Innovation and the Convergence of Technologies
in the 21st Century:
The Century of Life Science
November 24, 1859
Charles Darwin
• HMS Beagle and Captain Fitzroy
• Natural selection
• Immutability of species
• Church of England and Darwin’s mentors
• “Tree of Life”
• Adaptation: “Species theory”
• 1700’s: Biology
Science through the Centuries
• 1700’s: Biology
• 1800’s: Chemistry
Science through the Centuries
• 1700’s: Biology
• 1800’s: Chemistry
• 1900’s: Physics
Science through the Centuries
• 1700’s: Biology
• 1800’s: Chemistry
• 1900’s: Physics
• 2000’s: Life Science
Science through the Centuries
1700
Science through the Centuries
2009
1700 - Van Leeuwenhoek Microscope
Biology
1859 – DarwinNatural Selection
Biology
1866 – Mendel GeneticsBiology
1880 - PasteurBacteriology
Biology
1802 - DaltonAtomic Theory
Chemistry
1869 – MendeleevPeriodic TableChemistry
1950 - PaulingChemical Bonds
Chemistry 1983 - MullisPCR
Chemistry
2003 - CollinsHuman GenomeLife Science
1937 - TuringArtificial Intelligence
Physics
1900 - CurieRadioactivity
Physics
1850 – KelvinThermodynamics
Physics
1700 - NewtonGravityPhysics
1953 – Watson & CrickDNA
Biology
Human Genome and Human Proteome
Human Genome Project
Human Genome Project
Forbes’ 2009 Fastest Growing Technology Companies in America
BILL SIMILAR TO SENATE'S
Months of talks yield $894 billion package
HOW AN INSURANCE MANDATE COULD LEAVE
MANY WORSE OFF
Costs Keep Rising
Healthcare Reform
BUOYANT DEMOCRATS UNVEIL
HEALTHCARE LEGISLATION
Personalized Medicine
Personalized Medicine - Tamoxifen
Personalized Medicine
Tamoxifen Efficacy by Genetic Profile
Personalized Medicine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
*4/*4 Wt/*4 Wt/Wt *4/*4 Wt/*4 Wt/Wt
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
Pa
tien
ts
Relapse-free survival Overall survival
The US Healthcare System is Procedure-Based
The US Healthcare System is Procedure-Based
Help is on the Way• Medco's New Idea: PGx Program for
Generics to Dispense 'Smarter' Treatments and Increase Savings
• Breast Cancer: Genetics may hold key to prevention, treatment
• SAEC Conducting Feasibility Gene-Association
Study with HMO Network's E-Records
• Medco Study to Gauge Whether PGx-Based Plavix Dosing is as Effective as Higher-Priced Effient
• Generation Health Emulates the PBM Model to Optimize Genetic Testing for Payors
• National Survey Shows Physicians See Value in Genetic Testing
• Predicate device model
• Not innovation-friendly
• Critical Path Initiative
• User fees
• “Rearview Mirror Navigation”
• Review and reform underway
Regulation: Strategic Considerations
1700
Science through the Centuries
2000
1700 - Van Leeuwenhoek Microscope
Biology
1859 – DarwinNatural Selection
Biology
1866 – Mendel GeneticsBiology
1880 - PasteurBacteriology
Biology
1802 - DaltonAtomic Theory
Chemistry
1869 – MendeleevPeriodic TableChemistry
1950 - PaulingChemical Bonds
Chemistry 1983 - MullisPCR
Chemistry
2003 - CollinsHuman GenomeLife Science
1937 - TuringArtificial Intelligence
Physics
1900 - CurieRadioactivity
Physics
1850 – KelvinThermodynamics
Physics
1700 - NewtonGravityPhysics
1953 – Watson & CrickDNA
Biology
2009
Science through the Centuries1700 - Van Leeuwenhoek
1700 - Van Leeuwenhoek MicroscopeMicroscope
1859 – Darwin1859 – DarwinNatural Selection
Natural Selection
1866 – Mendel 1866 – Mendel Genetics
Genetics
1880 - Pasteur1880 - PasteurBacteriologyBacteriology1953 – Watson & Crick
1953 – Watson & CrickDNADNA
1937 - Turing1937 - Turing
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence1900 - Curie1900 - Curie
RadioactivityRadioactivity
1850 – Kelvin1850 – Kelvin
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics1700 - Newton1700 - Newton
GravityGravity
PhysicsPhysics
1802 - Dalton1802 - DaltonAtomic TheoryAtomic Theory
1869 – Mendeleev1869 – MendeleevPeriodic TablePeriodic Table
1950 - Pauling1950 - PaulingChemical BondsChemical Bonds
1983 - Mullis1983 - MullisPCRPCR
ChemistrChemistryy
Century Century of Life of Life
ScienceScience
BiologyBiology
R&D is Our Future
NIH Budget 1990-2008
1990 1995 2000 20080
10
15
20
30
5
25
$ Billion
1900 PresentDeath Rate per 100K Population, US
1,500 <800
Leading Causes of Death
Heart disease,
infectious disease
Heart disease, cancer
Treatment, Diabetes*
Arsenic Insulin, BGM
Treatment, Asthma*
Tobacco Corticosteriods
Treatment, Cardiac Disease*
Cocaine Statins, stents, CABG
Treatment, Insomnia*
Cannabis Zolpidem, eszopiclone
Progress Over the Last 100 Years
*per Merck Manual 1899
Innovation and the Convergence of Technologies
in the 21st Century:
The Century of Life Science
