagaceaeLithocarpus mindanaensisLithocarpus philippinensisLithocarpus sundaica
FlagellariaceaeFlagellaria indica
GesneriaceaeAeschynanthus philippinensisCyrtandra cumingii
GleicheniaceaeDicranopteris linearis
GramineaeAndropogon citratusAxonopus compressusBambusa blumeanaBambusa glaucescensBambusa vulgarisBambusa vulgaris var. striataBrachiaria muticaCentotheca lappaceaChloris barbataChrysopogon aciculatusCoix lachryma-jobiCynodon dactylonCyrtococcum patensDactyloctenium aegypticumDendrocalamus asperDigitaria cilliaris
mt
shshshshhbhbshstststmtstmtststshstshshst
mtltmt
li
epst
fe
grgrtltltltlgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrtlgr
tm, ed, fi
oreceched, orwworecececececececdyeedecwwmed
tmtmtm
cot
ecor
ec
spwcm, seched, seccm, seclan, secww, paswwecwwwcm, secw
scarce
commonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonrarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommon
commonscarcecommon
scarce
rarescarce
common
commoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommon
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 55
Echinochloa colonaEchinichloa crus-galliEleusine indicaImperata cylindricaMiscanthus floridulusOplismenus compositusPanicum maximumPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichumPaspalum scribucykatynPennisetum polystachyonSaccharum officinarumSaccharum spontaneumSchizostachyum diffusumSchizostachyum lumampaoSetaria palmifoliaSorghum halepenseThemeda giganteaThemeda triandraPhysanolaena maximaVitiviera zizanoidesZea maysZoysia matrella
CuttiferaeCalophyllum kuenstleriCratoxylon celebicumCratoxylon formosanumGarcinia mangostana
HeliconiaceaeHeliconia metallica
HydrangeaceaeHydrangea lobbii
HabiataeColeus blumeiColeus igolotorumMentha arvensisMentha arvensis var. piperataOcimum sanctumOrthosiphon aristatus
LauraceaeLitsea glutinosaPersea americana
LeeaceaLeea philippinensis
LiliaceaeAllium cepaAsparagus sprengeriBelamcanda chinensisEurycles amboinensisOphiopogon japonicus
grgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrlitlgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgr
mtststst
hb
sh
hbhbhbhbshsh
mtst
st
hbvihbhbhb
wwwcot, cmec, secww, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secedcot, cmeccot, cmecw, pas, secw, secw, seccotcot, secedlan, sec
tmfufued
or
or
ororspicespicespiceor
eced
lan
spiceorororor
commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommonrarecommoncommon
scarcescarcescarcescarce
scarce
rare
commonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommon
scarcecommon
scarce
commonscarcescarcerarecommon
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
56 Technical Report
LindsaeaceaeSphenomeris chinensis
LobariaceaeLobaria meridionalisLobaria robinsonii
LycopodiaceaeLycopodium cernuumLycopodium squarrosum
LythraceaeCuphea hyssopifoliaLagerstroemia speciosa
MalpighiaceaeDuranta erecta
MalvaceaeAbelmoschus esculentusAbutilon indicumGossypium barbadenseHibiscus cannabinusHibiscus rosa-sinensisHibiscus tiliaceusMalvaviscus pilosusSida acutaSida cordifoliaSida rhombifoliaThespesia populneaUrena lobata
MarantaceaeDonax cannaeformisPhacelophrynium interruptum
MarattiaceaeAngiopteris palmiformis
MelastomataceaeAstronia cumingianaMedinilla magnificaMedinilla malindangensisMedinilla myrtiformisMelastoma polyanthum
MeliaceaeDysoxylum gaudichaudianumLansium domesticumMelia dubiaSandoricum koetjapeSwietenia macrophylla
fe
liclic
vivi
shst
sh
shshshshshstshshshshstsh
hbhb
fe
stepepepsh
ltmtltmtlt
or
ec, medec, med
ec, insec, ins
orlan
hed, or
vegwfior, fihed, oranor, hedwwwlanw
orec
or
lanorororec
tmedtmedtm
common
scarcescarce
commonscarce
commonscarce
common
commoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommon
scarcerare
common
commonrarescarcescarcecommon
scarcescarcerarecommoncommon
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 57
MimosaceaeAcacia mangiumAcenanthera intgermediaAeschynomene sensitivaCalliandra haematocephalaLeucaena leucocephalaMimosa invisaMimosa pudicaParaserianthes falcantariaSamanea saman
MoraceaeArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus blancoiArtocarpus communisArtocarpus heterophyllusArtocarpus odoratissimusArtocarpus sericicarpusFicus angustissimaFicus baleteFicus benjaminaFicus botryocarpaFicus guyeriFicus minahassaeFicus notaFicus septicaFicus ulmifoliaFicus variegataParartocarpus venenosus
MoringaceaeMoringa oleifera
MusaceaeMusa textilisMusa x paradisiaca (AAB)Musa x paradisiaca (BBB)
MyrsinaceaeArdisia pyramidalis
MyrtaceaeEucalyptus degluptaPsidium guajavaSyzygium cuminiSyzygium malaccenseSyzygium polycephaloidesSyzygium samarangense
NepenthaceaeNepenthes alata
NyctaginaceaeBougainvillea spectabilis
OphioglossaceaeOphioglossum reticulatum
stlthbshsthbhbltlt
ltltltltmtltshepstststmtstststmtmt
st
tltltl
st
ltststststst
vi
li
fe
tmtmwor, hedfu, lfwwtmtm
edecedededecececlanececececmed, ecececec
veg
fieded
or, lan
tmededededed
ec
or, lan
ec
commonscarcecommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarce
commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonrare
common
commoncommoncommon
scarce
scarcecommonscarcescarcerarescarce
rare
common
rare
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
58 Technical Report
OrchidaceaeBulbophyllum auratumBulbophyllum deareiPhalaenopsis amabilisSpathiphyllum sp. (bright orange)Trichoglottis sp.
OxalidaceaeBiophytum sensitivumOxalis repens
PalmaeAreca catechuArenga tremulaCalamus dimorphocanthusCalamus merrilliiCalamus ornatus var. philippinensisCaryota rumphiana ssp. philippinensisChrysalidocarpus lutescensCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Corypha utanLivistona rotundifoliaOncosperma horridumPinanga insignisPinanga philippinensis
PandanaceaeFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetia negrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiPandanus camarinensisPandanuscopelandiiPandanus exaltatusPandanus tectorius var. laevis
PapilionaceaeAbrus precatoriusAlysicarpus vaginalisArachis hypogeaCalopogonium mucunoidesCentrosema pubescensClitorea ternateaDalbergia sp.Derris philippinensisDesmodium capitatumDesmodium heterocarponDesmodium pulchellumDesmodium suffruticosumDesmodium triflorumDesmodium umbellatumDesmodium velutinumErythrina orientalisIndigofera tinctoriaPachyrhizus erosusPhaseolus lathyroidesPueraria phaseoloides
hbhbhbhbhb
hbhb
tltllililitltltltltltltltl
lililitltltltl
livihbvivivimtlihbhbshhbshshshstshvivivi
ororororor
ww
maslancotcot, edcotlanlaned, cm, cotcot, edlan, coted, cmcm, eclan, ec
cot, eccot, eccot, ececececcot
medwedww, gmwtmpowwwgm, hedwwwlanwedww
scarcescarcescarcescarcescarce
commoncommon
scarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcerarerarescarcescarce
scarcescarcescarcescarcerarecommonscarce
rarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommon
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 59
ParmeliaceaeParmelia cristifera
PassifloraceaePassiflora foetida
PhysciaceaePhyscia fragilescens
PiperaceaePiper retrofractum
PittosporaceaePittosporum pentandrum
PodocarpaceaeDacrycarpus imbricatus
PolypodiaceaeCrypsinus claucusCrypsinus sp.Drynaria quercifoliaThayeria cornucopia
PteridaceaePteris vittataSphaerostephanos productosSphaerostephanos unitus
PunicaceaePunica granatum
RhizophoraceaeCarallia brachiata
RosaceaeFragaria virginianaPyrus malusRosa centifoliaRubus fraxinifoliusRubus rosaefolius
RubiaceaeCarphalea kirondronCoffea robustaGardenia jasminoidesIxora philippinensisMorinda ctrifoliaMussaenda anisophyllaMussaenda philippicaNauclea orientalisNeonauclea bartlingiiNeonauclea mediaPsychotria luconiensisUncaria philippinensis
lic
vi
lic
vi
mt
lt
fefefefe
fefefe
sh
st
vistshlish
shstshshshshshmtmtmtstli
ec
w, ed
ec
ec
tm
tm
orororec
orecec
or, ec
ec
ededoreded
orbevororecororfififiecec
scarce
scarce
scarce
scarce
rare
scarce
commoncommoncommonrare
commoncommoncommon
rare
scarce
scarcerarecommoncommoncommon
scarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommonrarescarce
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
60 Technical Report
RutaceaeCitrofortunella microcarpaCitrus limonCitrus maximaMelicope triphyllaMicromelum minutum
SapindaceaeGuioa koelreuteriaNephelium lappaceumNephelium ramboutan-okePometia pinnata
SapotaceaeChrysophyllum cainitoMadhuca betisPalaquium luzonensePouteria campechiana
Saurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeSaurauia glabrescensSaurauia latibractea
SchizaeaceaeLygodium circinatumLygodium merrillii
ScrophulariaceaeLindernia crustacea
SelaginellaceaeSelaginella ciliarisSelaginella cupressinaSelaginella involvens
SinopteridaceaeAdiantum philippensePityrogramma calomelanos
SmilacaceaeSmilax china
SolanaceaeCapsicum annuum var. annuumCapsicum frutescensCestrum nocturnumDatura metelLycopersicon esculentumPhysalis angulataSolanum melongenaSolanum nigrumSolanum sp. (wild)Solanum torvumSolanum verbascifolium
SonneratiaceaeDuabanga moluccana
stststshst
ststmtlt
mtltltst
stmt
fefe
hb
hbhbhb
fefe
li
shshvishhbshshshshshsh
lt
edededecec
ecedec, edtm
edtmtmed
ecec
cot, inscot, ins
w
ececec
oror
ec
spicespiceorw, po, medecwvegvegvegww
fi, lcm
commonscarcecommonscarcescarce
scarcescarcescarcescarce
commonscarcescarcescarce
scarcescarce
scarcescarce
common
commoncommoncommon
commoncommon
scarce
commoncommonscarcescarcecommonrarecommonscarcescarcecommoncommon
scarce
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 61
SphenocleaceaeSphenoclea zeylanica
SpiridentaceaeSpiridens reinwardtii
SterculiaceaePterocymbium peltatumPterocymbium diversifoliumPterocymbium obliquumTheobroma cacao
ThelypteridaceaeChingia feroxMacrothelypteris polypodioides
ThymelaeaceaeWikstroemia indica
TiliaceaeCasearia grewiaefoliaColona serratifoliaCommersonia bartramiaMuntingia calaburaTriumfetta bartramiaTriumfetta semitriloba
TyphaceaeTypha angustifolia
UlmaceaeCeltis luzonicaCeltis philippinensisTrema orientalis
UmbelliferaeDaucus carota
UrticaceaeElatostema lagunenseElatostema pulchellumLaportea brunneaLeucosyke capitellataPipturus arborescens
UsneaceaeUsnea misamisensis
sh
bry
mtmtmtst
fefe
sh
stmtststshsh
hb
ltltmt
hb
hbhbshshsh
lic
w
ec
fififibev
oror
fi
ecfi, fuwedww
ec
tmtmec, fu
veg
ecedwecec
med
common
rare
rarescarcescarcescarce
commoncommon
rare
scarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommon
rare
scarcescarcecommon
scarce
commoncommoncommoncommoncommon
scarce
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
62 Technical Report
VerbenaceaeCallicarpa candicansCallicarpa formosanaClerodendron macrostachyumClerodendron quadriloculareGmelina arboreaLantana camaraPremna odorataStachytarpheta indicaStachytarpheta jamaicensisSymphytum officinaleVitex negundo
VitaceaeCayratia trifolia var. cinereaTetrastima sp.
ZingiberaceaeAmomum philippinenseCostus speciosusCurcuma domesticaKolowratia elegansZingiber zerumbet
shshststmtshstshshhbsh
vivi
hbhbhbhbhb
ececorortmor, wmedwwmedmed
ecec
ororspecor
scarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommonrarescarce
scarcescarce
scarcescarcescarcescarcescarce
*Don Victoriano:(1) Mansawan, (2) Gandawan, (3) Lake Duminagat, (4) Lampasan, (5) Tuno, and (6) LaludConcepcion:(7) Small Potongan, (8) Upper Potongan, (9) Virayan, (10) Poblacion Concepcion, and (11) Upper Salimpuno,Sapang Dalaga: (12) Sixto Velez
** bry = bryophytefe = ferngr = grasshb = herbli = liana (woody vine)lic = lichen (Kingdom Fungi/Mycetae)lt = large treemt = medium-sized treesh = shrubst = small treetl = tree-likevi = vine
Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status
Appendix Table 2. Continued...
*** bev = beveragecm = construction materialcot = cottage industryec = ecological functioned = edible partfi = fiber sourcefu = fuelwoodgm = green manure/fertilizerhed = hedge plantins = instructional uselan = landscape plantlcm = light construction material
lf = live fencemed = medicinalom = orchid mediumor = ornamentalpas = pasturepo = poisonousshad = shade plantsec = soil erosion controlsp = spice/condimenttm = timber sourceveg = vegetablew = weed
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 63
Appendix Table 3. List of plant and lichen species recorded from 12 barangays*. Taxaarranged according to habit with corresponding family, uses, andconservation status.
BryophyteSpiridens reinwardtii
EpiphytesAeschynanthus philippinensisFicus baleteHoya sp.Medinilla magnificaMedinilla malindangensisMedinilla myrtiformisSchefflera insularis
FernsAdiantum philippenseAngiopteris palmiformisAsplenium cymbifoliumAsplenium nidusAsplenium polyodonBlechnum orientaleChingia feroxCrypsinus glaucusCrypsinus sp.Cyathea callosaCyathea contaminansCyathea loheriDavallia solidaDicranopteris linearisDiplazium esculentumDrynaria quercifoliaLygodium circinatumLygodium merrilliiMacrothelypteris polypodioidesNephrolepis biserrataOleandra maquilingensisOphioglossum reticulatumPityrogramma calomelanosPteridium aquilinumPteris vittataSphaerostephanos productosSphaerostephanos unitusSphenomeris chinensisStenochlaena milneiThayeria cornucopia
Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status
Spiridentaceae
GesneriaceaeMoraceaeAsclepiadaceaeMelastomataceaeMelastomataceaeMelastomataceaeAraliaceae
SinopteridaceaeMarattiaceaeAspleniaceaeAspleniaceaeAspleniaceaeBlechnaceaeThelypteridaceaePolypodiaceaePolypodiaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeDavalliaceaeGleicheniaceaeAthyriaceaePolypodiaceaeSchizaeaceaeSchizaeaceaeThelypteridaceaeDavalliaceaeDavalliaceaeOphioglossaceaeSinopteridaceaeDennstaedtiaceaePteridaceaePteridaceaePteridaceaeLindsaeaceaeBlechnaceaePolypodiaceae
ec
ececororororec
orororororororororec, lan, omec, lan, omec, lan, omorecedorcot, inscot, insororececorworececorecec
rare
rarescarcescarcerarescarcescarcescarce
commoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommonrarerarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcerare
64 Technical Report
Appendix Table 3. Continued...
Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status
GrassesAndropogon citratusAxonopus compressusBrachiaria muticaCentotheca lappaceaChloris barbataChrysopogon aciculatusCoix lachryma-jobiCynodon dactylonCyrtococcum patensDactyloctenium aegypticumDigitaria cilliarisEchinochloa colonaEchinochloa crus-galliEleusine indicaImperata cylindricaMiscanthus floridulusOplismenus compositusPanicum maximumPaspalidum flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichumPaspalum scrobiculatumPennisetum polystachyonSaccharum officinarumSaccharum spontaneumSetaria palmifoliaSorghum halepenseThemeda giganteaThemeda triandraThysanolaena maximaVitiviera zizanoidesZea maysZoysia matrella
FernsAeschynomene sensitivaAgave americanaAgeratina adenophoraAgeratum conyzoidesAglaonema commutatumAllium cepaAlocasia bicolorAlocasia macrorrhizosAlocasia zebrinaAlternanthera ficoidesAmaranthus spinosusAmomum philippinenseAnanas comosusAnthurium andreanumApium graveolens
GramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineae
MimosaceaeAgavaceaeCompositaeCompositaeAraceaeLiliaceaeAraceaeAraceaeAraceaeAmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceaeZingiberaceaeBromeliaceaeAraceaeApiaceae
spwww, paswwecwwwwwwwcot, cmecww, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secedcot, cmec, secw, pas, secw, secw, seccotcotedlan, sec
worwworvegoredororworedorsp
commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonrarecommoncommon
commonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommon
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 65
Appendix Table 3. Continued...
Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status
Arachis hypogeaArtemisia vulgarisAschyranthes asperaAsclepia curassavicaAster linifoliusAsystacia gangeticaBarleria cristataBegonia hernandioidesBegonia nigritarumBalamcanda chinensisBidens pilosaBiophytum sensitivumBlechum pyramidatumBorreria laevisBrassica oleracea
Bulbophyllum auratumBulbophyllum deareiCaladium bicolorCanna indicaCatheranthus roseusCentella asiaticaChrysanthemum indicumColeus blumeiColeus igolotorumColocasia esculentaCommelina benghalensisCommelina diffusaCosmos caudatusCostus speciosusCrassocephalum crepidioidesCrinum asiaticumCurcuma domesticaCyanotis axillarisCyperus alternifoliusCyperus compactusCyperus flabelliformisCyperus iriaCyperus kyllingiaCyperus rotundusCyrtosperma merkusiiDaucus carotaDesmodium capitatumDesmodium heterocarponDesmodium suffruticosumDieffenbachia pictaDonas cannaeformisEclipta rostrataElatostema lagunenseElatostema pulchellumElephantopus scaberElephantopus spicatus
PapilionaceaeCompositaeAmaranthaceaeAsclepiadaceaeCompositaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeBegoniaceaeBegoniaceaeLiliaceaeCompositaeOxalidaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeBrassicaceae/CruciferaeOrchidaceaeOrchidaceaeAraceaeCannaceaeApocynaceaeApiaceaeCompositaeLabiataeLabiataeAraceaeCommelinaceneCommelinaceneCompositaeZingiberaceaeCompositaeAmaryllidaceaeZingiberaceaeCommelinaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeAraceaeUmbelliferaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaeAraceaeMarantaceaeCompositaeUrticaceaeUrticaceaeCompositaeCompositae
edmedwworwworororwwwwveg
ororororor, medveg, sporororedwwororworspwwwwwwwedvegwwgm, hedororwecedww
commoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommon
scarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommon
66 Technical Report
Appendix Table 3. Continued...
Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status
Elephantopus tomentosusEleutherine palmifoliaEmilia sonchifoliaEuphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia hirtaEurycles amboinensisFimbristylis dichotomaFimbristylis monostachyaGerbera sp.Heliconia metallicaHippeastrum sp.Homalomena philippinensisHomalomena rubescensImpatiens balsaminaImpatiens hutchinsoniiIresine herbstiiKalanchoe pinnataKolowratia elegansLindernia crustaceaLycopersicon esculentumMentha arvensisMentha arvensis var. piperataMimosa invisaMimosa pudicaNopalea cochinelliferaOphiopogon japonicaOxalis repensPhacelophrynium interruptumPhalaenopsis amabilisSanseviera trifasciataSchismatoglottis calyptrataScleria lithospermaScleria scrobiculataSechium eduleSelaginella ciliarisSelaginella cupressinaSelaginella involvensSpathiphyllum sp.Symphytum officinaleSynedrilla nodifloraTagetes erectaTradescantia sp.Trichoglottis sp.Tridax procumbensTypha angustifoliaVernonia cinereaVernonia patulaWedelia trilobaXanthosoma sagittifoliumZephyranthes atamascoZingiber zerumbet
CompositaeAmaryllidaceaeCompositaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeLiliaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCompositaeHeliconiaceaeAmaryllidaceaeAraceaeAraceaeBalsaminaceaeBalsaminaceaeAmaranthaceaeCrassulaceaeZingiberaceaeScrophulariaceaeSolanaceaeLabiataeLabiataeMimosaceaeMimosaceaeCactaceaeLiliaceaeOxalidaceaeMarantaceaeOrchidaceaeAgavaceaeAraceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCucurbitaceaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeOrchidaceaeVerbenaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCommelinaceaeOrchidaceaeCompositaeTyphaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeAraceaeAmaryllidaceaeZingiberaceae
worwwworwworororororororororecwecspspwwororwecorhedecwwvegecececormedworororwecwwwedoror
commonscarcecommoncommoncommonrarecommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonrarecommoncommonrarescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcerarecommonscarcecommonscarcecommonrarecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarce
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 67
Appendix Table 3. Continued...
Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status
Lianas (Woody vines)Abrus precatoriusAcorus calamusBougainvillea spectabilisCalamus dimorphocanthusCalamus merrilliiCalamus ornatus var. philippinensisDerris philippinensisElaeagnus philippinensisFlagellaria indicaFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetianegrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiPhanera cumingiana ssp. integrifoliaRubus fraxinifoliusSchizostachyum diffusumSmilax chinaTetracera scandensUncaria philippinensis
LichensCladonia sp.Cladonia vulcanicumLobaria meridionalisLobaria robinsoniiParmelia cristiferaPhyscia fragilescensUsnea misamisensis
Large TreesAdenanthera intermediaAgathis philippinensisAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia scholarisAnisoptera thuriferaArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus blancolArtocarpus communisArtocarpus heterophyllusArtocarpus sericicarpusBischofia javanicaCanarium hirsutum f. multipinnatumCeiba pentandraCeltis luzonicaCeltis philippinensisDacrycarpus imbricatusDillenia reifferschidiaDiospyros pilosantheraDipterocarpus gracilisDuabanga moluccana
PapilionaceaeAraceaeNyctaginaceaePalmaePalmaePalmaePapilionaceaeElaeagnaceaeFlagellariaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeRosaceaeGramineaeSmilacaceaeDilleniaceaeRubiaceae
CladoniaceaeCladoniaceaeLobariaceaeLobariaceaeParmeliaceaePhysciaceaeUsneaceae
MimosaceaeAraucariaceaeApocynaceaeApocynaceaeDipterocarpaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeBischofiaceaeBurseraceaeBombacaceaeUlmaceaeUlmaceaePodocarpaceaeDilleniaceaeEbenaceaeDipterocarpaceaeSonneratiaceae
medmedor, lancotcot, edcotpoedcotcot, eccot, eccot, ececedecececec
ececec, medec, medececmed
rmtmtmtmtmedecededectmtmlan, fitmtmtmectm, edtmfi, lcm
rarerarecommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcerarecommoncommonscarcescarcescarce
scarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarce
scarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarce
68 Technical Report
Appendix Table 3. Continued...
Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status
Dysoxylum gaudichaudianumEucalyptus degluptaLithocarpus philippinensisMadhuca betisMangifera indicaMelia dubiaOchroma lagopusOctomeles sumatranaPalaquium luzonenseParaserianthes falcatariaPometia pinnataSamanea samanShorea contortaShorea negrosensisSwietenia macrophylla
Medium-sized TreesAralia spinosaArtocarpus odoratissimusAtuna racemosaBarringtonia racemosaBuchanania arborescensCalophyllum kuenstleriCassia javanicaChrysophyllum cainitoColona serratifoliaDalbergio sp.Dillenia philippinensisDurio zibethinusElaeocarpus calomalaFicus minahassaeFicus variegataGmelina arboreaGymnostoma rumphianumLansium domesticumLithocarpus mindanaensisLithocarpus sundaicaLitsea glutinosaMacaranga bicolorMacaranga grandifoliaNauclea orientalisNeonauclea burtlingiiNeonauclea mediaNephelium ramboutan-okePartocarpus venenosusPhyllocladus hypophyllusPittosporum pentandrumPolyscias nodosaPterocymbium peltatumPterospermum diversifoliumPterospermum obliquum
MeliaceaeMyrtaceaeFagaceaeSapotaceaeAnacardiaceaeMeliaceaeBombacaceaeDatiscaceaeSapotaceaeMimosaceaeSapindaceaeMimosaceaeDipterocarpaceaeDipterocarpaceaeMeliaceae
AraliaceaeMoraceaeChrysobalanaceaeBarringtoniaceaeAnacardiaceaeGuttiferaeCaesalpiniaceaeSapotaceaeTiliaceaePapilionaceaeDilleniaceaeBombaceaeElaeocarpaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeVerbenaceaeCasuarinaceaeMeliaceaeFagaceaeFagaceaeLauraceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeSapindaceaeMoraceaeAraucariaceaePittosporaceaeAraliaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceae
tmtmtmtmedtmfi, lcmfi, lcmtmtmtmtmtmtmtm
ecededlanlantmlan, shadedfi, futmecedtm, ed, fiecectmtmedtmtmecececfififiec, edectmtmecfififi
scarcescarcescarcescarcecommonrarerarescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcescarcecommon
commoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcerarerarerarescarcerarescarcescarce
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 69
Appendix Table 3. Continued...
Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status
Sandoricum koetjapeSaurauia latibractea
Tamarindus indicaTerminalia catappaTerminalia nitensTrema orientalis
ShrubsAbelmoschus esculentusAbutilon indicumAcalypha amentaceaBlumea balsamiferaBreynia cernuaBridelia stipularisCalliandra haematocephalaCallicarpa candicansCallicarpa formosanaCanthium monstrosumCapsicum annuum var. annuumCapsicum frutescensCarphalea kirondronCassia alataCassia nodosaCassia occidentalisCassia toraChromolaena odorataCodieaum variegatumCordyline fruticosaCrotolaria linifoliaCrotolaria saltianaCuphea hyssopifoliaDatura metelDesmodium pulchellumDesmodium triflorumDesmodium umbellatumDesmodium velutinumDuranta erectaErvatamia pandacaquiEuphorbia pulcherrimaFicus angustissimaGardenia jasminoidesGendarussa vulgarisGossypium barbadenseHibiscus cannabinusHibiscus rosa-sinensisHydrangea lobbiiHygrophila salicifoliaIndigofera tinctoriaIxora phiilippinensisLantana camaraLaportea brunnea
MeliaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCombretaceaeCombretaceaeUlmaceae
MalvaceaeMalvaceaeEuphorbiaceaeCompositaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMimosaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeAcanthaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeRubiaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCompositaeEuphorbiaceaeAgavaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeLythraceaeSolanaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaeMalpighiaceaeApocynaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMoraceaeRubiaceaeAcanthaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeHydrangeaceaeAcanthaceaePapilionaceaeRubiaceaeVerbenaceaeUrticaceae
edec
edlan, dyelanec, fu
vegwormedececor, hedecececspspormedorwwwhed, ororwworw, po, medwwwwhed, orecorecorhed, orfior, fihed, ororwworor, ww
commonscarce
scarcescarcescarcecommon
commoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonrarecommonscarcecommoncommoncommon
70 Technical Report
Appendix Table 3. Continued...
Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status
Leucosyke capitellataMalvaiscus pilosusManihot esculentaMelastoma polyanthumMelicope triphyllaMorinda citrifoliaMussaenda anisophyllaMussaenda phiklippicaOcimum sanctumOdontonema strictumOrthosiphon aristatusPhyllanthus amarusPhyllanthus urinariaPhysalis angulataPipturus arborescensPolyscias balfourianaPseuderanthemum purpureumPseuderanthemum reticulatumRosa centifoliaRubus rosaefoliusSida acutaSida cordifoliaSida rhombifoliaSolanum melongenaSolanum nigrumSolanum sp. (wild)Solanum torvumSolanum verbascifoliumSphenoclea zeylanicaStachytarpheta indicaStachytarpheta jamaicensisTriumfetta bartramiaTriumfetta semitrilobaUrena lobataVernonia arboreaViburnum luzonicumVitex negundoVoacanga globosaWikstroemia indica
Small TreesAcacia mangiumAnacardium occidentaleAnnona muricataAnnona squamosaArdisia pyramidalisAstronia cumingianaBixa orellanaBoerlalgiodendron diversifoliumCarallia brachiataCasearia grewinefolia
UrticaceaeMalvaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMelastomataceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeLabiataeAcanthaceaeLabiataeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeSolanaceaeUrticaceaeAraliaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSphenocleaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeMalvaceaeCompositaeCaprifoliaceaeVerbenaceaeApocynaceaeThymelaeaceae
MimosaceaeAnacardiaceaeAnnonaceaeAnnonaceaeMyrsinaceaeMelastomataceaeBixaceaeAraliaceaeRhizophoraceaeTiliaceae
ecor, hededecececororsphed, ororwwwechedhedhedoredwwwvegvegvegwwwwwwwwececmedecfi
tmedededor, lanlandyelanecec
commonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommonrarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcerarescarcescarcerare
commoncommonscarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcescarce
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 71
Appendix Table 3. Continued...
Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status
Citrofortunella microcarpaCitrus limonCitrus maximaClerodendronmacrostachyumClerodendron quadriloculareClethra lancifoliaCoffea robustaCommersonia bartramiaCordia dichotomaCratoxylon celebicumCratoxylon formosanumCyrtandra cumingiiErythrina orientalisFicus benjaminaFicus botryocarpaFicus guyeriFicus notaFicus septicaFicus ulmifoliaGarcinia mangostanaGliricidia sepiumGlochidion rubrumGuioa koelreuteriaHibiscus tiliaceusHomalanthus alpinusHomalanthus populneusLagerstroemia speciosaLeea philippinensisLeucaena leucocephalaMacaranga dipterocarpifoliaMacaranga tanariusMallotus philippensisMelanolepis multiglandulosaMicromelum minutumMoringa oleiferaMuntingia calaburaNephellium lappaceumPersea americanaPlumeris albaPouteria campechianaPremna odorataPsidium guajavaPsychotria luconiensisPunica granatumPyrus malusRodermachera pinnataRicinus communisSambucus javanicaSaurauia glabrescens
Syzygium cuminiSyzygium malaccense
RutaceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeVerbenaceae
VerbenaceaeClethraceaeRubiaceaeTiliaceaeBoraginaceaeGuttiferaeGuttiferaeGesneriaceaePapilionaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeGuttiferaeCaesalpiniaceaeEuphorbiaceaeSapindaceaeMalvaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeLythraceaeLeeaceaeMimosaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeRutaceaeMoringaceaeTiliaceaeSapindaceaeLauraceaeApocynaceaeSapotaceaeVerbenaceaeMyrtaceaeRubiaceaePunicaceaeRosaceaeBignoniaceaeEuphorbiaceaeCaprifoliaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiqaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceae
edededor
orecbevwmedfufuorlanlanecececmed, ececedfu, omececlanececlanlanfu, lfececdyeececvegedededlanedmededecor, ededecmedorec
eded
commonscarcecommonscarce
scarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonrarecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommonrarerarerarerarecommonscarcescarce
scarcescarce
72 Technical Report
Appendix Table 3. Continued...
Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status
Syzgium polycephaloidesSyzgium samarangenseTheobroma cacaoThespesia populneaThevetia peruvianaThuja orientale
Tree-likeAreca catechuArenga tremulaBambusa blumeanaBambusa glaucescensBambusa vulgarisBambusa vulgaris var. striataCarica papayaCaryota rumphiana ssp. philippinensisChrysalidocarpus lutescensCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Corypha utanCycas revolutaDendrocalamus asperDracaena fragransLevistona rotundifoliaMusa textilisMusa x paradisiaca (AAB)Musa x paradisiaca (BBB)Oncosperma horridumPandanus camarinensisPandanus copelandiiPandanus exaltatusPandanus tectorius var. laevisPinanga insignisPinanga philippinensisSchizostachyum lumampao
VinesAlysicarpus vaginalisAsparagus sprengeriBasella albaBasella rubraCalopogonium mucunoidesCayratia trifolia var. cinereaCentrosema pubescensCestrum nocturnumClitorea ternateaCucurbita maximaDioscorea alataDioscorea esculentaFragaria virginianaIchnocarpus volubilisIpomoea batatas
MyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeSterculiaceaeMalvaceaeApocynaceaeCupressaceae
PalmaePalmaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeCaricaceaePalmaePalmaePalmaePalmaeCyacadaceaeGramineaeAgavaceaePalmaeMusaceaeMusaceaeMusaceaePalmaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePalmaePalmaeGramineae
PapilionaceaeLiliaceaeBasellaceaeBasellaceaePapilionaceaeVitaceaePapilionaceaeSolanaceaePapilionaceaeCucurbitaceaeDioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceaeRosaceaeApocynaceaeConvolvulaceae
ededbevlanlanlan
maslancmhedcmlanedlanlaned, cm, cotcot, edlancmlanlan, cotfiededed, cmecececcotcm, eclan, eccot, cm
worvegvegwecw, gmorwvegedededwed
rarescarcescarcescarcescarcescarce
scarcescarcecommonscarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommonrarecommoncommoncommonrarescarcerarecommonscarcescarcescarcescarce
commonscarcescarcescarcecommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcecommon
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 73
Appendix Table 3. Continued...
Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status
Ipomoea quamocliIpomoea trilobaLycopodium cernuumLycopodium squarrosumMerremia peltataMikania cordataNepenthes alataOperculina turpethumPachyrhizus erosusPassiflora foetidaPhaseolus lathyroidesPiper retrofractumPueraria phaseoloidesRhapidophora merrilliiSyngonium podophyllumTetrastigma sp.
ConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeLycopodiaceaeLycopodiaceaeConvolvulaceaeCompositaeNepenthaceaeConvolvulaceaePapilionaceaePassifloraceaePapilionaceaePiperaceaePapilionaceaeAraceaeAraceaeVitaceae
wwec, insec, inswwecwedw, edwecwororec
scarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommonrarecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcescarce
*Don Victoriano:(1) Mansawan, (2) Gandawan, (3) Lake Duminagat, (4) Lampasan, (5) Tuno, and (6) LaludConcepcion:(7) Small Potongan, (8) Upper Potongan, (9) Virayan, (10) Poblacion Concepcion, and (11) Upper SalimpunoSapang Dalaga: (12) Sixto Velez
** bev = beveragecm = construction materialcot = cottage industryec = ecological functioned = edible partfi = fiber sourcefu = fuelwoodgm = green manure/fertilizerhed = hedge plantins = instructional uselan = landscape plantlcm = light construction materiallf = live fencemed = medicinalom = orchid mediumor = ornamentalpas = pasturepo = poisonousshad = shade plantsec = soil erosion controlsp = spice/condimenttm = timber sourceveg = vegetablew = weed
74 Technical Report
Appendix Table 4. List of plant and lichen species recorded from 12 barangays*. Taxaarranged according to uses with corresponding family, habit, andconservation status.
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
BeverageCoffee robustaTheobroma cacao
Construction MaterialBambusa blumeanaBambusa vulgarisCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Dendrocalamus asperImperata cylindricaOncosperma horridumPinanga insignisSaccharum spontaneumSchizostachyum lumampao
Cottage IndustryCalamus dimorphocanthusCalamus merrilliiCalamus ornatus var. philippinensisCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Corypha utanFlagellaria indicaFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetia negrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiImperata cylindricaLivistona rotundifoliaLygodium circinatumLygodium merrilliiPandanus tectorius var. laevisSaccharum spontaneumSchizostachyum lumampaoThysanolaena maximaVitiviera zizanoides
DyeBixa orellanaMallotus philippensisTerminalia catappa
Ecological functionAeschynanthus philippinensisAralia spinosaArtocarpus blancoiArtocarpus sericicarpus
RubiaceaeSterculiaceae
GramineaeGramineaePalmaeGramineaeGramineaePalmaePalmaeGramineaeGramineae
PalmaePalmaePalmaePalmaePalmaeFlagellariaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeGramineaePalmaeSchizaeaceaeSchizaeaceaePandanaceaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineae
BixaceaeEuphorbiaceaeCombretaceae
GesneriaceaeAraliaceaeMoraceaeMoraceae
stst
tltltltlgrtltlgrtl
lililitltllilililigrtlfefetlgrtlgrgr
ststmt
epmtltlt
commonscarce
commoncommoncommonscarcecommonrarescarcecommonscarce
scarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonrarescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcecommonrare
scarcerarescarce
rarecommoncommoncommon
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 75
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Breynia cernuaBridelia stipularisCallicarpa candicansCallicarpa formosanaCanthium monstrosumCarallia brachiataCasearia grewidefoliaCayratia trifolia var. cinereaCladonia sp.Cladonia vulcanicumClethra lancifoliaCoix lachryma-jobiCyathea callosaCyathea contaminansCyathea loheriDicranopteris linearisDillenia philippinensisDillenia reifferschidiaElatostema lagunenseErvatamia pandacaquiFicus angustissimaFicus baleteFicus botryocarpaFicus guyeriFicus minahassaeFicus notaFicus septicaFicus ulmifoliaFicus variegataFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetia negrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiGlochidion rubrumGuioa koelreuteriaHomalanthus alpinusHomalanthus populneusKolowratia elegansLeucosyke capitellataLitsea glutinosaLobaria meridionalisLobaria robiinsoniiLycopersicon esculentumLycopodium cernuumLycopodium squarrosumMacaranga bicolorMacaranga dipterocarpifoliaMacaranga grandifoliaMacaranga tanariusMelanolepis multiglandulosaMelastoma polyanthumMelicope triphylla
EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeAcanthaceaeRhizophoraceaeTiliaceaeVitaceaeCladoniaceaeCladoniaceaeClethraceaeGramineaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeGleicheniaceaeDilleniaceaeDilleniaceaeUrticaceaeApocynaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeEuphorbiaceaeSapindaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeZingiberaceaeUrticaceaeLauraceaeLobariaceaeLobariaceaeSolanaceaeLycopodiaceaeLydopodiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMelastomataceaeRutaceae
shshshshshststviliclicstgrfefefefemtlthbshshspststmtstststmtlililiststststhbshmtliclichbvivimtstmtststshsh
scarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarce
76 Technical Report
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Micromelum minutumMiscanthus floridulusMorinda citrifoliaNepenthes alataNephelium ramboutan-okeOleandra maquilingensisOphioglossum reticulatumPandanus camarinensisPandanus copelandiiPandanus exaltatusParartocarpus venenosusParmella cristiferaPhacelophrynium interruptumPhanera cumingiana ssp. integrifoliaPhyscia fragilescensPinanga insignisPinanga philippinensisPiper retrofractumPipturus arborescensPolyscias nodosaPsychotria luconiensisRadermachera pinnataSaurauia glabrescensSaurauia latibracteaSchefflera insularisSchismatoglottis calyptrataSchizostachyum diffusumSelaginella ciliarisSelaginella cupredssinaSelaginella involvensSetaria palmifoliaSmilax chinaSphaerostephanos productosSphaerostephanos unitusSpiridens reinwardtiiStenochlaena milneiTetracera scandensTetrastigma sp.Thayeria cornucopiaTrema orientalisTypha angustifoliaUncaria philippinensisVernonia arboreaViburnum luzonicumVoacanga globosa
Edible partsAlocasia macrorrhizosAnacardium occidentaleAnanas comosusAnnona muricata
RutaceaGramineaeRubiaceaeNepenthaceaeSapindaceaeDavalliaceaeOphioglossaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeMoraceaeParmeliaceaeMarantaceaeCaesalpiniaceaePhysiaceaePalmaePalmaePiperaceaeUrticaceaeAraliaceaeRubiaceaeBignoniaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeAraliaceaeAraceaeGramineaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeGramineaeSmilacaceaePteridaceaePteridaceaeSpiridentaceaeBlechnaceaeDilleniaceaeVitaceaePolypodiaceaeUlmaceaeTyphaceaeRubiaceaeCompositaeCaprifoliaceaeApocynaceae
AraceaeAnacardiaceaeBromeliaceaeAnnonaceae
stgrshlimtfefetltltlmtlichblilictltlvishmtstststmtephblihbhbhbgrlifefebryfelivifemthblishshsh
hbsthbst
scarcecommonscarcerarescarcerarerarescarcerarecommonrarescarcerarerarescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcerarerarescarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonrarescarcescarcescarcerarecommonrarescarcescarcerarescarce
commoncommoncommonscarce
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 77
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Annona squamosaArachis hypogeaArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus communisArtocarpus heterophyllusArtocarpus odoratissimusAtuna racemosaCalamus merrilliiCarica papayaChrysophyllum cainitoCitrofortunella microcarpaCitrus limonCitrus maximaCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Colocasia esculentaCorypha utanCyrtosperma merkusiiDioscorea alataDioscorea esculentaDiospyros pilosantheraDiplazium esculentumDurio zibethinusElaeagnus philippinensisElaeocarpus calomalaElatostema pulchellumFragaria virginianaGarcinia mangostanaIpomoea batatasLansium domesticumMangifera indicaManihot esculentaMuntingia calaburaMuxa x paradisiaca (AAB)Musa x paradisiaca (BBB)Nephelium lappaceumNephelium ramboutan-okeOncosperma horridumPachyrhizus erosusPassiflora foetidaPersea americanaPouteria campechianaPsidium guajavaPunica granatumPyrus malusRubus fraxinifoliusRubus rosaefoliusSaccharum officinarumSandoricum koetjapeSyzgium cuminiSyzgium malaccenseSyzgium olycephaloides
AnnonaceaePapilionaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeChrysobalanaceaePalmaeCaricaceaeSapotaceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeRutaceaePalmaeAraceaePalmaeAraceaeDioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceaeEbenaceaeAthyriaceaeBombaceaeElaeagnaceaeElaeocarpaceaeUrticaceaeRosaceaeGuttiferaeConvolvulaceaeMeliaceaeAnacardiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeTiliaceaeMusaceaeMusaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaePalmaePapilionaceaePassifloraceaeLauraceaeSapotaceaeMyrtaceaePunicaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeGramineaeMeliaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceae
sthllltmtmlitlmtstststtlhbtlhbviviltfemtlimthbvistvimtltshsttltlstmttlvivistststststlishgrmtststst
scarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcerarescarcescarcecommonscarcecommonrarerarecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcerare
78 Technical Report
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Syzgium samarangenseTamarindus indicaXanthosoma sagittifoliumZea mays
Fiber sourceCeiba pentandraColona serratifoliaDuabanga moluccanaElaeocarpus calomalaGossypium barbadenseHibiscus cannabinusMusa textilisNauclea orientalisNeonauclea bartlingiiNeonauclea mediaOchroma lagopusOctomeles sumatranaPterochymbium peltatumPterospermum diversifoliumPterospermum obliquumWikstroemia indica
Fuelwood sourceColona serratifoliaCartoxylon celebicumCartoxylon formosanumGliricidia sepiumLeucaena leucocephalaTrema orientalis
Green manure/fertilizerCentrosema pubescensCalopogonium mucunoidesDesmodium suffruticosumPueraria phaseoloides
Hedge plantsBambusa glaucescensCalliandra haematocephalaCodieaum variegatumDesmodium suffruticosumDuranta erectaGendarussa vulgarisHibiscus rosa-sinensisMalvaviscus pilosusOdontonema strictumPolyscias balfourianaPseuderanthemum purpureumPseuderanthemum reticulatumSanseviera trifasciata
MyrtaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeAraceaeGramineae
BombacaceaeTiliaceaeSonneratiaceaeElaeocarpaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMusaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeBombacaceaeDatiscaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeThymelaeaceae
Tiliaceae GuttiferaeGuttiferaeGuttiferaeCaesalpiniaceaeMimosaceaeUlmaceae
PapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceae
GramineaeMimosaceaeEuphorbiaceaePapilionaceaeMalpighiaceaeAcanthaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeAcanthaceaeAraliaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeAgavaceae
stmthbgr
ltmtltmtshshtlmtmtmtltltmtmtmtsh
mtststststmt
vivihbvi
tlshshhbshshshshshshshshhb
scarcescarcecommoncommon
commonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommonrarescarcerarescarcescarcerare
scarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommon
commoncommoncommoncommon
scarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarce
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 79
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Instructional materialLycopodium cernuumLycopodium squarrosumLygodium circinatumLygodium merrillii
Landscape plantsArdisia pyramidalisArenga tremulaAstronia cumingianaBambusa vulgaris var. striataBarringtonia racemosaBoerlagiodendron diversifoliumBougainvillea spectabilisBuchanania arborescensCaryota rumphiana ssp.philippinensisCassia javanicaCeiba pentandraChrysalidocarpus lutescensCyathea callosaCyathea contaminansCyathea loheriCycas revolutaDracaena fragransErythrina orientalisFicus benjaminaHibiscus tilliaceusLagestroemia speciosaLeea philippinensisLivistona rotundifoliaPinanga philippinensisPlumeria albaTerminalia catappaTerminalia nitensThespesia populneaTheveria peruvianaThuja orientaleZoysia matrella
Light construction materialDuabanga moluccanaOchroma lagopusOctomeles sumatrana
Live fenceGliricidia sepiumLeucaena leucocephala
MasticatoryAreca catechu
LycopodiaceaeLycopodiaceaeSchizaeaceaeSchizaeaceae
MyrsinaceaePalmaeMelastomataceaeGramineaeBarringtoniaceaeAraliaceaeNyctaginaceaeAnacardiaceaePalmae
CaesalpiniaceaeBombacaceaePalmaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCyacadaceaeAgavaceaePapilionaceaeMoraceaeMalvaceaeLythraceaeLeeaceaePalmaePalmaeApocynaceaeCombretaceaeCombretaceaeMalvaceaeApocynaceaeCupressaceaeGramineae
SonneratiaceaeBombaceaeDatiscaceae
CaesalpiniaceaeMimosaceae
Palmae
vivifefe
sttlsttlmtstlimttl
mtlttlfefefetltlstststststtltlstmtmtstststgr
ltltlt
stst
tl
commonscarcescarcescarce
scarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarce
scarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcerarescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommon
scarcerarescarce
commoncommon
scarce
80 Technical Report
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Medicinal plantsAbrus precatoriusAcorus calamusArtemisia vulgarisBlumea balsamiferaCassia alataCatharanthus roseusCordia dichotomaDatura metelFicus septicaLobaria meridionalisLobaria robinsoniiPremna odorataRicinus communisSymphytum officinaleUsnea misamisensisVitex negundo
Orchid mediumCyathea callosaCyathea contaminansCyathea loheriGliricidia sepium
Ornamental plantsAcalypha amentaceaAdiantum philippenseAgave americanaAglaonema commutatumAlocasia bicolorAlocasia zebrinaAlternanthera ficoidesAmomum philippinenseAngiopteris palmiformisAnthurium andreanumArdisia pyramidalisAsparagus sprengeriAsplenium cymbifoliumAsplenium nidusAsplenium polyodonAster linifoliusBegonia hernandioidesBegonia nigritarumBelamcanda chinensisBlecyhnum orientaleBougainvillea spectabilisBulbophyllum auratumBulbophyllum deareiCaladium bicolorCalliandra haematocephala
PapilionaceaeAraceaeCompositaeCompositaeCaesalpiniaceaeApocynaceaeBoraginaceaeSolanaceaeMoraceaeLobariaceaeLobariaceaeVerbenaceaeEuphorbiaceaeVerbenaceaeUsneaceaeVerbenaceae
CyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCaesalpiniaceae
EuphorbiaceaeSinopteridaceaeAgavaceaeAraceaeAraceaeAraceaeAmaranthaceaeZingiberaceaeMarattiaceaeAraceaeMyrsinaceaeLiliaceaeAspleniaceaeAspleniaceaeAspleniaceaeCompositaeBegoniaceaeBegoniaceaeLiliaceaeBlechnaceaeNyctaginaceaeOrchidaceaeOrchidaceaeAraceaeMimosaceae
lilihbshshhbstshstliclicststhblicsh
fefefest
shfehbhbhbhbhbhbfehbstvifefefehbhbhbhbfelihbhbhbsh
rarerarecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommonrarescarcescarce
scarcecommonscarcescarce
commoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarce
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 81
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Canna indicaCarphalea kirondronCassia nodosaCathranthus roseusCestrum nocturnumChingia feroxChrysanthemum indicumClerodendron macrostachyumClerodendron quadriloculareCodieaum variegatumColeus blumeiColeus igolotorumCordyline fruticosaCosmos caudatusCostus speciosusCrinum asiaticumCrypsinus glaucusCrypsinus sp.Cuphea hyssopifoliaCyriandra cumingiiDavallia solidaDieffenbachia pictaDonax cannaeformisDrynaria quercifoliaDuranta erectaEleutherine palmifoliaEuphorbia pulcherrimaEurycles amboinensisGardenia jasminoidesGendarussa vulgarisGerbera sp.Heliconia metallicaHibiscus cannabinusHibiscus rosa-sinensisHippeastrum sp.Homalomena philippinensisHomalomena rubescensHoya sp.Hydrangea lobbiiImpatiens balsaminaImpatiens hutchinsoniiIresine herbstiiIxora philippinensisKalanchoe pinnataLantana camaraMacrothelypteris polypodioidesMalvaviscus pilosusMedinilla magnificaMedinilla malindangensisMedinilla myrtiformisMussaenda anisophylla
CannaceaeRubiaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeApocynaceaeSolanaceaeThelypteridaceaeCompositaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeEuphorbiaceaeLabiataeLabiataeAgavaceaeCompositaeZingiberaceaeAmaryllidaceaePolypodiaceaePolypodiaceaeLytharaceaeGesneriaceaeDavalliaceaeAraceaeMarantaceaePolypodiaceaeMalpighiaceaeAmaryllidaceaeEuphorbiaceaeLiliaceaeRubiaceaeAcanthaceaeCompositaeHeliconiaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeAmaryllidaceaeAraceaeAraceaeAsclepiadaceaeHydrangeaceaeBalsaminaceaeBalsaminaceaeAmaranthaceaeRubiaceaeCrassulaceaeVerbenaceaeThelypteridaceaeMalvaceaeMelastomataceaeMelastomataceaeMelastomataceaeRubiaceae
hbshshhbvifehbststshhbhbshhbhbhbfefeshstfehbhbfeshhbshhbshshhbhbshshhbhbhbepshhbhbhbshhbshfeshepepepsh
commonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcerarescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcerarecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcerarescarcescarcescarce
82 Technical Report
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Mussaenda philippicaNephrolepis biserrataNopalea cochinelliferaOdontonema strictumOphiopogon japonicusOrthosiphon aristatusPhalaenopsis amabilisPityrogramma calomelanosPteris vittataPunica granatumRhaphidophora merrilliiRosa centifoliaSambucus javanicaSpathiphyllum sp.Sphenomeris chinensisSyngonium podophyllumTagetes erectaTradescantia sp.Trichoglottis sp.Zephyranthes atamascoZingiber zerumbet
Pasture/forage plantsCentotheca lappaceaPanicum maximumPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichumPaspalum scrobiculatumPennisetum polystachyonSorghum halepense
Poisonous plantsDatura metelDerris philippinensis
Soil erosion controlBambusa blumeanaBambusa glaucescensBambusa vulgaris var. striataBambusa vulgarisPanicum maximumPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichumPaspalum scrobiculatumPennisetum polystachyonSetaria palmifoliaSorghum halepense
RubiaceaeDavalliaceaeCactaceaeAcanthaceaeLiliaceaeLabiataeOrchidaceaeSinopteridaceaePteridaceaePunicaceaeAraceaeRosaceaeCaprifoliaceaeOrchidaceaeLindsaeaceaeAraceaeCompositaeCommelinaceaeOrchidaceaeAmaryllidaceaeZingiberaceae
GramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineae
SolanaceaePapilionaceae
GramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineae
shfehbshhbshhbfefestvishsthbfevihbhbhbhbhb
grgrgrgrgrgrgrgr
shli
tltltltlgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgr
scarcecommonrarecommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonrarescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarce
commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommon
scarcescarce
commonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommon
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 83
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Themeda giganteaThemeda triandraZoysia matrella
Shade plantsAcacia mangiumCassia javanicaSamanea samanTerminalia catappa
Spice/condimentsAndropogon citratusApium graveolensCapsicum annuum var. annuumCapsicum frutescensCentella asiaticaCurcuma domesticaMentha arvensisMentha arvensis var. piperataOcimum sanctum
Timber sourceAcacia mangiumAdenanthera intermediaAgathis philippinensisAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia scholarisAnisoptera thuriferaBischofia javanicaCalophyllum kuenstleriCanarium hirsutum f.multipinnatumCeltis luzonicaCeltis philippinensisDacrycarpus imbricatusDalbergia sp.Diospyros pilosantheraDipterocarpus gracilisDysoxylum gaudichaudianumElaeocarpus calomalaEucalyptus degluptaGmelina arboreaGymnostoma rumphianumLithocarpus mindanaensisLithocarpus philippinensisLithocarpus sundaicaMadhuca betisMelia dubiaPalaquium luzonenseParaserianthes falcatariaPhyllocladus hypophyllusPittosporum pentandrum
GramineaeGramineaeGramineae
MimosaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeMimosaceaeCombretaceae
GramineaeApiaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeApaceaeZingiberaceaeLabiataeLabiataeLabiatae
MimosaceaeMimosaceaeAraucariaceaeApocynaceaeApocynaceaeDipterocarpaceaeBischofiaceaeGuttiferaeBurseraceae
UlmaceaeUlmaceaePodocarpaceaePapilionaceaeEbenaceaeDipterocarpaceaeMeliaceaeElaeocarpaceaeMyrtaceaeVerbenaceaeCasuarinaceaeFagaceaeFagaceaeFagaceaeSapotaceaeMimosaceaeSapotaceaeMeliaceaeAraucariaceaePittosporaceae
grgrgr
stmtltmt
grhbshshhbhbhbhbsh
stltltltltltltmtlt
ltltltmtltltltmtltmtmtmtltmtltltltltmtmt
commonscarcecommon
commonscarcescarcescarce
commoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarce
commonscarcescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarce
scarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcerarescarcecommonrarerare
84 Technical Report
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Pometia pinnataSamanea samanShorea contortaShorea negrosensisSwietenia macrophylla
VegetablesAbelmoschus esculentusAllium cepaBasella albaBasella rubraBrassica oleraceaCentella asiaticaCucurbita maximaDaucus carotaMoringa oleiferaSechium eduleSolanum melongenaSolanum nigrumSolanum sp. (wild)
WeedsAbutilon indicumAeschynomene sensitivaAgeratina adenophoraAgeratum conyzoidesAlysicarpus vaginalisAmaranthus spinosusAschyranthes asperaAsclepia curassavicaAsystacia gangeticaAxonopus compressusBarleria cristataBidens pilosaBiophytum sensitivumBlechum pyramidatumBorreria laevisBrachiaria muticaCalopogonium mucunoidesCassia occidentalisCassia toraCentotheca lappaceaCentrosema pubescensChloris barbataChromolaena odorataChrysopogon aciculatusClitorea ternateaCommelina benghalensisCommelina diffusaCommersonia bartramiaCrassocephalum crepidioides
SapindaceaeMimosaceaeDipterocarpaceaeDipterocarpaceaeMeliaceae
MalvaceaeLiliaceaeBasellaceaeBasellaceaeBrassicaceae/CruciferaeApiaceaeCucurbitaceaeUmbelliferaeMoringaceaeCucurbitaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceae
MalvaceaeMimosaceaeCompositaeCompositaePapilionaceaeAmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceaeAsclepiadaceaeAcanthaceaeGramineaeAcanthaceaeCompositaeOxalidaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeGramineaePapilionaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeGramineaePapilionaceaeGramineaeCompositaeGramineaePapilionaceaeCommelinaceaeCommelinaceaeTiliaceaeCompositae
ltltltltlt
shhbvivihbhbvihbsthbshshsh
shhbhbhbvihbhbhbhbgrhbhbhbhbhbgrvishshgrvigrshgrvihbhbsthb
scarcescarcescarcescarcecommon
commoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommonscarcescarce
commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommon
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 85
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Crotalaria linifoliaCrotalaria saltianaCyanotis axillarisCynodon dactylonCyperus alternifoliusCyperus compactusCyperus flabelliformisCyperus iriaCyperus kyllingiaCyperus rotundusCyrtococcum patensDactyloctenium aegypticumDatura metelDesmodium capitatumDesmodium heterocarponDesmodium pulchellumDesmodium triflorumDesmodium umbellatumDesmodium velutinumDigitaria ciliarisEchinochloa colonaEchinochloa crus-galliEclipta rostrataElephantopus scaberElephantopus spicatusElephantopus tomentosusEleusine indicaEmilia sonchifoliaEuphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia hirtaFimbristylis dichotomaFimbristylis monostachyaHygrophila salicifoliaIchnocarpus volubilisIndigofera tinctoriaIpomoea quamoclitIpomoea trilobaLantana camaraLaportea brunneaLindernia crustaceaMerremia peltataMikania cordataMimosa invisaMimosa pudicaOperculina turpethumOplismenus compositusOxalis repensPanicum maximumPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichum
CaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCommelinaceaeGramineaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeGramineaeGramineaeSolanaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeGramineaeCompositaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeAcanthaceaeApocynaceaePapilionaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeVerbenaceaeUrticaceaeScrohulariaceaeConvolvulaceaeCompositaeMimosaceaeMimosaceaeConvolvulaceaeGramineaeOxalidaceaeGramineaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceae
shshhbgrhbhbhbhbhbhbgrgrshhbhbshshshshgrgrgrhbhbhbhbgrhbhbhbhbhbshvishvivishshhbvivihbhbvigrhbgrgrgrgr
commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommon
86 Technical Report
Appendix Table 4. Continued...
Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status
Paspalum scrobiculatumPassiflora foetidaPennisetum polystachyonPhaseolus lathyroidesPhyllanthus amarusPhyllanthus urinariaPhysalis angulataPteridium aquilinumPueraria phaseoloidesScleria lithospermaScleria scrobiculataSida acutaSida cordifoliaSida rhombifoliaSolanum torvumSolanum verbascifoliumSorghum halepenseSphenoclea zeylanicaStachytarpheta indicaStachytarpheta jamaicensisSynedrilla nodifloraThemeda giganteaThemeda triandraTridax procumbensTriumfetta bartramiaTriumfetta semitrilobaUrena lobataVernonia cinereaVernonia patulaWedelia trilobaZoysia matrella
GramineaePassifloraceaeGramineaePapilionaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeSolanaceaeDennstaedtiaceaePapilionaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeGramineaeSphenocleaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeCompositaeGramineaeGramineaeCompositaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeMalvaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeGramineae
grvigrvishshshfevihbhbshshshshshgrshshshhbgrgrhbshshshhbhbhbgr
commonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonrarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommon
*Don Victoriano:(1) Mansawan, (2) Gandawan, (3) Lake Duminagat, (4) Lampasan, (5) Tuno, and (6) LaludConcepcion:(7) Small Potongan, (8) Upper Potongan, (9) Virayan, (10) Poblacion Concepcion, and (11) Upper Salimpuno,Sapang Dalaga: (12) Sixto Velez
** bry = bryophytefe = ferngr = grasshb = herbli = liana (woody vine)lic = lichen (Kingdom Fungi/Mycetae)lt = large treemt = medium-sized treesh = shrubst = small treetl = tree-likevi = vine
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 87
Appendix Table 5. List of plant and lichen species recorded from 12 barangays*. Taxaarranged according to conservation status with corresponding family,habit, and uses.
Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses
CommonAbelmoschus esculentusAbutilon indicumAcacia mangiumAcalypha amentaceaAdiantum philippenseAeschynomene sensitivaAgeratina adenophoraAgeratum conyzoidesAglaonema commutatumAllium cepaAlocasia bicolorAlocasia macrorrhizosAlocasia zebrinaAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia scholarisAlternanthera ficoidesAlysicarpus vaginalisAmaranthus spinosusAnacardium occidentaleAnanas comosusAndropogon citratusAngiopteris palmiformisAnthurium andreanumApium graveolensArachis hypogeaAralia spinosaArtemisia vulgarisArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus blancoiArtocarpus communisArtocarpus heterophyllusArtocarpus odoratissimusArtocarpus sericicarpusAschyranthes asperaAsclepia curassavicaAsplenium nidusAstronia cumingianaAsystacia gangeticaAxonopus compressusBambusa blumeanaBambusa vulgarisBarleria cristata
MalvaceaeMalvaceaeMimosaceaeEuphorbiaceaeSinopteridaceaeMimosaceaeCompositaeCompositaeAraceaeLiliaceaeAraceaeAraceaeAraceaeApocynaceaeApocynaceaeAmaranthaceaePapilionaceaeAmaranthaceaeAnacardiaceaeBromeliaceaeGramineaeMarattiaceaeAraceaeApiaceaePapilionaceaeAraliaceaeCompositaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeAmaranthaceaeAsclepiadaceaeAspleniaceaeMelastomataceaeAcanthaceaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeAcanthaceae
shshstshfehbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbltlthbvihbsthbgrfehbhbhbmthbltltltltmtlthbhbfesthbgrtltlhb
vegwtmororwwworvegoredortmtmorwwededspororspedecmededecedededecwworlanwwcm, seccm, secw
88 Technical Report
Appendix Table 5. Continued...
Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses
Bidens pilosaBiophytum sensitivumBlechnum orientgaleBlechum pyramidatumBlumea balsamiferaBorreria laevisBougainvillea spectabilisBrachiaria muticaBrassica oleraceaCaladium bicolorCalopogonium mucunoidesCanna indicaCapsicum annuum var. annuumCapsicum frutescensCarica papayaCassia alataCassia nodosaCassia occidentalisCassia toraCatharanthus roseusCeiba pentandraCentella asiaticaCentotheca lappaceaCentrosema pubescensChingia feroxChloris barbataChromolaena odorataChrysophyllum cainitoChrysopogon aciculatusCitrafortunella microcarpaCitrus maximaClethra lancifoliaClitorea ternateaCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Codieaum variegatumCoffea robustaColeus blumeiColocasia esculentaCommelina benghalensisCommelina diffusaCordyline fruticosaCosmos caudatusCrassocephalum crepidioidesCrotalaria linifoliaCrotalaria saltianaCrypsinus glaucusCrypsinus sp.Cucurbita maximaCuphea hyssopifoliaCyanotis axillarisCyathea contaminans
CompositaeOxalidaceaeBlechnaceaeAcanthaceaeCompositaeAcanthaceaeNyctaginaceaeGramineaeBrassicaceae/CruciferaeAraceaePapilionaceaeCannaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeCaricaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeApocynaceaeBombacaceaeApiaceaeGramineaePapilionaceaeThelypteridaceaeGramineaeCompositaeSapotaceaeGramineaeRutaceaeRutaceaeClethraceaePapilionaceaePalmaeEuphorbiaceaeRubiaceaeLabiataeAraceaeCommelinaceaeCommelinaceaeAgavaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaePolypodiaceaePolypodiaceaeCucurbitaceaeLythraceaeCommelinaceaeCyatheraceae
hbhbfehbshhbligrhbhbvihbshshtlshshshshhblthbgrvifegrshmtgrstststvitlshsthbhbhbhbshhbhbshshfefevishhbfe
wworwmedwor, lanwvegorworspspedmedorwwor, medlan, fiveg, spw, pasw, gmorwwedwededecwed, cm, cothed, orbevoredwwororwwwororvegorwec, lan, om
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 89
Appendix Table 5. Continued...
Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses
Cynodon dactylonCyperus alternifoliusCyperus compactusCyperus flabelliformisCyperus iriaCyperus kyllingiaCyperus rotundusCyrtococcum patensDactylectenium aegypticumDavallia solidaDesmodium capitatumDesmodium pulchellumDesmodium suffruticosumDesmodium velutinumDicranopteris linearisDieffenbachia pictaDigitaria ciliarisDracaena fragransDrynaria quercifoliaDuranta erectaDurio zibethinusEchinochloa colonaEchinochloa crus-galliEclipta rostrataElatostema lagunenseElatostema pulchellumElephantopus scaberElephantopus spicatusElephantopus tomentosusEleusine indicaEmilia sonchifoliaErythrina orientalisEuphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia hirtaFicus benjaminaFicus botryocarpaFicus guyeriFicus minahassaeFicus notaFicus septicaFicus ulmifoliaFicus variegataFimbristylis dichotomaFimbristylis monostachyaGendarussa vulgarisGerbera sp.Gymnostoma rumphianumHibiscus rosa-sinensisHomalanthus alpinusHomalanthus populneusHomalomena philippinensis
GramineaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeGramineaeGramineaeDavalliaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaeGleicheniaceaeAraceaeGramineaeAgavaceaePolypodiaceaeMalpighiaceaeBombaceaeGramineaeGramineaeCompositaeUrticaceaeUrticaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeGramineaeCompositaePapilionaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeAcanthaceaeCompositaeCasuarinaceaeMalvaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeAraceae
grhbhbhbhbhbhbgrgrfehbshhbshfehbgrtlfeshmtgrgrhbhbhbhbhbhbgrhbsthbhbstststmtstststmthbhbshhbmtshststhb
wwwwwwwwworwwgm, hedwecorwlanorhed, oredwwwecedwwwwwlanwwlanececececmed, ecececwwhed, orortmhed, orececor
90 Technical Report
Appendix Table 5. Continued...
Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses
Hygrophila salicifoliaImpatiens balsaminaImpatiens hutchinsoniiImperata cyliindricaIpomoea batatasIpomoea trilobaIxora philippinensisLantana camaraLaportea brunneaLeucaena leucocephalaLeucosyke capitellataLindernia crustaceaLithocarpus mindanaensisLithocarpus sundaicaLycopersicon esculentumLycopodium cernuumMacaranga bicolorMacaranga dipterocarpifoliaMacaranga grandifoliaMacaranga tanariusMacrothelypteris polypodioidesMangifera indicaManihot esculentaMelanolepis multiglandulosaMelastoma polyanthumMentha arvensisMentha arvensis var. piperataMerremia peltataMikania cordataMimosa pudicaMiscanthus floridulusMoringa oleiferaMuntingia calaburaMusa textilisMusa x paradisiaca (AAB)Musa x paradisiaca (BBB)Nauclea orientalisNeonauclea barilingiiNeonauclea mediaNephrolepis biserrataOdontonema strictumOperculina turpethumOphiopogon japonicusOplismenus compositusOrthosiphon aristatusOxalis repensPandanus exaltatusPanicum maximumParaserianthes falcatariaPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatum
AcanthaceaeBalsaminaceaeBalsaminaceaeGramineaeConvlvulaceaeConvlvulaceaeRubiaceaeVerbenaceaeUrticaceaeMimosaceaeUrticaceaeScrophulariaceaeFagaceaeFagaceaeSolanaceaeLycopodiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeThelypteridaceaeAnacardiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMelastomataceaeLabiataeLabiataeConvolvulaceaeCompositaeMimosaceaeGramineaeMoringaceaeTiliaceaeMusaceaeMusaceaeMusaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeDavalliaceaeAcanthaceaeConvolvulaceaeLiliaceaeGramineaeLabiataeOxalidaceaePandanaceaeGramineaeMimosaceaeGramineaeGramineae
shhbhbgrvivishshshstshhbmtmthbvimtstmtstfeltshstshhbhbvivihbgrststtltltlmtmtmtfeshvihbgrshhbtlgrltgrgr
wororcot, cmedworor, wwfu, lfecwtmtmecec, insececececorededececspspwwwecvegedfiededfififiorhed, orworworwecw, pas, sectmw, pas, secw, pas, sec
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 91
Appendix Table 5. Continued...
Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses
Paspalum distichumPaspalum scrobiculatumPennisetum polystachyonPersea americanaPhaseolus lathyroidesPhyllanthus amarusPhyllanthus urinariaPipturus arborescensPityrogramma calomelanosPolyscias balfourianaPseuderanthemum purpureumPseuderanthemum reticulatumPsidium guajavaPteridium aquilinumPteris vittataPueraria phaseoloidesRicinus communisRosa centifoliaRubus fraxinifoliusRubus rosaefoliusSaccharum officinarumSaccharum spontaneumSandoricum koetjapeSchismatoglottis calyptrataSchizostachyum diffusumScleria lithospermaScleria scrobiculataSechium eduleSelaginella ciliarisSelaginella cupressinaSelaginella involvensSetaria palmifoliaSida acutaSida cordifoliaSida rhombifoliaSolanum melongenaSolanum torvumSolanum verbascifoliumSorghum halepenseSphaerostephanos productosSphaerostephanos unitusSphenoclea zeylanicaSphenomeris chinensisStachytarpheta indicaStachytarpheta jamaicensisSwietenia macrophyllaSynedrilla nodifloraThemeda giganteaThysanolaena maximaTradescantia sp.Trema orientalis
GramineaeGramineaeGramineaeLauraceaePapilionaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeUrticaceaeSinopteridaceaeAraliaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeMyrtaceaeDennstaedtiaceaePteridaceaePapilionaceaeEuphorbiaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeGramineaeGramineaeMeliaceaeAraceaeGramineaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCucurbitaceaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeGramineaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeGramineaePteridaceaePteridaceaeSphenocleaceaeLindsaeaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeMeliaceaeCompositaeGramineaeGramineaeCommelinaceaeUlmaceae
grgrgrstvishshshfeshshshstfefevistshlishgrgrmthblihbhbhbhbhbhbgrshshshshshshgrfefeshfeshshlthbgrgrhbmt
w, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secedwwwecorhedhedhededworwmedoredededcot, cmedececwwvegecececec, secwwwvegwww, pas, secececworwwtmww, seccot, secorec, fu
92 Technical Report
Appendix Table 5. Continued...
Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses
Tridax procumbensTriumfetta bartramiaTriumfetta semitrilobaUrena lobataVernonia cinereaVernonia patulaWedelia trilobaXanthosoma sagittifoliumZea maysZoysia matrella
RareAbrus precatoriusAcorus calamusAeschynanthus philippinensisEurycles amboinensisHydrangea lobbiiLivistona rotundifoliaMallotus philippensisMedinilla magnificaMelia dubiaNepenthes alataNopalea cochinelliferaOchroma lagopusOleandra maquilingensisOncosperma horridumOphioglossum reticulatumPandanus copelandiiParartocarpus venenosusPhacelophrynium interruptumPhanera cumingiana ssp. integrifoliaPhyllocladus hypophyllusPhysalis angulataPittosporum pentandrumPsychotria luconiensisPterocymbium peltatumPunica granatumPyrus malusRadermachera pinnataSpiridens reinwardtiiSymphytum officinaleSyzygium polycephaloidesThayeria cornucopiaTypha angustifoliaViburnum luzonicumVitiviera zizanoidesWikstroemia indica
CompositaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeMalvaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeAraceaeGramineaeGramineae
PapilionaceaeAraceaeGesneriaceaeLiliaceaeHydrangeaceaePalmaeEuphorbiaceaeMelastomataceaeMeliaceaeNepenthaceaeCactaceaeBombacaceaeDavalliaceaePalmaeOphioglossaceaePandanaceaeMoraceaeMarantaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeAraucariaceaeSolanaceaePittosporaceaeRubiaceaeSterculiaceaePunicaceaeRosaceaeBignoniaceaeSpiridentaceaeVerbenaceaeMyrtaceaePolypodiaceaeTyphaceaeCaprifoliaceaeGraminearThymelaeaceae
wwwwwwwededlan, sec
medmedecororlan, cotdyeorunecorfi, lcmeced, cmececececectmwtmecfior, ededececmededecececcotfi
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 93
Appendix Table 5. Continued...
Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses
ScarceAdenanthera intermediaAgathis philippinensisAgave americanaAmomum philippinenseAnisoptera thuriferaAnnona muricataAnnona squamosaArdisia pyramidalisAreca catechuArenga tremulaAsparagus sprengeriAsplenium cymbifoliumAsplenium plyodonAster linifoliusAtuna racemosaBambusa glaucescensBambusa vulgaris var. striataBarringtonia racemosaBasella albaBasella rubraBegonia hernandioidesBegonia nigritarumBelamcanda chinensisBischofia javanicaBixa orellanaBoerlagiodendron diversifoliumBreynia cernuaBridelia stipularisBuchanania arborescensBulbophyllum deareiCalamus dimorhocanthusCalamus merrilliiCalamus ornatus var. philippinensisCalliandra haematocephalaCallicarpa candicansCallicarpa formosonaCalophyllum kuenstleriCanarium hirsutum f. multipinnatumCanthium monstrosumCarallia brachiataCarphalea kirondronCaryota rumphiona ssp.philippinensisCasearia grewiaefoliaCassia javanicaCayratia trifolia var. cinerea
MimosaceaeAraucariaceaeAgavaceaeZingiberaceaeDipterocarpaceaeAnnonaceaeAnnonaceaeMyrsinaceaePalmaePalmaeLiliaceaeAspleniaceaeAspleniaceaeCompositaeChryusobalanaceaeGramineaeGraminearBarringtoniaceaeBasellaceaeBasellaceaeBegoniaceaeBegoniaceaeLiliaceaeBischofiaceaeBixaceaeAraliaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeAnacardiaceaeOrchidaceaeOrchidaceaePalmaePalmaePalmaeMimosaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeTuffiferaeBurseraceaeAcanthaceaeRhizophoraceaeRubiaceaePalmaeTiliaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeVitaceae
ltlthbhbltstststtltlvifefehbmttltlmtvivihbhbhbltststshshmthbhblililishshshmtltshstshtlstmtvi
tmtmorortmededor, lanmaslanororororedhed, seclan, seclanvegvegororortmdyelanececlanororcotcot, edcotor, hedecectmtmececorlaneclan, shadec
94 Technical Report
Appendix Table 5. Continued...
Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses
Celtis luzonicaCeltis philippinensisCestrum nocturnumChrysalidocarpus lutescensChrysanthemum indicumCitrus limonCladonia sp.Cladonia vulcanicumClerodendron macrostachyumClerodendron quadriloculareCoix lachryma-jobiColeus igolotormColona serratifoliaCommersonia bartramiaCordia dichotomaCorypha utanCostus speciosusCratoxylon celebicumCratoxylon formosanumCrinum asiaticumCurcuma domesticaCyathea callosaCyathea loheriCycas revolutaCyrtandra cumingiiCyrtosperma merkusiiDacrycarpus imbricatusDalbergia sp.Datura metelDaucus carotaDendrocalamus asperDerris philippinensisDesmodium heterocarponDesmodium triflorumDesmodium umbellatumDillenia philippinensisDillenia reifferschidiaDioscorea alataDioscorea esculentaDiospyros pilosantheraDiplazium esculentumDipterocarpus gracilisDonax cannaeformisDuabanga moluccanaDysoxylum gaudichaudianumElaeagnus philippinensisElaeocarpus calomalaEleutherine palmifoliaErvatamia pandacaquiEucalyptus degluptaEuphorbia pulcherrima
UlmaceaeUlmaceaeSolanaceaePalmaeCompositaeRutaceaeCladoniaceaeCladoniaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeGramineaeLabiataeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeBoraginaceaePalmaeZingiberaceaeGuttiferaeGuttiferaeAmaryllidaceaeZingiberaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCycadeceaeGesneriaceaeAraceaePodocarpaceaePapilionaceaeSolanaceaeUmbelliferaeGraminearPapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaeDilleniaceaeDilleniaceaeDioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceaeEbenaceaeAthyriaceaeDipterocarpaceaeMarantaceaeSonneratiaceaeMeliaceaeElaeagnaceaeElaeocarpaceaeAmaryllidaceaeApocynaceaeMyrtaceaeEuphorbiaceae
ltltvitlhbstliclicststgrhbmtststtlhbststhbhbfefetlsthbltmtshhbtllihbshshmtltviviltfelthbltlttimthbshltsh
tmtmorlanoredececororecorfi, fuwmedcot, edorfufuorspec, lan, omec, lan, omlanoredtmtmw, po, medvegcmpowwwececededtm, ededtmorfi, lcmtmedtm, ed, fiorectmor
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 95
Appendix Table 5. Continued...
Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses
Ficus angustissimaFicus baleteFlagellaria indicaFragaria virginianaFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetia negrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiGarcinia mangostanaGardenia jasminoidesGliricidia sepiumGlochidiuon rubrumGmelina arboreaGossypium barbadenseGuioa koelreuteriaHeliconia metallicaHibiscus cannabinusHibiscus tiliaceusHippeastrum sp.Homalomena rubescensHoya sp.Ichnocarpus volubilisIndigofera tinctoriaIpomoea quamoclitIresine herbstiiKalanchoe pinnataKolowratia elegansLagerstroemia speciosaLansium domesticumLeea philippinensisLithocarpus philippinensisLitsea glutinosaLobaria meridionalisLobaria robinsoniiLycopodium squarrosumLygodium circinatumLygodium merrilliiMadhuca betisMalvaviscus pilosusMedinilla malindangensisMedinilla myrtiformisMelicope triphyllaMicromelum minutumMimosa invisaMorinda citrifoliaMussaenda anisophyllaMussaenda philippicaNephelium lappaceumNephelium ramboutan-okeOcimum sanctumOctomeles sumatranaPachyrhizus erosus
MoraceaeMoraceaeFlagellariaceaeRosaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeGuttiferaeRubaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeEuphorbiaceaeVerbenaceaeMalvaceaeSapindaceaeHeliconiaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeAmaryllidaceaeAraceaeAslepiadaceaeApocynaceaePapilionaceaeConvolvulaceaeAmaranthaceaeCrassulaceaeZingiberaceaeLythraceaeMeliaceaeLeeaceaeFagaceaeLauraceaeLobariaceaeLobariaceaeLycopodiaceaeSchizaeaceaeSchizaeaceaeSapotaceaeMalvaceaeMelastomataceaeMelastomataceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeMimosaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeLabiataeDatiscaceaePapilionaceae
sheplivilililistshststmtshsthbshsthbhbepvishvihbhbhbstmtstltmitliclicvifefeltshepspehsthbsbshshstmtshltvi
ececcotedcot, eccot, eccot, ecedorfu, omectmfiecoror, filanorororwwwororeclanedlantmecec, medec, medec, inscot, inscot, instmor, hedororececwecororedec, edspfi, lcmed
96 Technical Report
Appendix Table 5. Continued...
Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses
Palaquium luzonensePandanus camarinensisPandanus tectorius var. laevisParmelia cristiferaPassiflora foetidaPhalaenopsis amabilisPhyscia fragilescensPinanga insignisPinanga philippinensisPiper retrofractumPlumeria albaPolyscias nodosaPometia pinnataPouteria campechianaPremna odorataPterospermum diversifoliumPterospermum obliquumRhaphidophora merrilliiSamanea samanSambucus javanicaSanseviera trifasciataSaurauia glabrescensSaurauia latibracteaSchefflera insularisSchizostachyum lumampaoShorea contortaShorea negrosensisSmilax chinaSolanum nigrumSolanum sp. (wild)Spathiphyllum sp.Stenochlaena milneiSyngonium podophyllumSyzgium cuminiSyzgium malaccenseSyzgium samarangenseTagetes erectaTamarindus indicaTerminalia catappaTerminalia nitensTetracera scandensTetrastigma sp.Themeda triandraTheobroma cacaoThespesia populneaThevetia peruvianaThuja orientaleTrichoglottis sp.Uncaria philippinensisUsnea misamisensisVernonia arborea
SapotaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeParmeliaceaePassifloraceaeOrchidaceaePhysciaceaePalmaePalmaePiperaceaeApocynaceaeAraliaceaeSapindaceaeSapotaceaeVerbenaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeAraceaeMimosaceaeCaprifoliaceaeAgavaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeAraliaceaeGramineaeDipterocarpaceaeDipterocarpaceaeSmilacaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeOrchidaceaeBlechnaceaeAraceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeCompositaeCaesalpiniaceaeCombretaceaeCombretaceaeDilleniaceaeVitaceaeGramineaeSterculiaceaeMalvaceaeApocynaceaeCupressaceaeOrchidaceaeRubiaceaeUsneaceaeCompositae
lttltllicvihblictltlvistmtltststmtmtviltsthbstmteptlltltlishshhbfevistststhbmtmtmtlivigrststststhblilicsh
tmeccotecw, edoreccm, eclan, ececlanectmedmedfifiortmorhedecececcot, cmtmtmecvegvegorecoredededoredlan, dye, shadlanececw, secbevlanlanlanorecmedec
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 97
Appendix Table 5. Continued...
Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses
Vitex negundoVoacanga globosaZephyranthes atamascoZingiber Zerumbet
VerbanaceaeApocynaceaeAmaryllidaceaeZingiberaceae
shshhbhb
medecoror
*Don Victoriano:(1) Mansawan, (2) Gandawan, (3) Lake Duminagat, (4) Lampasan, (5) Tuno, and (6) LaludConcepcion:(7) Small Potongan, (8) Upper Potongan, (9) Virayan, (10) Poblacion Concepcion, and (11) Upper Salimpuno,Sapang Dalaga: (12) Sixto Velez
** bry = bryophytefe = ferngr = grasshb = herbli = liana (woody vine)lic = lichen (Kingdom Fungi/Mycetae)lt = large treemt = medium-sized treesh = shrubst = small treetl = tree-likevi = vine
*** bev = beveragecm = construction materialcot = cottage industryec = ecological functioned = edible partfi = fiber sourcefu = fuelwoodgm = green manure/fertilizerhed = hedge plantins = instructional uselan = landscape plantlcm = light construction material
98
Tech
nica
l Report
Accipeter trivirgatus
Arthopyge shelleyi
Amauromis phoenicuros
Aplonis panayensis panayensisD.S. Rabor (1977)
Arachnothera elaraeGonzales (1988)
Artamus leucorhynchus
Bubulcus ibis coromandusRabor (1977)
Buceros hydrocorax
Caprimulgus macrurusmanillensis
Centropus bengalensis
Centropus sinensisJ.E. duPont
Cesticola juncidis tinnabulane
Chelcophaps indica indicaRabor (1977)
Phil. Sparrow Hawk
Lovely Sun Bird
White-breasted Swamphen
Phil. Glossy Starling;Galanciang (Bis.)
Naked-faced Spider Hunter;Siwi
White-breasted Wood Swallow
Cattle Egret; Talawong
Hornbill;Kalaw (Bis.)
Long-tailed Night Jar
Lesser Coucal;Saguksok (Bis.)
Common Coucal;Cocok (Bis.)
Common Fantail Warbler; Pirot(Bis.)
Green-winged Ground Dove;Manatod (Bis.)
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Pollinator
Seed dispersal
Control pests,seed dispersal
Control pests,seed dispersal
Control insectpopulation
Insect eater;control insectpopulation
Seed dispersal
Control insectpopulation
Control insectpopulation
Control insectpopulation
Control insectpopulation
Seed dispersal
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Appendix Table 6. Avian species listing (summary) of Mt. Malindang.
BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value
Legend:1-Mansawan 5-Tuno 9-Poblacion Concepcion 1 - present/sighted2-Gandawan 6-Lalud 10-Upper Potongan 0 - absent3-Lake Duminagat 7-Small Potongan 11-Upper Salimpao X - as informed by the residents4-Lampasan 8-Virayan 12-Sixto VelezNote: Economic value of avian species as food; social value as pet
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
99
Appendix Table 6. Continued...
Collocalia brevirostrisRabor (1977)
Collocalie troglodytesRabor (1977)
Corvus macrorynchusRabor (1977)
Dendrocopos maculatus
Dendrocygna arcuata arcuata
Dicaeum australe
Dicaeum pygmaeumpygmaeum
Eudynamys scolopaceaemindanensisRabor (1977)
Eurystamus orientalis
Gallus gallus gallus
Geopelia striataGonzales, et al. (1988)
Halcyon chloris collarisRabor (1977)
Halcyon lindsayi
Halcyon smymensis
Haliastur indus intermedius
Harpactes ardens ardensRabor (1977)
Hemiprocne comataJ.E. duPont
Hirundo rustica gutturalis
BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Himalayan Swiftlet
Pygmy Swiftlet;Kalogay
Large Billed Crow;Kakwak (Mar.)
Pygmy woodpecker
Whistling duckPato thalas (Bis.)
Phil. Flower Picker
Pygmy Flower Picker
Philippine Koel;Kwahoe (Bis.)
Dollar Bird
Wild chicken;Manok thalas (Bis.)
Zebra birdPagapak (Mar.)
White-collared Kingfisher;Laasan (Mar.)
Spotted Wood Kingfisher
White-throated Kingfisher
Brahminy Kite;Banog (Bis.)
Phil. Trogon;Mag-apoy (Mar.)
Lesser Tree Swift;Sayaw (Bis.)
Barn Swallow;Sayaw (Bis.)
Control insects
Seed dispersal,control insects
Kills harmful insects
Seed dispersal,control insects
Seed dispersal
Pollinator
Pollinator
Seed dispersal,control insects
Control insects
Seed dispersal
Control insects,seed dispersal
Insect eater,control insects
Control insects
Control insects
Control insects
Insect eater,control insects
Insect eater,control insects
Insect eater,control insects
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
x
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
x
1
1
1
1
1
x
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0Te
chnica
l Report
Appendix Table 6. Continued...
Hypothymis helenae helenae
Hysipetes philippinus
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
Lalage nigra nigra
Lanius cristatus luciorensis
Lanius schach nastus
Lonchura malacca jagorii
Lonchura punctulata
Loriculus philippinensis
Macropygia phasianellaJ.E. duPont
Megalaima haemacephaladuPont (1971)
Megalurus palustris forbesi
Merops philippinus philippinus
Merops viridis americanus
Microhierax erythrogonys
Motacilla cinereaRabor (1977)
Nectarinia sperata
Nycticorax caledonicus
Short CrestedMonarch; Balilang
Philippine Bulbul
Cinnamon Least; Bittem
Pied Triller; Ak Ak (Bis.)
Brown Shrike
Schach Shrike
Chestnut Mannikin; Maya (Bis.)
Nutmeg Mannikin; Maya (Bis.)
Phil. Hanging Parakeet;Kosi (Bis.)Slender-billed CuckooDove; Tukwoo (Bis.)
Crimson-BreastedBarbet
Striated CanegrassWarblerGreen-headed Bee-eater;Pisutin (Sub.)
Chestnut-headed Bee-eater; Pisutin(Sub.)Philippine Falconet
Gray Wagtail
Purple-throated Sun Bird
Rufous Night Heron;Buso
Insect eater, controlinsect population
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal
Control insect pests
Control insect pests
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal
Control insect pests
Control insect pests
Control insect pests
Control insect pests
Control insect pests
Control insect pests
Pollination
Seed dispersal,control insectpopulation
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
10
1
Appendix Table 6. Continued...
Oriolis chinensisRabor (1977)
Orthotomus nigrecepsnigreceps
Otus bokkamoena nigrorum
Parus elegansJ.E. duPont
Passer Montanus
Penelopides paniniGonzales, et al (1988)
Pericrocotus flammeusJ.E. duPont
Pithetcophaga jefferyi
Pycnonotus goiavierRabor (1977)
Rallus striatus striatusRabor (1977)
Rallus torquatus
Rhipidura javanica
Sarcopa calvus melanonater
Stretopelia bitorquatadusumieri
Terpsiphone cinnamomeaJ.E. duPont
Treron pompadora, duPont
Black-naped Oriole;Antilaw
Screech Owl;Bukoo (Bis.)
Elegant Tilmous
Tree Sporrow
Tarictic Hornbill;Tagip-tip (Sub.)
Flame Minivet
Monkey-eating Eagle
Yellow Vented Bulbul;Lokilok (Sub.)
Slaly Breasted Rail;Tikling (Bis.)
Barred Rail
Black & White Fantail
Maria KapraColeto
Phil. Turtle Dove
Rufous Paradise Flycatcher
Pompadour Green Pigeon; Punay(Bis.)
Control insect pests
Control insectpopulation
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal,control insects
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersalcontrol insect pest
Seed dispersal
Control insectpopulation
Seed dispersal
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
x
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value
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Appendix Table 7. Listing of reptilian species of Mt. Malindang.
BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value
Draco volans
Gehyra mutilata
Gecko gecko
Hydrosaurus pustulotusA. Alcala (1976)
Naja naja philippinensis
Paython reticulatus
Sphenomorphus sp.
Trimeresurus sp.A. Alcala (1976)
Tortoises sp.
Varanus salvator
Calotes sp.
Flying lizard
Laluto (Bis.)
Water lizard
Philippine cobra
Sawa (Bis.)
Skink
Pit Viper
Land Turtle, Bao (Bis.)
Monitor lizard, Halo (Bis.)
Agamid lizard
Control insectpopulation
0
1
0
0
X
X
X
0
0
X
0
0
1
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
1
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
1
X
0
X
X
X
0
0
X
0
0
1
X
0
X
X
X
0
0
X
0
0
1
X
0
X
X
X
0
0
X
0
X
1
0
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
1
X
1
0
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
0
0
1
0
0
X
X
X
0
0
X
0
0
1
X
0
X
X
X
0
0
X
0
0
1
X
0
X
X
X
0
X
X
0
0
1
X
0
X
X
X
0
X
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Appendix Table 8. Listing of amphibian species of Mt. Malindang.
BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value
1
2
Bufo marinus
Rana magna
Frog/toad
Frog
1
1
X
X
1
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
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isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
10
3
Appendix Table 9. Listing of mammalian species of Mt. Malindang.
BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value
Acerodon sp.
Callosciurus sp.
Cervus sp.
Cynocyphalus volans
Macaca sp.Rabor (1986)
Paradoxurus philippinensis
Ptenochirus sp.
Rattus sp.
Suncus occulidens
Sus celebensis philippinensisRabor (1986)
Tarius philippinensis
Viverra tungalungaRabor (1986)
Kabog (Bis.)
Tree squirrels;Laksoy (Bis.)
Philippine Deer;Lagsoo (Bis.)
Flying lemur;Kaguang (Bis.)
Philippine monkey; Amo (Bis.)
Palm civet; Milo (Bis.)
Fruit bat; Kulaknit (Bis.)
Rats; Ilaga, Bagtok (Bis.)
House shrew; Miniak (Bis.)
Wild pig;Baboy sulop
Tarsier; Malmag (Bis.)
Malay civet;Tingalong
Seed dispersal
Dispersal offorest tree-bearing fruits
Control pestspopulation
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
X
0
0
0
X
X
1
X
X
X
0
X
X
1
X
X
X
X
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
X
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
X
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
X
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
X
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
X
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
X
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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Appendix Table 10. Listing of class pisces species of Mt. Malindang.
BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EconomicNo. value
Anabas testulineus
Clarias batrachus
Genus anguilla
Gobbie sp.
Ophiciphalus striatus
Tilapia sp.
Pupuyo
Catfish, Pantat
Eel, Kasili
Anga
Mudfish, Haloan
Tilapia
as food
as food
as food
as food
as food
as food
1
2
3
4
5
6
X
X
X
0
0
0
X
X
X
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
0
X
0
X
0
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
X
X
X
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
Potamonidaefamily
CrabletCalong
Appendix Table 11. Crustacean species of Mt. Malindang.
BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EconomicNo. value
1 X X X X X X X X X X X X as food
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 105
Appendix Table 12. List of insect orders and families present in 7 barangays of DonVictoriano and Concepcion, Misamis Occidental.
Ref. Order/ Common Economic BarangaysNo. Family Name value
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
3
4
ColeopteraChrysomelidae
CurculionidaeScarabidaeCoccinellidaeElateridaeLampyridaeCicindelidaeCarabidaeCerambycidae
HymenopteraIchneumonidaeApidaeBraconidaeAnthoporidaeEvaniidaeVespidaeSphecidaeFormicidae
LepidopteraNoctuidaePlutellidaePieridaeHesperiidaePapilionidaeSatyridaeNymphalidae
DanaidaeSphingidaeLiparidaeGeometridaePyralidaePsychidaeGelechiidae
DipteraSyrphidaeSarcophagidaeMuscidae
Squash beetle/Leaf beetle/Green tortoisebeetleSnout beetleScarab beetleLadybird beetleClick beetleFireflyTiger beetleCarabid beetleLong-horned beetle
IchneumonsBumble beesBraconidsCarpenter beeEnsign waspVespid waspSphecid waspBlack/red ants
CutwormDiamondback mothPieridsSkippersSwallowtailsSatyrsBrush-footedbutterfliesMilkweed butterfliesHornwormTussock mothMeasuring wormLeaffoldersBagwormPotato tuber moth
Syrphid fliesFlesh fliesHouse flies
Pest
PestPestPestPestPredatorPredatorPredatorPredator
ParasitePollinatorParasitePollinator/pestParasiteNectar feederNectar feederPredator/pest
PestPestPestPestPestPestPest
PestPestPestPestPestPestPest
PredatorNectar feederScavenger
1
11110010
11000000
1100010
0000001
111
0
00100000
11100000
0110000
0000000
001
1
10010000
11111001
0101101
1011110
100
1
00000000
10000001
0000100
0000000
000
1
00011000
11000111
0011100
0000000
000
0
10000101
10100001
0000100
0110000
000
1
00000100
10000000
0010100
0000000
000
106 Technical Report
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
CallipharidaeMicrpezidaeStratiomyidaeAsilidaeDolichopodidaeOtitidaeBibionidaeTipulidae
OrthopteraAcrididae
GryllidaeGryllotapidaeGrylloacridaeTetrigidaeNetrigidae
Becanthinae
OdonataAesnidaeRibellulidaeCalopterygidaeCoenagrionidae
HemipteraSedunidaeGerridaeVeliidaePyvihocoridae
HomopteraMembracidaeCicadidaeAphididaeCicadellidae
Dermaptera
Thysanoptera
OtherarthropodsArachnidsDiplopoda
BlowfliesStill-legged fliesSoldier fliesRobber fliesLong-legged fliesPicture-winged fliesMarchflies/LovebugsCraneflies
Short-hornedgrasshopperCricketsMole cricketWingless long-hornedPygmy grasshopperLong-hornedgrasshopperCricket
DragonflyDragonflyDamselflyDamselfly
Assassin bugWater stridersRipple bugsCotton stainer
TreehopperCicadaAphidsLeafhoppers
Earwig
Thrips
SpiderMillipede
ScavengerDung feederFlower feederPredatorPredatorSaprophagousFlower feederSaprophagous
Pest
PhytophagousPhytophagousPestPestPhytophagous
None
PredatorPredatorPredatorPredator
PredatorPredatorPredatorPest
PhytophagousPestPestPest
Scavenger
Pest
PredatorScavenger
Ref. Order/ Common Economic BarangaysNo. Family Name value
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Appendix Table 12. Continued...
01000000
1
11101
1
0000
1000
1000
0
0
10
11000000
1
00000
0
1100
0000
0111
1
0
10
10101000
0
00010
0
1111
0110
0100
0
1
11
00000000
0
00000
0
0000
0001
0000
0
0
10
00000000
0
00001
0
0000
0000
0000
0
0
10
00000010
0
00000
0
1111
0000
1001
0
0
10
00010111
0
00010
0
1111
0110
0000
0
0
10
Barangays:**
1 = Mansawan2 = Gandawan3 = Lake Duminagat4 = Lalud5 = Lampasan6 =Small Potongan7 = Virayan
1=present 0=absent
Particip
ato
ry ru
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the u
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cosy
stem
10
7
Appendix Table 13. Stakeholders in the upland ecosystem.
Stake- Man- Ganda- Lake Lampa- Lalud Tuno Small Upper Vira- Pobla- Upper Sixto Needs in relation to BRPholders sawan wan Dumi- san Poto- Poto- yan cion Salim- Velez
nagat ngan ngan puno
Piniling Nasud 1 1 1 Sustainable farming system which is consistent with biodiversity conservation
IEC materials on biodiversityLGUs
Brgy. Council 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Formulation and implementationSang. Bayan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 of policies on biodiversityABC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 conservation and managementSK 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
IEC materials on biodiversity
GOsRIC 1 Proper monitoring andDSWD 1 1 evaluation of existingRRMP-SECAL 1 projects which are notPAMB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dependent on forest resourcesCluster PAMB 1 1 1 1
IEC materials on biodiversity
NGOsBANWA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Capability building on biodiversityTRICAP 1 1 1 conservationLEAF 1Local FAs 1 1 1 1 1
Legend: 1-present
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Appendix Table 14. Upland Ecosystem-Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Small Potongan.
Stakeholders Vegetables Cereal Crops Root Crops Fruit Trees Livestock Fauna Wildlife Fauna Bamboos Others
Local IPs
LGUs SB Council ABC GOs DA DSWD NIA
Plant cabbage, onion, chayote, squash Share resources Sustainability not assured due to poor soil condition Environmental security not assured due to clear and well-defined boundaries of the protected area Biodiversity is threatened by use of chemicals Not their priority No support given
Grow rice and corn Limited cultivated areas, oftentimes in the form of kaingin Harvest is insufficient for the family Sustainability is not assured Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened by monoculture cropping Grow rice and corn Limited cultivated areas, oftentimes in the form of kaingin Harvest insufficient for the family Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened by monoculture cropping No support given
Plant cassava, gabi, sweet potatoes Limited cultivated areas, oftentimes in the form of kaingin Harvest is insufficient for the family Sustainability is poor Mass production not promoted No support for mass production
No attention given No campaign and support for their growth No attention given
Raise pigs and chickens Economically unsustainable Increases biodiversity No policies and support in raising them No attention given
Conserve biodiversity due to existing laws; clear or well-defined demarcation/ boundaries of protected areas Economically unsustainable Biodiversity is favored Assist in the implementation of policies re: conservation of wildlife No attention given
No attention given No attention given No attention given
AssisteWomenthroughloans toproductdue to technic NIA assin the eof irrigabut is nfunction
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
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nd e
cosy
stem
10
9
Appendix Table 14. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Small Potongan.
Stakeholders Vegetables Cereal Crops Root Crops Fruit Trees Livestock Wildlife Bamboos Others Fauna Fauna
NGOs Plant cabbage, No attention No attention Prioritize No attention No attention No attentiononion, chayote, given given planting of fruit given given givenand squash trees to reforest
Mt. MalindangBANWA Share resources and environs
Sustainability Provide seedlingsnot assured due to membersto poor soilconditions
Environmentalsecurity assureddue to clear andwell-definedboundaries ofprotected areas
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Appendix Table 14. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Small Potongan.
Stake- Forage spp Forest Patches Fern and Bamboos Livestock Wildlifeholders Shrubs/Herbs Mosses Fauna Fauna
Local IPs Left unused due to Allowed to cut trees No attention No attention Participate in livestock, Conserve biodiversityabsence of cows, for house construction given given swine, and poultry due to existing laws;
carabaos, and horses raising well-defined demarcation of protected areas
LGUs Equity is undefined Equitable use Free choice Economically unsustainable
No sustainable use Not sustainable Sustainability is yetto be determined Biodiversity is favored
Absence of policies No complete policiesof their uses Environmental security Biodiversity is
is threatened because enhancedEnvironmental security Environmental security of absence ofis strengthened is strengthened technical knowledge
Biodiversity isBiodiversity is favored Favorable to biodiversity enhanced with
conservation their domestication
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
11
1
Appendix Table 14. Upland-Ecosystem Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Small Potongan.
Stakeholder Trees Palm/Rattan Vines/Creepers Wildlife Fauna Shrubs/Herbs Ornamentals Ferns
Local IPs Observe the policy of “no cutting of trees and kaingin” inside protected forest areas No access No sustainable use Environmental security strengthened
Some exploit those that are growing in their farms Not sustainable Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened
Undefined use Economically unsustainable Environmental security assured Biodiversity is favored
Very few and limited to birds of lowland types, snakes, insects, and arachnids Economically unsustainable Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened due to human encroachment
Only those with medicinal value were given attention for cultivation Others have no definite use Economically unsustainable Environmental security assured Biodiversity favored
No attention given
No attegiven
LGUs Observe the policy of “no cutting of trees” No access Undetermined sustainable use Empowered to implement policies Environmental security is strengthened
Not their priority No attention given
Assist in the implementation of conservation Economically unsustainable Environmental security and biodiversity enhanced
Not their priority Economically unsustainable Environmental security assured Biodiversity favored
No attention given Economically unsustainable Environmental security is threatened because of kaingin practices
No attegiven
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Appendix Table 15. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Virayan.
Stakeholders Vegetables Cereal Crops Root Crops Fruit Trees Livestock Wildlife BamboosFauna Fauna
Local IPs Not Not cultivated Plant cassava, Limited around Raise poultry, Protect wildlife These are naturally-cultivated due to gabi, sweet residential areas horses, and due to awareness grown
unfavorable potatoes, and lutia carabaos of PAMB policies/climate for cash and Most people regulations No attempt to use them
consumption plant coconut Economically for reforestationtrees unsustainable Limited to
Hardly enough for avifauna of Economically unsustain-basic needs Economically Environmental lowland type able
unsustainable security isEconomically threatened Economically Environmental securityunsustainable Environmental because no unsustainable is threatened
security is assured veterinarianEnvironmental is available Environmental Biodiversity issecurity is Increased security is threatenedthreatened biodiversity Biodiversity is threatened
increased withMonoculture is their domesti- Biodiversity isa threat to cation threathenedbiodiversity
LGUs No attention Not adoptable Plant cassava, Limited around Raise poultry, Promote Not their concernSB members given to the place gabi, sweet residential areas horses, and biodiversityABC potatoes, and lutia carabaosSK for cash and Most people Conservation
consumption plant coconut Economically program becausetrees unsustainable of existing laws
Hardly enough forbasic needs Economically Environmental
unsustainable security isEconomically threatenedunsustainable Environmental because no
security is assured veterinarianEnvironmental is availablesecurity is Increasedthreatened biodiversity Biodiversity is
increased withMonoculture is their domesti-a threat to cationbiodiversity
GOs None in this Not a No support No support No support Promote biodiversity Not their concernbarangay priority given given given conservation program
because of existinglaws by PAMB/DENR
NGOs None in thisbarangay
Particip
ato
ry ru
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ppra
isal in
the u
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3
Appendix Table 15. Upland Ecosystem-Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Virayan.
Stakeholders Forage spp Small Forest Patches and Shrubs/Herbs
Ornamentals Fern and Mosses Bamboos Livestock Fauna Wildlif
Local IPs LGUs ABC SB Council
Natural pasture areas or naturally-grown Equal access Unregulated use Lack empowerment on sustainable use Environmental security need to be evaluated Biodiversity is threatened
Allowed to cut trees around brushland areas for house construction Some are used for medicinal purposes Mostly used for fencing materials Economically unsustainable Environmental security is threatened Biodiversity is threatened
Abundant but not cultivated Economically unsustainable Environmental security is threatened because burning may occur unintentionally Biodiversity is threatened
No definite use Economically unsustainable Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened because nobody attempts to lift a finger for their care and conservation
Naturally-growing along creeks and rivers Economically unsustainable Only few hills were observed Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened
Only few have carabaos, horses, chickens, and swine Economically unsustainable Environmental security is threatened Biodiversity is threatened
Only felowlanwere o Consedue tolaws/pby DENwith spattentmonkeeagle Economunsust Envirosecuritassurewith pimplem Biodivbe enhlater
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Appendix Table 15. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Virayan.
Stakeholders Trees Palm/Rattan Vines/Creepers Wildlife Shrubs/Herbs Ornamentals Ferns/MossesFauna
Local IPs Most of them Use only No definite use Observations Only medicinal No attention No attention givensupport no those found in were limited plants are given, they just because of unknowncutting of their farm to birds cultivated grow naturally definite usenaturally- because of Economically anywheregrowing trees policy awareness unsustainable No other verte- Economically Economically
brate wildlife unsustainable Economically unsustainableNo equitable Economically Environmental was observed unsustainableuse of resources unsustainable security and Environmental Environmentally secure
biodiversity may Insects and security and Environmentally if no kaingin is doneSustainable use Environmental be threatened arachnids were biodiversity may secure if noof resources not security is because of observed be threatened kaingin is done Environmental securityyet determined threatened shifting cultivation because of is still assured if no
practices Economically shifting cultivation Biodiversity is kaingin is doneEach household Biodiversity may unsustainable practices threatenedis allowed to cut be enhanced Biodiversity may beone tree from later Environmental Biodiversity is threatened with shiftingthe brushland security and threatened cultivation practicesfor house biodiversity areconstruction threatened
LGUs Promote/ Conservation Not their Policies have Not their concern Not their concern Not their concernadvocate no is facilitated by concern been formulatedcutting of trees policies formu- by DENR/PAMBfrom protected lated for implementationareas
Particip
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the u
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Appendix Table 16. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Poblacion, Concepcion.
Stakeholders
Local IPs
Vegetables
Grow squash,chayote andonion for cashand consumption
Location of farmsare very far fromresidences
Low sustainabilitydue to poor soilconditions
Prevalence ofkaingin system/shifting cultivation
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isquestionable
Monoculturecroppingthreatensbiodiversity
Other Crops/Corn
A number plantcorn mainly forconsumption
The size of theircornfield is verylimited
Non-use ofchemicalpesticides favorsbiodiversity
Very few engagein production ofcoconut andsmall scalerubberplantation
Increasesbiodiversity
Root Crops
Many peoplegrow sweetpotatoes, gabi,cassava, andlutia for cashand consumption
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause ofshiftingcultivationpractices
Biodiversity isthreatened withkaingin practices
Fruit Trees
Few are plantedin their backyards
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity is assured
Biodiversity isfavored
LivestockFauna
Somedomesticate pigsand poultry
Some have horsesand carabaos
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause of somediseases theanimalsencounter and noveterinarian isavailable
Biodiversity isenhanced
WildlifeFauna
Only few lowlandbirds wereobserved
Some still huntfor food andpossibleadditionalincome
Veryeconomicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity is indanger
Biodiversity isthreatened
Bamboos
Naturally-growing alongriverine areas
Economicallyunsustainable
Due to kainginpractices,environmentalsecurity is neverassured
Biodiversity isthreatened
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Forage spp
Untended andnaturally-growing
Shared by residents
Not managed properly
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened
Biodiversity isthreatened with thepeople’s dependenceon naturally-growingforage
Untended andnaturally-growing
Shared by residents
Not managed properly
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened
Biodiversity isthreatened with thepeople’s dependenceon naturally-growingforage
Shrubs/Herbs
Only those withmedicinal value arecultivated
Gathered asfirewood
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause ofkaingin practices
Biodiversity isthreatened
Only those withmedicinal valueare cultivated
Gathered asfirewood
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause ofkaingin practices
Biodiversity isthreatened
Fern/Mosses
No definite use
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened dueto kainginpractices
Biodiversity isthreatened
No definite use
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened dueto kainginpractices
Biodiversity isthreatened
Bamboos
Naturally-growingin the riverineareas
Only few wereobserved
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened
Biodiversity isthreatened
Naturally-growingin the riverineareas
Only few wereobserved
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened
Biodiversity isthreatened
Livestock Fauna
Few domesticatepoultry and swine,horse, goat, andcarabao
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened
Biodiversity isthreatened bydiseases
Few domesticatepoultry, swine,horse, goat, andcarabao
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened
Biodiversity isthreatened bydiseases
Wildlife Fauna
Very limited to birdsof lowland type
Some insects,arachnids,millipede, andsnails wereobserved
No policies in thisregard
Biodiversity is verymuch threatened
Very limited tobirds of lowlandtype
Some insects,arachnids,millipede, andsnails wereobserved
No policies in thisregard
Biodiversity isvery muchthreatened
Appendix Table 16. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Poblacion, Concepcion.
Stakeholders
Local IPs
LGUsGOsLGUsBANWATRICAP
Particip
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isal in
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11
7
Vegetables
Unattended
Equity undefined
98% Subanonstewardship-landtenure
Some plantsquash,chayote, gabi,and camote forcash andconsumption
Sustainability islow since thearea is almostbarren becauseof poor soilcondition
Noenvironmentalsecurity
Cereal Crops
Grow corn andrice but farmlotsare situated farfrom residences
Economicallyunsustainable
Few plant uplandrice and corn forconsumptiononly
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity isdecreased withmonoculturecroppingpractices
Noenvironmentalsecurity
Root Crops
Grow root cropsthat can hardlysupport the needsof the family
Economicallyunsustainable
More plant rootcrops for cash andconsumption
Hardly enough forsubsistence,therefore, it iseconomicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity arethreatened
Fruit Trees
Seldom seen onresidences andeven in farmlots
Not attending tothe need forvaried fruits
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity isthreatened
LivestockFauna
Few raisechicken and swine
Others tendhorses
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened
Only few tendpoultry, swine,horses, andgoats
Economicallyunsustainable
Adds tobiodiversity
WildlifeFauna
Presence oflowland birds
Diversity is verylow since UpperPotongan hasclustered houses– a remnant ofloggingconcession areawhich operated in1950s to 1970s
Some still huntfor food andadditionalincome
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity isthreatened
Bamboos
Not observed
Not their priorityresource
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity isthreatened
Stakeholders
Local IPs
LGUs
Appendix Table 17. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Upper Potongan, Concepcion.
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Livestock Fauna
Few raise ruminants likehorses, goats, etc.
Economically unsustainable
Adds to biodiversity
Environmental security isthreatened
Appendix Table 17. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Upper Potongan, Concepcion.
Stakeholders
Local IPs
LGUs
Forage spp
Unattended
Shrubs/Herbs
Unattended
Fern/Mosses
Unattended
Bamboos
Not observed
Wildlife Fauna
Very few were observed exceptlowland birds which werefrequently sighted in the area
Economically unsustainable
Biodiversity is highly threatenedby human settlements
Planted Trees
They are notconcerned
Palm/Rattan
They are notconcerned
Vines
They are notconcerned
Wildlife Fauna
Some still hunt forfood andadditional income
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity ishighly threatened
Environmentalsecurity isimpossible
Shrubs/Herbs
Undefined use asidefrom some whichhave medicinalvalue
Economicallyunsustainable
Shifting cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity
Ornamentals
Unattended
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmental securityand biodiversity areuncertain
Ferns/Mosses
Undefined use
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity aresomehow certain ifno kaingin is done
Stakeholders
Local IPs
LGUs
Appendix Table 17. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Upper Potongan, Concepcion.
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
11
9
Vegetables
Not cultivatedbecause ofunfavorable soil
Not cultivated
Cereal Crops
Plant corn asstaple food
Equallydistributedamong the localpeople
Empowermentrests on thefathers butdecisions arelikewiseinfluenced by themothers
Sustainabilityassured due topresence ofpermanent cropslike coconuts
Root Crops
Plant root cropssuch as camote,gabi, cassava, andlutia for cash andconsumption
Economicallyunsustainable
Monoculturepractice is a threatto biodiversity
Fruit Trees
Coconut palms areplenty but bearlimited fruits
Jackfruit,lanzones, andmangosteen areplanted aroundresidents’backyard andalong theprovincial/barangay road
Sustainabilityassured due topresence ofpermanent cropslike coconuts
Moreenvironmentalsecurity due topresence ofpermanent crops
Livestock Fauna
Raise pigs,chickens, andgoats
Economicallyunsustainable
Increasesbiodiversity
Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause properprotection frominfestation is nil
Not givenemphasis
Wildlife Fauna
Less due tocloser humansettlements andare limited toavifauna whichis characteristicof the lowland
Biodiversity ishighlythreatened dueto humanhabitation inthe area
Lesserbiodiversity dueto nearbyhumansettlements
Less emphasison policies/lawsgoverningprotected areas
Bamboos
Few hills areobserved alongthe riverine areas
Economicallyunsustainable
Contributes tobiodiversityincrease
Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause nomanagement isapparent
Not givenattention
Not their concern
Appendix Table 18. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Upper Salimpuno, Concepcion.
Stakeholders
Local IPs
LGUs
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Appendix Table 18. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Upper Salimpuno.
Forage spp
Utilized as pasturelands fordomesticatedanimals
Economicallyunsustainablebecause peopledepend onnaturally-growingspecies
Environmentalsecurity is veryuncertain
Biodiversity isthreatened
Shrubs/Herbs
Patches are cutand sold asfirewood
Some are usedfor herbalmedication
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity isthreatened if noreplenishment willbe done
Ferns/Mosses
Unattendedbecause people donot find themuseful
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity is high
Bamboos
Some are planted nearthe creeks to minimizesoil erosion
Only few hills arefound
Economicallyunsustainable
Adds to biodiversity
Livestock Fauna
Horses, cattles,carabaos, and poultry
Economicallyunsustainable
Increases biodiversity
Wildlife Fauna
Less biodiversity
Not given attention
Economicallyunsustainable
Diversity is limited toavifauna of lowlandtype
Stakeholders
Local IPs
LGUs
Planted Trees
Some participate in tree plantingalong cultivated land boundaries
Economic sustainability needs tobe evaluated
Lack empowerment in plantingtrees
Environmental security isuncertain
Promote DENR policies onplanting
No established policies onequitable use of lands
Lack empowerment in treeplanting
Environmental security isuncertain
Palm/Rattan
NA
NA
Wildlife Fauna
NA
No pronouncedinsect pestscomplaint byfarmers
NA
Vines/Creepers
NA
NA
Shrubs/Herbs
NA
NA
Ornamentals
NA
No attentiongiven
Ferns/Mosses
NA
No attentiongiven
Undefined use
Highly diverse
Appendix Table 18. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Upper Salimpuno, Concepcion.
Stakeholders
Local IPs
LGUs
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
12
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Vegetables
Some participatein the growing oftomatoes, onion,and cabbage
Everybody’s optionto plantvegetables
Respect thedecision offarmers
Enough to sustainpoor way of life
Economicallyunsustainable
NA
NA
Corn
Someparticipate inthe growing oftomatoes,onion, andcabbage
Everybody’soption to plantvegetables
Respect thedecision offarmers
Enough tosustain poorway of life
Economicallyunsustainable
NA
NA
Root Crops
Someparticipate in thegrowing oftomatoes, onion,and cabbage
Everybody’soption to plantvegetables
Respect thedecision offarmers
Enough to sustainpoor way of life
Economicallyunsustainable
NA
NA
Fruit Trees
Someparticipate in thegrowing oftomatoes, onion,and cabbage
Everybody’soption to plantvegetables
Respect thedecision offarmers
Enough to sustainpoor way of life
Economicallyunsustainable
Participate in thepromotion ofagroforesttechnology bydistributingseedlings tofarmers as loanto members ofCooperative
Promoters ofagroforestconservation andmanagement
Livestock Farm
Some participatein the growing oftomatoes, onion,and cabbage
Everybody’s optionto plant vegetables
Respect the decisionof farmers
Enough to sustainpoor way of life
Economicallyunsustainable
NA
NA
Wildlife Fauna/ Flora
Not collectedbecause ofawareness onwildlifeconservation andmanagement
Economicallyunsustainable
Advocates ofenvironmentalsecurity
Biodiversityconservation andmanagement
NA
Contribute towildlifeconservation andmanagement
Bamboos
Very fewplantbamboos
Economicallyunsustainable
Minimize soilerosion
Contribute tobiodiversityincrease
NA
NA
Appendix Table 19. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Lampasan, Don Victoriano.
Stakeholders
SangguniangBayan
BarangayCouncil
ABC
SK
RRMP-ENR-SECAL
PAMBCluster PAMBBANWALEAFDSWD-SEAK
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Appendix Table 19. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Lampasan.
Stakeholders
SangguniangBayan
BarangayCouncil
ABC
SK
Forage spp
Naturally-grownand used forlivestock grazingand pasture
Not properlymanaged
Everybody has thefreedom to utilizethem
Not economicallysustainable
Biodiversity isthreatened
Shrubs/Herbs
Naturally-grown andsome areused forherbalmedicine
No effort formanagementandconservationwas observed
Noteconomicallysustainable
Biodiversity isendangeredbecause ofland use
No assuranceof ecologicalsecurity
Fern/Mosses
Use is not knownto many
Naturally-grown
Some werecultivated
Economicallyunsustainable
Highly contributeto biodiversity
Bamboos
Naturally-grown
No attempt tomanage thisresource
Noteconomicallysustainable
Increasebiodiversity inthe area
LivestockFauna
Some areinvolved inpoultry andswine raising
Not properlymanaged
Economicallyunsustainable
Contribute toincrease inbiodiversity
Wildlife Fauna
Protect wildlifeby formulatingpolicies
NA
Economicallyunsustainable
Enhancedbiodiversityconservation andmanagement
Wildlife Flora
Protect wildlifeby formulatingpolicies
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity isenhanced
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
12
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Appendix Table 19. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Lampasan.
Stakeholders
SangguniangBayan
BarangayCouncil
ABC
SK
RRMP-ENR-SECAL
LEAF
Trees
Initiated treeplanting activity
They have a commonchoice of tree to beplanted
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity is enhanced
Contribute tobiodiversityenhancement
Initiates treeplanting
Implements treeplanting through theguidance and helpfrom RRMP-ENR-SECAL
Palm/Rattan
Not concerned
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity arethreatened oftheir non-concern
Not theirconcern
Not theirpriority
Species forplanting
Vines/Creepers
Unknowneconomic use
Economicallyunsustainable
Highly diverse
NA
NA
Wildlife Fauna
Protect wildlifeby policiesformulated
Economicallyunsustainable
Ecologicalsecurity andbiodiversity areuncertain
NA
NA
Wildlife Flora
Not their concern
Some species arehighly recommendedfor ex situcultivation
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity isuncertain
NA
Not their priorityspecies
Shrubs/Herbs
Some are usedin herbalmedicine
Economicallyunsustainable
Highly diverse
NA
Not theirpriority species
Ferns/Mosses
Undefined use
Economicallyunsustainable
Highly diverse
NA
NA
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Appendix Table 20. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Tuno, Don Victoriano.
Vegetables
Some participatein the productionof cabbage,onion andtomatoes
Sale of producemay not beenough to meetthe needs of thefamily especiallywhen they arecheap
Economicallyunsustainable
Monoculture, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures, andapplication ofchemicalsthreaten theirenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity
NA
Stakeholders
LGUs
SangguniangBayan
BarangayCouncil
ABC
SK
DA
DSWD
Piniling Nasud
RRMP-ENR-SECAL
NGOs
BANWA
Cereal Crops
Few participate inplanting rice andcorn mainly forconsumption (notethe presence ofcorn mill here)
Produce cannotsustain them untilthe next harvestperiod
Economicallyunsustainable
The use ofchemicals forpests, mildews,rusts, andinorganic fertilizersthreaten theirenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity
NA
Root Crops
Most of themembersparticipate inplanting camote,cassava, gabi,and lutia both forcash andconsumption
Sale of produceare not enough tomeet the needs ofthe family
Economicallyunsustainable
Monocultureenhances soilinfertility
Environmentalsecurity is notassured
Biodiversity is notfavored
NA
Fruit Trees
Some participatein planting fruittrees likejackfruit, andmango, in thebackyards
Offer incentive inplanting highvalue fruit trees(i.e., durian) byproviding peoplewith necessaryseedlings
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity is still tobe scrutinized
Biodiversity isenhanced withthe planting ofdifferent varietiesof fruit trees
Encourage fruittree planting toreforest someareas
Free seedlings aregiven toparticipatingmembers
Economicsustainability stillto be determined
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity willbe enhanced
Livestock Farm
Many membersraise swine,poultry, carabaos,horses, and goats
Livestock such asgoat is issued tomembers of theRIC as a way ofletting womenaugment theincome of thefamily
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity is yet tobe determined
Biodiversity isenhanced
NA
Wildlife Fauna
All residentsparticipate inthe conservationof wildlife fauna
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity areaffectednegatively
Promote wildlifeconservation byprovidingniches of theseanimals throughtreereforestationacivities
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity canbe enhanced
Bamboos
Most are naturally-growing along theriverbanks whichminimizes soilerosion
Very few plantbamboos
Economicallyunsustainable
Increasesbiodiversity
NA
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
12
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Appendix Table 20. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Tuno, Don Victoriano.
Forage spp
Naturally-grown fordomesticated grazers
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmental securityand biodiversity arenot favorable
Not their concern
Stakeholders
LGUsSangguniangBayanBarangayCouncilABCSK
GOsDADSWD
Shrubs/Herbs
Only those withmedicinal value arecultivated, others aretaken for granted
Environmental securityand biodiversity areassured and favoredbecause of non-exploitation
NA
Ferns/Mosses
Undefined economicuse
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmental securityand biodiversity areassured and favoredbecause of non-exploitation
NA
Bamboos
Few may be located nearthe riverbanks
Economically unsustainable
Environmental security andbiodiversity are threatenedbecause no attention isgiven for its conservationand cultivation
NA
Wildlife Fauna
Very few and limited toavifauna
Human habitation and over-exploitation of the habitatreduce their population
Policies formulated andimplemented by LGUs promotetheir biodiversity andenvironmental security
Prioritize livestock breedingand distribution to women toaugment the income of thefamily
Environmental security andbiodiversity are assured
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Trees
Formulated policiesregarding non-cutting oftrees and no kaingin inprotected areas
Encourage planting offruit trees by providinga nursery in themunicipality
Economic sustainabilityis questionable
Environmental securityand biodiversity arefacilitated
Strict implementation ofpolicies, rules andregulations in terms ofcutting trees is alwaysmonitored
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmental securityneed to be assessedespecially for introducedspecies
Biodiversity is favored
Encourage treeplanting by giving outseedlings
Economicalyunsustainable
Environmental securityis threatened with thealien species
Biodiversity is favored
Stakeholders
LGUs
PAMB
NGOsBANWA
Appendix Table 20. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Tuno, Don Victoriano.
Palm/Rattan
Not their priority
Only few are presentin their respectivehabitat
Economicsustainability isquestionable
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity arethreatened
As applied amongtrees
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity areenhanced
Not their majorconcern to use in thereforestation activities
Shrubs/Herbs
Only those withmedicinal valuesare cultivated;others have nodefinite use
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity can beassured
NA
NA
Ferns/Mosses
No definite use isindicated
Economicallyunsustainable
Biological diversity isenhanced
Environmentalsecurity cannot beassured
NA
NA
Ornamentals
Many cultivatesome anthuriumsand orchids
Economicallyunstable
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity areenhanced
NA
NA
Wildlife Fauna
Recent policyformulations favorwildlife conservation
Only few and arelimited to avifauna
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity are assured
Implements wildlifeconservation policies
Favors biodiversityand environmentalsecurity
Wildlife conservationis facilitated
Biodiversity isenhanced
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
12
7
Appendix Table 21. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Lalud, Don Victoriano.
Vegetables
Some people growonions, tomatoes,and cabbage
They have farmswith an averagesize of 1 ha
Not sustainable dueto poor soilcondition
Lack technicalknowledge on cropgrowing
Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures andapplication ofchemical
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity arethreatened
Almost allmembers growonions, tomatoes,and cabbage
Not sustainable dueto poor soilcondition
There is noenvironmentalsecurity
Cereal Crops
Few membersgrow rice andcorn forconsumptiononly
Only small areais suitable torice and corn
Usuallyharvested in 4to 5 monthsafter sowing
Terrain and soilare unfavorablefor theirsustainability
Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity arethreatened byuse of inorganicfertilizers andchemicalpesticides
Almost allmembers growonions,tomatoes, andcabbage
Not sustainabledue to poor soilcondition
There is noenvironmentalsecurity
Root Crops
Many membersgrow sweet potato,gabi, lutia, andkanaka for cashand consumption
Farmer’s choice
Sale of producecan hardly meetthe needs of thefamily, hence,people do“manungha” foradditional income
Lack knowledge onSALT
Monoculture andnon-application ofsoil and waterconservationmeasures depletesoil nutrients andfacilitate soilerosion
Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity arethreatened
Almost allmembers growonions, tomatoes,and cabbage
Not sustainabledue to poor soilcondition
There is noenvironmentalsecurity
Fruit Trees
Some membersplant fruit treesin theirbackyards
Farmer’s choice
Economicallyunsustainable
No promotion ofthis resourcecontributes tobiodiversityconservationandenvironmentalsecurity
Provideincentive bysupplyingseedlings fromthe nurseryestablished
Financialassistance andguidance areprovided by thecooperativeestablished
Livestock Fauna
Many membersraise chickens,pigs, goats,horses, andcarabaos
Economicallyunsustainable
Free choice
Lack supportmechanism forlivestock raising
Contribute less tobiodiversity, thusenvironmentalsecurity isuncertain
Many membersraise chickens,pigs, goats,horses, andcarabaos
Economicallyunsustainable
Contribute lessto biodiversity,thusenvironmentalsecurity isuncertain
Wildlife Flora/Fauna
Some collectand sell birdsto augmenttheir income,which is a bigthreat tobiodiversity
Discreetly donethus no equity
Economicallyunsustainable
Someundermine thelaw
No assurance ofenvironmentalsecurity
Protect wildlifeby policyformulations
Everybody iscovered by thepolicy
Ornamentals
Some membersgrow ornamentalplants likeanthuriums andorchids as ahobby
No propermanagement isbeing observedbecause they aremainly for homeuse
Economicallyunsustainable
Contribute tobiodiversity
Gardening can bea goodopportunity foralternative sourceof income which isnot forest-based
Not their concern
Not their concern
Stakeholders
Piniling Nasud
Localindigenouspeople
LGUsSanguniangBayanBarangayCouncilABCSKGOsDADSWD-SEAK
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Appendix Table 21. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Lalud, Don Victoriano continued...
Stakeholders
LGUsSanguniangBayanBarangay CouncilABCSKGOsDADSWD-SEAKNGOs (BANWA)TRICAP
Vegetables
Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures, andapplication ofchemicals threatenenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity
Cereal Crops
Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures, andapplication ofchemicalsthreatenenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity
Root Crops
Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures, andapplication ofchemicals threatenenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity
Fruit Trees
Equitabledistribution ofplanting stock
Sustainable useis expected
Livestock Fauna Wildlife Flora/ Fauna
Not theirconcern
Ornamentals
No attentiongiven
Appendix Table 21. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Lalud, Don Victoriano.
Forage spp
Dependence onnaturally-growing foragefor theiranimals
No equity
Unsustainableuse
Unaware ofproper foragemanagement
No assurance ofenvironmentalsecurity
Not their areaof concern
Stakeholders
Localindigenouspeople
Piniling Nasud
LGUsGOsNGOs
Shrubs/Herbs
Some naturally-grown are usedin herbalmedicine
Free choice
Economicallyunsustainable
Lack supportand incentives
Clean cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity
Not their areaof concern
Ferns/Mosses
No definite use
Equityundefined
Economicallyunsustainable
Due to shiftingcultivationpractices, theseresources areenvironmentallythreatened
Not givenattention
Bamboos
Few participatein planting
No equity
Few hills helpminimize soilerosion
Lackpromotionaleffort
Unsustainable
Noenvironmentalsecurity
Livestock Fauna
Few tend swine,goat, andchicken
Free choice
Lack technicalknowledge onlivestock raising
Unsustainable
No environmentalsecurity
Wildlife Fauna
Limited to avifaunawhich is acharacteristic ofthe lowland
Some IPs collectfor trading
Equity is notdefined
Economicallyunsustainable
No properimplementation oflaws
No environmentalsecurity
Wildlife Flora
Very few due tohuman habitation
Equity undefined
No sustainability
No environmentalsecurity
Lack awarenesscampaign
No environmentalsecurity
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
12
9
Appendix Table 21. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Lalud, Don Victoriano.
Trees
Some participate inplanting
Introduce species
Equity is not clearlydefined
Sustainability of fewplanted trees needsto be assessed
Not empowered toreforest someareas
Environmentalsecurity is uncertain
Encourage localpeople to reforesttheir areas
Policies formulatedfor implementationinvolve non-cuttingof trees
DA providesseedlings forreforestation
DA providestechnical support
Their main concernis to reforest manyareas
Give incentives bygiving out seedlingsfor planting
Vines/Creepers
Undefined use
Economicallyunsustainable
Shifting cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity
Biodiversity isenhanced becauseof no defined use
Not their concern
Economicallyunsustainable
Uninformed of itsuses
Shifting cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity
Wildlife Fauna
Promote conservation byrefraining from huntingactivities
Very few left and limited toavifauna of lowland species
More insects of pest potentialwere observed
Fully empowered to protectthem
Biodiversity may be restoredin shorter period
Some collect for trading toaugment their income but areencouraged by the LGUs toprotect them
Lack observation of laws
Economically unsustainable
Biodiversity andenvironmental security arethreatened
Encourage locals to protectwildlife by giving financialincentives/awards for beingable to point the location oftheir nests
Some areas are closed tohunting
Economic sustainability is notpossible
Partially empowered toprotect wildlife
Spearheaded theconservation of wildlife
Inequitable use
Economically unsustainable
Shrubs/Herbs
Not their concernexcept for somewith medicinalvalues
Equity issue notaddressed
Economicallyunsustainable
Shifting cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity
Some membersuse them formedicinal purposes
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity arethreatened
No attention given
Economicallyunsustainable
Enhancedbiodiversity
No attention given
Ornamentals
No attentiongiven
Equity issue notaddressed
Economicallyunsustainable
Shiftingcultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity
Few arecultivated inbackyards foraesthetic valueonly
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity arethreatened
No attentiongiven
Economicallyunsustainable
Enhancedbiodiversity
No attentiongiven
Ferns/Mosses
Not given attentionbecause their use isundiscovered
Equity issue notaddressed
Economicallyunsustainable
Shifting cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity
No defined use
Equity issue is notaddressed
Economicallyunsustainable
Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity arethreatened
No attention given
Economicallyunsustainable
Enhancedbiodiversity
No attention given
Stakeholders
PinilingNasud
Localindigenouspeople
LGUsGOs
NGOs
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Appendix Table 22. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Mansawan, Don Victoriano.
Vegetables
All membersparticipate ingrowing onions,cabbage,chayote, andpechay
The size of thefarm is limited tothe family’scapacity. Eachhousehold hasequal access to theland/grassland
Both husband andwife have equalrole in decision-making as to whatvegetable to plant
Both are unawareof integrated pestmanagement
Hardly enough tosustain themeconomically
Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasuresendangerbiodiversity
Reliance oninorganic fertilizersand chemicals arethreats tobiodiversityconservation
Corn
Few membersplant corn as itis not adoptableto the climaticcondition
The size of thefarm is limited
Both husbandand wife share indecision-makingbut lacktechnical know-how
Not enough forconsumption
Reliance oninorganicfertilizers is athreat tobiodiversityconservation
Root Crops
All members growgabi, camote,lutia, andcassava
The size of thefarm is limiteddepending on thecapacity of thehousehold
Both husband andwife share indecision-making
They lack thetechnical know-how on SALT
Just enough forcash andconsumptionneeds
Absence of soiland waterconservationmeasuresthreatenbiodiversityconservation andenvironmentalsecurity
Fruit Trees
Only few membersgrow fruit trees
The number oftrees are few
Both husband andwife share indecision-makingbut lack thecapability to growand manage fruittrees
Insufficient forcash andconsumption needs
Lack impetus toplant fruit trees;this is notcontributing tobiodiversityconservation
Livestock Fauna
Very few tendpigs, poultry,and horses
The number isnot sufficient
Both husbandand wife share indecision-makingbut lack thetechnology inraising livestock
Their number isnot enough foreconomicsustainability
Less efforts forlivestock raisingdoes notcontribute tobiodiversityconservation
Wildlife Fauna
All members donot kill anywildlife
Mandated toprotect wildlife
Highlysustainable topractice wildlifeconservation
Such practiceensuresenvironmentalsecurity
Some membershunt for wildlifeand participatein conservation
“No use” policynot equitable
Mandated toprotect wildlife
Bamboos
Few are involvedin plantingbamboos
The number ofhills are verylimited and notsufficient
Unaware of theirimportance
Hardly enoughfor their use;unsustainable
Less emphasis onbamboo plantingthreatensenvironmentalsecurity
Someparticipate inplanting giantbamboos
No equitable useof bamboos
Urged tocampaign forplantingbamboos
Sustainability isthe target
Promote theattainment ofenvironmentalsecurity
Stakeholders
PinilingNasud
LGUs
BarangayCouncil
SangguniangBayan
SK
GOs
RuralImprovementClub (RIC)
DSWD/SEAK
RRMP-SECAL
PAMB
NGOs
BANWA
TRICAPLEAF
LocalFarmers’Association
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
13
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Appendix Table 22. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Mansawan, Don Victoriano.
Stakeholders
PinilingNasud
LGUs
Forage spp
Dependent onnaturally-growingforage spp fortheir livestockconsumption
First-come-first-use basis
No controlmechanism
No scheme ofsustainability ofuse
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened
Fern and Mosses
No attention given
No equity of use
Shifting cultivationis tolerated,resulting todestruction ofspecies
No controlmechanism
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened,biodiversityresources are low
Bamboos
Few plantbamboos
No equity in theuse of species
Sustainability isuncertain
No regulatorymechanism
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened buttheir presencealong creeksminimizes soilerosion
Most of themraise horses
Individuals’choice
No regulatorymeasures
Lack know-howin horsemanagement
Environmentalsecurity is atstake
Wildlife Fauna
No concern inbirds and insectconservation
Undefinedequity of use
No establishedpolicies/schemes
Sustainability isuncertain
Environmentalsecurity isunder question
Remain unusedby everybody
Open access forbioprospecting
No regulatorypolicies
Not economicallysustainable
Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened
Shrubs/Herbs
Dependent onnaturally-growingforage spp fortheir livestockconsumption
First-come-first-use basis
No controlmechanism
No scheme ofsustainability ofuse
Environmentalsecurity isthreatened
Ornamental PlantsLivestock Fauna
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Trees
All membersobserve non-cutting of trees
No utilization oftree and equityis sacrificed
Not economicallysustainablebecause they arenot being used
Each household isempowered toprohibit membersfrom cutting trees
Environmentalsecurity assured
Appendix Table 22. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Mansawan, Don Victoriano.
Palm/Rattan
All membersobserve non-cutting of treestherebyconservingpalms andrattans for thefuturegenerations
Equity of use issacrificed
Not economicallysustainablebecause they arenot being used
Environmentallysecure, therebycontributing toincrease inbiodiversity ofresources
Vines/Creepers
Members do notuse these resources
Equity undefined
Empowered toimplement the“no use” policy
Environmentallysecure, therebycontributing toincrease inbiodiversity ofresources
Shrubs/Herbs
Members participatein growing medicinalherbs
Equal access toresources
Economicallysustainable, manymembers rely onherbal plants formedication
Encourage plantingof medicinal plants
Planting practicesincrease biodiversityconservation
Ornamentals
Members do notuse them
Equity isundefined
Not economicallysustainablebecause membersdo not use them
Environmentalsecurity isassured andthereforecontributing tobiodiversityconservation
Wildlife Fauna
Members do not killanimals because ofreligious beliefs
Equity is undefined
Economicallyunsustainable
Members prohibitcollection of wildlife
Members contributeto environmentalsecurity therebyincreasingbiodiversityconservation
Ferns/Mosses
Members do notuse them
Equity of use isundefined
Not economicallysustainable
Memberscontribute toenvironmentalsecurity therebyincreasingbiodiversity inthe ecosystem
Stakeholders
PinilingNasud
PAMB
LGUs
GOs
NGOs
RIC
DSWD
RRMP-SECAL
PAMB
Particip
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Appendix Table 23. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Gandawan, Don Victoriano.
Vegetables
Members engagein vegetableproduction(onions, cabbage,chayote, andpechay)
The size of thefarm is limited tothe family’scapacity; there isequal sharing
Both husband andwife have equalparticipation indecision-making- as whatvegetable toplant; lack know-how on IPM
Hardly enough tosustain themeconomically
Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures, andreliance oninorganicfertilizers andchemicals arethreats tobiodiversity
Corn
Very fewmembers plantcorn due toclimatic conditionandenvironmentallimitations
The size of thefarm is small,depending onone’s capability
Both husband andwife share indecision-makingbut lacktechnology in landpreparation
Not enough forconsumption
Reliance oninorganicfertilizers is athreat tobiodiversityconservation
Root Crops
Most membersplant sweetpotatoes,cassava, andother root crops
The size of thefarm is dependenton one’s capability
Both husband andwife share indecision-makingbut need sometechnology in foodprocessing andpost harvest
Just enough forcash andconsumptionneeds
Monoculture is athreat toenvironmentalsecurity
Fruit Trees
Severalmembers growfruit treesaround theirbackyards
The number oftrees are few
Both husbandand wife share indecision-making
Hardly enoughfor cash andconsumptionneeds
Planting somefruit treesincreases floraldiversity
Most membersdomesticatepoultry andswine
The number isnot sufficient
Both husbandand wife sharein decision-making butlack knowledgein raisinglivestock
Their numberis not enoughto sustain themeconomically
Tendingdomesticatedanimalsincreases faunaldiversity
Wildlife Fauna
Conserve faunaincluding Aphiscerana in their ownhouses
The numbers arelimited to avifauna,insects, arachnids,leeches, frogs,and toads
Covered by lawprohibiting its uses
Economicallyunstable
Environmentalsecurity isascertained
Bamboos
Few membershave bamboos intheir areas
The number ofhills are verylimited; not anequitable size
No policy forgrowing bamboos
Hardly enoughfor their use
Promotion ofbamboo growingincreasesbiodiversityconservation
Stakeholders
PinilingNasud
Localindigenouspeople
LGUs
Barangaymembers
ABC
SK
GOs
PAMB cluster
NGOs
BANWA
TRICAP
Livestock Fauna
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Forage spp
Utilizeuncultivatedforage spp foranimals
First-come-first-use basis
No specificpolicy
No sustainableuse
Environmentalsecurity isuncertain
Do not exerteffort inmanagingovergrazedlands
No equitableuse
Appendix Table 23. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Gandawan.
Stakeholders
Piniling Nasud
LGUs
GOs
Localindigenouspeople
Shrubs/Herbsand Abaca
Some shrubsand herbs areused asmedicines forcuring variousailments
“Free for all”
Sustainability ofuse is uncertain
Environmentalsecurity isuncertain
Sustainability ofuse is uncertain
Environmentalsecurity isuncertain
Some plantabaca andproduce fiberfor sale and useshrubs andherbs as curingailments
Fern andMosses
Non-utilization offerns andmosses
Equity does notapply
Unaware of theiruses
Sustainability ofthe resource isundefined
Environmentalsecurity/conservation isuncertain
Bamboos
Few plantbamboos; wildor climbingbamboos arestill present butunattended
Equity of usenot defined
Environmentalsecurity/conservation isuncertain
Sustainabilitynot assured
Livestock Fauna
Most membersown horses,chickens, andpigs
“Free choice”based on instinct
Lack know-howin raisinglivestock
Sustainability isuncertain
Environmentalsecurity is notassured
Wildlife Fauna
Do not disturbwildlife basedon religiousbeliefs
Equity doesnot apply
Knowledgeableaboutconservation
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isassured
Ornamentals
Not attended
No equity
No knowledge
Sustainabilityis uncertain
Environmentalsecurity is notassured
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Appendix Table 23. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Gandawan, Don Victoriano.
Trees
All membersobserve non-cutting of trees
All membersshare the viewthat trees shouldbe preserved forfuture generationsbeing the giftfrom God
Each householdhead isempowered torestrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees
May not beeconomicallysustainable
Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened
Palm/Rattan
All membersobserve non-cutting oftrees
All membersshare the viewthat treesshould bepreserved forfuturegenerationsbeing the giftfrom God
Each householdhead isempowered torestrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees
May not beeconomicallysustainable
Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened
Shrubs/Herbs
Some use themfor medicinalpurposes
Free access
Equity isuncertain
Lack know-howin conservingthem
Sustainability isundefined
Environmentalsecurity isuncertain
Ornamentals
Remainunutilized
Not takenadvantagedof
Equity isundefined
Unaware ofthe potentialof theseresources
No economicsustainability
Environmentalsecurity isassured
Ferns/Mosses
Remain unused
No equitable use
No policy on theuse of theseresources
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isassured
Stakeholder
Piniling Nasud
LGUs
GOs
PAMB
Localindigenouspeople
All membersobserve non-cutting oftrees
All membersshare the viewthat treesshould bepreserved forfuturegenerationsbeing the giftfrom God
Eachhouseholdhead isempowered torestrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees
May not beeconomicallysustainable
Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened
Wildlife Fauna
All membersobserve non-cutting oftrees
All membersshare the viewthat treesshould bepreserved forfuturegenerationsbeing the giftfrom God
Each householdhead isempowered torestrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees
May not beeconomicallysustainable
Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened
Vines/Creepers
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Appendix Table 24. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Lake Duminagat, Don Victoriano.
Vegetables
Engage invegetable productionwhich includecabbage, onion,and chayote
Free choice
Sale of produce isinsufficient inmeeting the basicneeds of the family
Insufficienttechnical know-how
Use of insecticidesthreatensenvironmentalsecurity
Corn
Not cultivateddue to longrainy months
Root Crops
Grow sweetpotato togetherwith gabi andcassava
No other choice
Barely enoughto sustain foodneeds
Indigenousknowledge ismaintained
Continuousgrowing of thesame cropsdepletes soilnutrient
Livestock Fauna
Raise ducks,chickens, andpigs
Free choice
Sustainabilityis uncertain
Lack technicalknowledge onlivestockraising
Promotefaunaldiversity
Wildlife Fauna
Promote wildlifefaunaconservation
No economicequity
Sustainablebiodiversity
Religiousmandate
Bamboos
Few plant giantbamboos
Free choice
Not sustainable
Lack promotionon this resource
Contribution toenvironmentalsecurity is nil
Fruit Tress
Notcultivated
Stakeholder
Piniling Nasud
LGUs
Localindigenouspeople
Particip
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ry ru
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Appendix Table 24. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Lake Duminagat.
Forage spp
Utilize forage forpasture; othersplant forage forhorses
First-come-first-use basis
No policy for itsuse
Assurance ofsustainability andenvironmentalsecurity may betrue for a shorttime but manyyears after,withoutreplenishment, itcan endangersustainability andenvironmentalsecurity. This willlead to threatenedbiodiversity
Stakeholder
Piniling Nasud
LGUs
Localindigenouspeople
GOs
NGOs
Shrubs/Herbs
Some are usedfor medicinalpurposes
Presence ofabaca which is asource of fiber(as an additionalsource of income)
Resources sharedby all
No policy forproper use
Environmentalsecurity isassured
Fern/Mosses/Ornamentals
Unutilized for notknowing theirpotentials
Abundance offerns, mosses, andother ornamentalplants
Equity is undefined
Economicallyunsustainable;unutilized
Environmentalsecurity is assured
Bamboos
Naturally-growing in theforest;unattended
Not gainfully used
No policy forsustainable use
People do notmaximize theiruse due to lack ofinnovativeness
Environmentalsecurity isassured
Livestock Fauna
Raise chickens,pigs, and horsesfor hired“karyada”,homeconsumption,and selling
Depend onone’s decision toraise livestock
Lack technicalknowledge onlivestock raising
Unsustainableway of raisinglivestocks
Income earnedfrom “karyada”is hardly enoughto maintaineconomicsustainability
Environmentalsecurity isassured
Wildlife Fauna/Flora
All members do notuse these wildlifefauna
Local IPs collectbirds and nativeorchids for housedecors and foradditional income
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity is threatened
Biodiversity is highlythreatened
Piniling Nasudmembers areadvocates ofassured biodiversitybecause of theirbeliefs
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Appendix Table 24. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Lake Duminagat.
Trees
All membersobserve non-cutting of trees
All members sharethe view that treesshould bepreserved forfuture generationsbeing the gift fromGod
Each householdhead is empoweredto restrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees
Not economicallysustainable
Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened
Policies formulatedfor implementationby PAMB arenecessary forbiodiversityconservation andmanagement
Palm/Rattan
All members donot cut them toconserve forfuturegenerationsbecause theseare gifts fromGod and mustnot be abused
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isassured
Favorable tobiodiversityconservation
Policiesformulated forimplementationcan secure itscontribution tobiodiversityconservation
Vines/Creepers
Their economicuses are notwidely known
Ecologicallyimportant tominimize soilerosion
Economicallyunsustainable
Contribute tohigh biodiversityin the area
Environmentalsecurity isassured
Biodiversity isconserved
Mainly left togrow forecological reasons
Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity areassured
Wildlife Fauna
All membersobserve non-cutting of trees
All membersshare the viewthat trees shouldbe preserved forfuture generationsbeing the giftfrom God
Each householdhead isempowered torestrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees
May not beeconomicallysustainable
Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened
Some collect fortrading to earnadditional income
Conservationwith emphasis onthe monkey-eating eagle
Biodiversity isendangered
Ornamentals
Remainunutilized
Not takenadvantagedof
Equity isundefined
Unaware ofthe potentialof theseresources
No economicsustainability
Environmentalsecurity isassured
No attentiongiven
Ferns/Mosses
Remainunused
No equitableuse
No policy onthe use oftheseresources
Economicallyunsustainable
Environmentalsecurity isassured
Biodiversity ishigh
Undefined use
Economicallyunsustainable
Shrubs/Herbs
Some usethem formedicinalpurposes
Free accessand equity isuncertain
Lack know-how inconservingthem
Sustainabilityis undefined
Environmentalsecurity isuncertain
No attentiongiven
Stakeholder
Piniling Nasud
Local IPs
LGUs
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Appendix Table 25. Socioeconomic and cultural profile of the 12 barangays.
Barangays*Checklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A. Population characteristics
No. of households
Ave. size/ household
Size of population
Age composition
below 15 yrs old15-64 yrs old65+ years old
Sex ratio (More females than males in all barangays)
Distribution by linguistic background
% Subanon% Cebuano,Boholano, others
Size of school age population
Settlement pattern
Why?
B. Infrastructure/ Social Services Education
Pre-schoolNo. of teachersNo. of classroomsNo. of grades
362
5
1686
65%
85%
15%
10%
Clustered
111
61
6
363
45%50%5%
95%
5%
10%
Clustered
Terrainis like acauldron
111
58
7
391
45%50%5%
100%
10%
Clustered
Terrainis like acauldron
111
206
5
1065
45%50%5%
40%
60%
10%
Clustered
Definedbarangayproper site
111
360
5
1829
43%55%2%
70%
30%
10%
Clusteredin brgy.proper
111
166
5
861
43%55%2%
70%
30%
10%
Clustered
111
66
6
394
45%50%5%
90%
10%
10%
Clusteredin brgy.proper
111
35
4
152
45%53%2%
98%
2%
10%
Clustered
111
58
4
219
45%53%2%
95%
5%
10%
Dispersed
111
62
4
240
38%60%2%
10%
90%
Clustered
53
5
264
38%58%4%
40%
60%
10%
Clustered
111
74
311
38%61%3%
0
100%
10%
Housesarefoundalongtheroad
111
*1-Mansawan, 2-Gandawan, 3-Lake Duminagat, 4-Lampasan, 5-Lalud, 6-Tuno, 7-Small Potongan, 8-Upper Potongan, 9-Virayan, 10-Poblacion, 11-Upper Salimpuno, 12-Sixto Velez
1 1 1
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Appendix Table 25. Continued...
Barangays
ElementaryNo. of teachers
No. of classrooms
No. of grades
High schoolNo. of teachers
No. of classrooms
No. of grades
HealthNo. of BHWs
No. of visits bymidwife
Distance to nearesthealth center
Prevalence ofmalnutrition
TransportationType of road topoblacion
Means of transportto poblacion
Communication
8
6
6
0
0
0
8
Midwifelives inMansawan
Healthcenter isin brgy.proper
No data
Trail
Foot,horse
ICOM
1
2
2
0
0
0
1
once amonth
3 kms
No data
Trail
Foot,horse
ICOM
1
2
2
0
0
0
1
once amonth
6 kms
No data
Trail
Foot,horse
ICOM
2
4
4
0
0
0
Healthcenter isin brgy.proper
No data
Gravelled
Jeep,horse,motorcycle
ICOMradio,TV, taperecorders
8
8
6
4
4
4
Hasdoctor,nurse,ambul-ance
Healthcenter isin brgy.proper
No data
Gravelled
Jeep,motorcycle
ICOMradio,TV, taperecorders
4
4
4
0
0
0
No data
Gravelled
Jeep,motorcycle
ICOMradio,TV, taperecorders
1
1
2
0
0
0
2
3 kms
No data
Partlygravelled
Foot,motorcycle
Transistor
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2 kms
No data
Partlygravelled
Foot,motorcycle
Transistor
1
4
2
0
0
0
1
7 kms
No data
Partlygravelled
Foot,horse
Transistor
7
6
6
6
6
4
Hasnurseandmidwife
Healthcenter isin brgy.proper
No data
Gravelled
Jeep,motorcycle
ICOMradio,TV, taperecorders
4
4
4
0
0
0
2
14 - 1stdegree10 - 2nddegree
Partlygravelled
Jeep,motorcycle
Radio,taperecorders
1
2
2
0
0
0
2
No data
Gravelled
Jeep,motorcycle
Radio,taperecorders
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
radio radio radio
Checklist 1 2 3
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Appendix Table 25. Continued...
BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Type ofhouses
Utilities/otherfacilities
C. History
1. Creation of the barangay
2. How the barangay got its name
3. First school was opened
4. First barangay elections
5. High rate of out-migration
Reason
6. Year of high rate of in- migration
Reason
GI roof,wood,shingles
“Freeflowing”water,brgy. hall,basketballcourt
1980
Hadmanywildflowers
mid1970s
Poorpeaceand order
Late1970s
GI roof,wood,shingles
Deep well,basketballcourt,market
1964
“Mansaw”is theSubanonterm forwild sugarcaneabundantin the area
1964
1967
1980s
Poorpeace andorder
1960s
Encouragedto comebyreligiousleaders
GI roof,wood,shingles
Basket-ballcourt,
GI roof,wood,cement
Watersystem,corn mill,basket-ball court,cockpit
1953
“Lampas”means tocutgrasses
1980s
mid 1980s
Poorpeace andorder
1990s
To farm
GI roof,wood,cement
Electricity,watersystem,basket-ball/tenniscourts,videoke
GI roof,wood,cement
Electricity,watersystem,basket-ballcourt,cockpit,municipalhall
GI roof,wood
Watersystem,basket-ballcourt,farmers’hall
GI roof,wood,cogon
Watersystem,basket-ballcourt
Cogonroof,wood,shinglesBrgy.hall butuncemen-ted floor
1980
GI roof,wood,cement
Electricity,gym,waitingshed
1954
Namedafter apatronsaint
1972
GI roof,wood
Electricity,brgy.hall butuncemen-ted floor
GI roof,wood
Electricity,brgy.hall
1966
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Appendix Table 25. Continued...
BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
D. Economic profile
Main sourceof livelihood
Secondarysources oflivelihood
Cropsplanted/harvested
Lean months
Busy months
Tenurialstatus
Average sizeof cultivatedland
Farming
“Karyada”or haulinghired helpon farm
Onions,cabbage,chayote,pepper,root crops
Rainymonths
Summer
Occupantsof forestland
¼ ha
Farming
“Karyada”or haulinghired helpon farm
Onions,cabbage,chayote,abaca,sugarcane, rootcrops,corn
Rainymonths
Summer
Occupantsof forestland
¼ ha
Farming
“Karyada”orhaulinghiredhelp onfarm
Onions,cabbage,chayote,corn, rootcrops
Rainymonths
Summer
Occupantsof forestland
¼ ha
Farming
Gardening,“sari-sari”store,“manungha”
Onions,corn,cabbage,chayote,tomatoes,root crops
Rainymonths
Summer
Stewardcertificate,occupantsof forestland
1 ha
Farming
Trading,restaurant,gardening
Corn, rice,vegetables,rootcrops,bananas
Rainymonths
Summer
Stewardcertificate,occupantsof forestland
1 ha
Farming
Gardening,trading,buy andsell
Corn, rice,vegetables,root crops
Rainymonths
Summer
Stewardcertificate,occupantsof forestland
1 ha
Farming
Gatheringrattan,“manungha”
Corn, rice,root crops
Everymonth
Summer
Occupantsof forestland
¼ ha
Farming
“Manungha”
Corn, rice,root crops
Everymonth
Summer
Occupantsof forestland
¼ ha
Farming
“Manungha”
Coconut,root crops
Rainymonths
Summer
Occupantsof forestland
¼ ha
Farming
Governmentemployment
Rootcrops,bananas,corn
Rainymonths
Summer
Occupantsof forestland
2 ha
Farming
Sellingfirewood,“manungha”,handsawing,falcata
Corn,rootcrops,coconut
July
Summer
Have PLTPfromDENR, ISF
¼ ha
Farming
“Manungha”
Coconut,corn,cassava
Rainymonths
Summer
Mostlytenants
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Appendix Table 25. Continued...
BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Disposal of cropsCorn
% sold% consumed
Why produce?
Onion% sold% consumed
Why produce?
Cabbage% sold% consumed
Why produce?
Root crops% sold% consumed
Why produce?
Copra% sold
Animals raisedHorses
% sold% consumed
Why raise?
Cattle% sold% consumed
Why raise?
NoneNone
95%5%Cash cropeasilysold
95%5%Cash cropeasilysold
10%90%For con-sumption
0
0100%Fortransport
100%0For cash
None100%
For con-sumption,very fewplantcorn
95%5%Cash cropeasilysold
95%5%Cash cropeasilysold
10%90%For con-sumption
0
0100%Fortransport
100%0For cash
None100%
For con-sumption,very fewplantcorn
95%5%Cash cropeasilysold
95%5%Cash cropeasilysold
10%90%For con-sumption
0
0100%Fortransport
100%0For cash
20%80%
For con-sumption,very fewplantcorn
95%5%For cash
95%5%For cash
50%50%For con-sumption,cash
0
0100%Fortransport
100%0For cash
None100%
For con-sumption
95%5%For cash
95%5%For cash
50%50%For con-sumption,cash
0
0100%Fortransport
100%0For cash
None100%
For con-sumption
95%5%For cash
95%5%For cash
50%50%For con-sumption,cash
0
00
100%0For cash
None100%
For con-sumption
00
00
50%50%For con-sumption,cash
0
00
100%0For cash
None100%
For con-sumption
00
00
50%50%For con-sumption,cash
0
00
100%0For cash
None100%
For con-sumption
00
00
50%50%For con-sumption,cash
0
0100%Fortransport
100%0For cash
None100%
For con-sumption
00
00
50%50%For con-sumption,cash
0
00
100%0For cash
None100%
For con-sumption
00
00
50%50%For con-sumption,cash
100%
00
100%0For cash
None100%
For con-sumption
00
00
50%50%For con-sumption,cash
100%
00
100%0For cash
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Animals raisedPigs
% sold% consumed
Why raise?
Chickens% sold% consumed
Why raise?
Carabaos% sold% consumed/used
Why raise?
Source of credit
Source of laborPlowing
Planting
Weeding
Harvesting
Desuckering
Appendix Table 25. Continued...
Barangays
10%90%Forspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests
Com-prador
Family
Family
Skilledfamilymember
10%90%Forspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests
0100%
Draftanimal
None
Family
Family
Skilledfamilymember
10%90%Forspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests
None
Family
Family
Skilledfamilymember
50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests
0100%
Draftanimal
COOP/Farmersorg.
Hiredlabor,husband
Family
Hiredlabor
Family
Family
50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests
0100%
Draftanimal
Com-prador/financiers
Hiredlabor,husband
Family
Hiredlabor
Family
50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests
0100%
Draftanimal
Com-prador/financiers
Hiredlabor,husband
Family
Hiredlabor
Family
50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption
0100%
Draftanimal
None
Husband
Family
Family
Family
50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption
0100%
Draftanimal
None
Husband
Family
Family
Family
50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption
0100%
Draftanimal
None
Husband
Family
Family
Family
50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption
0100%
Draftanimal
None
Family
Family
50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption
0100%
Draftanimal
None
Husband
Family
Family
50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion
0100%For con-sumption
None
Family
Family
Family
Checklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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Appendix Table 25. Continued...
BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
To whom areproducts soldto?
Onion
Cabbage
Root crops
Copra
Problems infarming
Copingmechanics
Com-prador
Com-prador
Com-prador
None
Highcost oftransport,soilfertility
Eat rootcrops 2xa day,move torelativesin otherareas ashiredhelp,“manung-ha” orwork infarms atP50 orP60/day
Com-prador inMan-sawan
Com-prador inMan-sawan
Com-prador inMansawan
None
Pests,soilfertility
Work inotherfarms ashired help
Com-prador inMan-sawan
Com-prador inMan-sawan
CompradorinMansawan
None
Highcost oftransport,pests andrats, soilfertility
Eat rootcrops 2xa day,“manung-ha”,migrantlabor
Com-prador inLalud
Com-prador inLalud
Com-pradorin Lalud
None
Soilfertility
Hiredlabor forP70/day
None
None
Sell inSapangDalaga
Com-prador inSapangDalaga
Lack ofcapital forfarminputs,low yieldof coconut,climate isnot good
Sellfirewood,“manung-ha”
None
None
Sell inSapangDalaga
Com-prador inSapangDalaga
Animalsget sickduringrainyseason
“Manung-ha”
None
None
Sell inSapangDalaga
None
Cannotplant corndue tocontinuousrain, soilerosion
“Manung-ha”
None
None
Sell inLibertad
None
Nofertilizers,alwaysraining
“Manung-ha”
None
None
Sell inSapangDalaga
None
Rats andwild pigs
“Manung-ha”
None
None
Sell inSapangDalaga
None
Rats andwild pigs
Eat rootcrops 2xa day,“manung-ha”
Com-prador
Com-prador
Com-prador
None
Soilfertility,soilerosion
Go toDipologfor workin cons-truction
Com-pradorin Lalud
Com-pradorin Lalud
Com-pradorin Lalud
None
Soilfertility,soilerosion
Go toDipologfor workin cons-truction
14
6Te
chnica
l Report
Appendix Table 25. Continued...
BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
E. Domestic concerns
Decision-makingFarming
Savings
Membership in orgs.
Family problems
Family aspirations
Women’s activities
Leisure/ Community
activities
Sports/games
Specialevents
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
BANWA,PinilingNasud,TRICAP
Inadequatefood,health
Adequateand betterfood, goodhealth,educationfor children
House-keeping,help infarm
Basketball,billiard,“baile”
“Tabo”everyMonday,Fiesta onSept. 25
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
Catholicchurch,Born Again
Insufficientfood
Improvelevel ofliving,educationfor children
House-keeping,help infarm
Basket-ball
Fiesta onAug. 28
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
BANWA
Insufficientfood
Improvelevel ofliving
House-keeping,help infarm,“karyada”or hauling
Basket-ball
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
LEAF
Health
Improvelevel ofliving
House-keeping,help infarm
Basket-ball,Masiao
“Tabo”everyFriday
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
Lowincome
Improvelevel ofliving,educationfor children
House-keeping,help infarm
Basket-ball,Masiao
“Tabo”everyThursday
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
R IC
Lowincome
Educationforchildren
House-keeping,help infarm
Basket-ball,Masiao
“Tabo”everyFriday
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
Farmers’association
Inadequatefood, lowproduction,health
Adequatefood,Improvelevel ofliving
House-keeping,help infarm
Basket-ball,Masiao
“Tabo”every 2ndand lastThursdayof themonth
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
Farmers’association
Inadequatefood, lowproduction
Adequatefood,educationfor children
House-keeping,help infarm
Basket-ball,Masiao,cardgames
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
Farmers’association
Inadequatefood
Adequatefood,educationfor children
House-keeping,help infarm
Basket-ball,“Hantak”,“spang”
Fiesta onMay 15
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
Inadequatefood, lowproduction
Adequatefood,livelihood,educationfor children
House-keeping,help infarm
Basket-ball
Fiesta
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
Lack ofmoneyfor food
Basket-ball
Fiesta
Husband/wifeHusband/wife
Educationfor children
House-keeping,help infarm
Basket-ball
Fiesta
Particip
ato
ry ru
ral a
ppra
isal in
the u
pla
nd e
cosy
stem
14
7
Appendix Table 25. Continued...
BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Social organizationsBarangay council
Problems
Aspirations
Farmers’organization
Women’sorganization
Other organizations
Traditional leaders
Governmentprograms
Resource use Land use pattern
Road toDonVicto-riano
None
None
BANWA,PinilingNasud,TRICAP
Timuayleader ofPinilingNasud
Road toGan-dawan,Road toOsmeña,A high-school
Multiplecroppingor spatialmono-cropping
Lack ofcooperationamongresidents,lack ofhealthfacilities
LEAF
InactiveRIC
Timuay
Farmingtech-niquesfromDENRand LGU
Multiplecropping
Lootingof crops
Peaceand order,preventsoilerosion
Inactivefarmers’assoc.
None
SK
Timuaygukom
Farmingtech-niquesfromDENRand LGU
Multiplecropping
Soilfertility,pests
Improvelivelihood
None
None
BANWA
Timuay
RoadfromMansa-wan
Multiplecroppingor spatialmono-cropping
No road tobrgy.
None
None
BANWA
Timuay
Road tothe lake
Multiplecroppingor spatialmono-cropping
Lootingof crops
Peaceand order
Tunofarmers’assoc.
RIC formen andwomenSK
Timuaygukom
Farmingtech-niquesfromDENRand LGU
Multiplecropping
NIAresettle-mentproj.None
SK
Timuaygukom
Reforesta-tion, damconstructionforirrigation
Multiplecropping
None
SK
Timuaygukom
Reforesta-tion,springdevelopmentby DPWH
Multiplecropping
Betterschoolbuilding
None
SK
Brgy.captain
Given GIsheets forroofing
Multiplecropping
Lack ofwater,poorroads
Betterwatersystem
Farmers’assoc.
Loan fromDSWD
SK
LoansfromCIDDS forcutflowers,pineapple,rambutanseedlingsfrom DA
Residential
Improvelivelihood,maintainpeace andorder,fertilizerfor corn
Farmers’assoc.
SK
Multiplecropping
Lack ofcash forfood
Improvelevel ofliving
None
SK
Multiplecropping
14
8Te
chnica
l Report
1.The people respect the laws.
2. The people understand andpractice biodiversityconservation.
3. The people are resilient andhave survival instincts.
4. The people are willing toparticipate in developmentprograms.
5. There are springs which aresources of potable water.
6. Root crops (sweet potato,cassava, lutia, and gabi) are theprimary staple food of majority ofthe IPs.
7. One of the religious groupsencourages biodiversityconservation and engages only insmall farm cultivation.
8. Biodiversity increases as theforest is located farther fromhuman settlements.
9. “Kaingin” is done only onpreviously fallowed areas wherethere are no more trees.
10. There are more vegetablefarmers in the highland barangaysof Don Victoriano.
11. School facilities for primaryeducation are present in mostbarangays.
12. There are vegetable farmersin Lake Duminagat who usemechanical methods to controlinsect pests.
1. People lack access to improved farmingsystem technologies and capital.
2. Rice and corn are not suited for BarangayMansawan, Lake Duminagat, and Gandawanand in some barangays of Concepcion.
3. Electricity is not available in mostbarangays.
4. The entire municipalities of Don Victorianoand Concepcion are within the protectedareas.
5. Farm lots are small (less than ¼ ha),limited for manual cultivation due to steepslopes.
6. Soil erosion is a problem because farmersdo not practice soil and water conservationmeasures.
7. Low income discourages the youth topursue higher education.
8. The crater valleys of Gandawan and LakeDuminagat are utilized for residential areaswhile farm lots are located on the hillsideswith steep slopes.
9. Farm-to-market roads are wantingespecially from Mansawan to Liboron and allbarangays of Concepcion.
10. Open springs utilized for potable waterare prone to contamination which can behazardous to health.
11. Sanitation system is lacking in somebarangays.
12. Most barangays have health centers butare wanting in medicines.
13. Top soil is shallow with hardened volcanicmaterials at the subsurface.
14. People hesitate to give information, thereis a need for total immersion in their localityto get information.
1. There are wide openuncultivated lands that can bedeveloped for sustainable farmingsystems consistent withbiodiversity conservation.
2. Great deposits of white and redclay are suited for bricks andceramics industry which can bealternative sources of income.
3. Floral and faunal species arediverse.
4. A waterfall located in KalilanganRiver at Barangay Mansawan canbe developed for hydroelectricity.
5. Abundant water supply in thecrater valleys of Gandawan and LakeDuminagat can be tapped forirrigation.
6. Ornamental plants growingabundantly under forest canopies canbe developed for ex situ breedingand mass production.
7. The climate in Don Victoriano andConcepcion are suited forcutflower production.
8. Fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetesfound in the area are possiblesources of biofertilizers for soilrehabilitation.
9. The abundance of parasitic insectsand pathogens can be utilized asbiocon agents to control pests.
10. An average family size of six isimportant economically as memberscan provide labor in the farm.
11. More women (IPs, inmigrants)are working in the fields(feminization of agriculture).
1. Hunting of wildlife speciesis still prevalent in SmallPotongan, Upper Potongan,and Lake Duminagat.
2. Collection and trading ofavifauna is still ongoing inDon Victoriano.
3. Continuous utilization ofpalm species like anibong,pugahan, and black palm forfood and rattan shingles forbasket and tying materials.
4. The use of pesticides andinorganic fertilizers.
5. Low monthly income offamilies (P700 to P1000)encourage people to dependon forest resources.
6. Emigration of non-IPs to buyrights over land leads tomonoculture land use patternand these non-IPs becomeabsentee landlords.
7. Monoculture cropping.
Appendix Table 26. SWOT analysis of the upland ecosystem.
Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 149
Appendix Table 27. Prioritized researchable areas.
Sites Priorized Researchable Areas Criteria S W O T
MansawanGandawanLake Duminagat
MansawanGandawanLake DuminagatSmall PotonganLampasanTunoLaludUpper PotonganUpper Salimpuno
MansawanGandawanLake DuminagatLaludTunoPoblacionConcepcion
MansawanGandawanLake DuminagatSmall PotonganUpper SalimpunoPoblacionConcepcionVirayan
ConcepcionMansawanGandawanLake DuminagatLampasan
Lake Duminagat
LampasanLaludTunoSmall PotonganVirayanMansawan
Don Victoriano
Identification of appropriate andsustainable agroforestry systems thatenhance biodiversity conservation
Studies on the utilization of biologicalresources for pest control and soilamelioration
Propagation and mass production oflocally-available ornamental plants
Documentation of ethnobiologicalpractices of indigenous people of Mt.Malindang and its environs
Identification, propagation andperformance evaluation offorage spp.
Environmental impact assessmentstudies on the proposed ecotourismproject on Lake Duminagat
Utilization of macropropagated localdipterocarps in the rehabilitation ofnatural secondary forests andgrasslands
Feasibility study on the utilization ofwaterfalls in Don Victoriano as sourceof hydroelectric power, EIA study
BCNULPR
BCNULPR
BCNU
BCNUPR
BCNUPR
BCNVUPR
BCNUPR
NUPR
234
46
1012
8
468
10
2349
4
478
4
167
173
7
17
76
13
4
6
3
15
1011
89
56
3
12
1011
5
1
4
12357
4
12357
57
1235
123
7
BC - Relationship to biodiversity conservation; N - Needs; U - Urgency; L - Linkages; PR - Policy relevance
Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao:
Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs
National Support Secretariat (NSS) SEAMEO SEARCA, College, Laguna
4031 Philippines
Site Coordinating Office (SCO) Don Anselmo Bernad Avenue
cor. Jose Abad Santos St. Ozamiz City
7200 Philippines
ISBN 971-560-108-1